Revelation 13

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Template:New Testament chapter short description Template:Bible chapter Revelation 13 is the thirteenth chapter of the Book of Revelation or the Apocalypse of John in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is traditionally attributed to John the Apostle,[1][2] but the precise identity of the author remains a point of academic debate.[3] The author records visions of two beasts (or monsters) which he saw while "standing on the seashore",[4] the beast from the sea and the beast from the land.Template:Sfn

Text

The original text was written in Koine Greek. This chapter is divided into 18 verses.

Textual witnesses

Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are, among others:[5]Template:Efn

File:La Bête de la Mer.jpg
La Bête de la Mer (from the Tapisserie de l'Apocalypse in Angers, France). A medieval tapestry, this detail of which shows John, the Dragon, and the Beast of the Sea.

New Testament references

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The beast from the sea (13:1–10)

The last verse (verse 18) of the previous chapter connects the appearance of the beast to the dragon who delegates to the beast what power it has.Template:Sfn

Verse 1

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Then I stood on the sand of the sea. And I saw a beast rising up out of the sea, having seven heads and ten horns, and on his horns ten crowns, and on his heads a blasphemous name.[7]

Some manuscript texts read ἐστάθην, estathēn, I stood, while others read ἐστάθη, estathē, he stood, referring to the dragon of Script error: No such module "Bibleverse"..

  • "The sea": here represents 'the sphere of primeval chaos, the source of evil, an alternative image to the abyss (cf. Script error: No such module "Bibleverse".).Template:Sfn

Verse 2

Now the beast which I saw was like a leopard, his feet were like the feet of a bear, and his mouth like the mouth of a lion. The dragon gave him his power, his throne, and great authority.[8]

The dominant violent characteristic of the beast is modelled on the vision of four beasts in the Book of Daniel, representing four great world empires (Script error: No such module "Bibleverse".).Template:Sfn

Verse 5

And he was given a mouth speaking great things and blasphemies, and he was given authority to continue for forty-two months.[9]Template:Efn

The language of verse 5 reflects Script error: No such module "Bibleverse"., Script error: No such module "Bibleverse"., Script error: No such module "Bibleverse"..Template:Sfn Although the beast's power is given by the dragon (verse 2), it can only be exercised by God's permission (verse 5).Template:Sfn

The beast from the land (13:11–18)

This is the second beast, which also called the "false prophet" (Script error: No such module "Bibleverse".; Script error: No such module "Bibleverse".; Script error: No such module "Bibleverse".), 'represents the priesthood of the imperial cult, which included prominent members of the elite of the cities'.Template:Sfn

Verse 11

Then I saw another beast coming up out of the earth, and he had two horns like a lamb and spoke like a dragon.[10]
  • "Spoke like a dragon": speaking arrogantly like the devil himself 'as if he was above all' or even 'as if he was God himself' (Script error: No such module "Bibleverse".).[11]

Verses 16–17

File:Near Gare du Nord @ Paris (27443602024).jpg
Graffito in Paris quoting Revelation 13:16, associating it with microchips.
16 He causes all, both small and great, both rich and poor, both free and slave, to receive a mark on their right hand or on their forehead, 17 so that no one may buy or sell, except he who has the mark or the name of the beast or the number of his name.[12]

The mark of the beast seems to be 'a parody of God's seal of ownership on the foreheads of faithful Christians' (Script error: No such module "Bibleverse".; Script error: No such module "Bibleverse".).Template:Sfn The reference to "buying and selling" may reflect the fact that 'it was particularly in order to participate in the business life of the cities that Christians were tempted to compromise with idolatry'.Template:Sfn

Verse 18

Here is wisdom. Let him who has understanding calculate the number of the beast, for it is the number of a man: His number is 666.[13]

The reference that "the number of the beast" is the same as "the number of a person" leads to many interpretations, because the Greek or Hebrew letters also functioned as numbers, so it was possible to "add up the numerical value of a word"—a practice known as gematria.Template:Sfn The Greek word for "beast" (therion) or "Nero(n) Caesar" when transliterated into Hebrew letters has the total value of 666, but the 'verbal link' to Revelation 17:9 indicates more significance of the number (which will be developed further in chapter 17).Template:Sfn The number 666 is unusual for being a triangular number (that is, the sum of all numbers from 1 to 36), and also a doubly triangular number (because 36 is the sum of all numbers up to 8) and the eighth such number (in the series of 1, 6, 21, 55, 120, 231, 406, 666).Template:Sfn Nero is also revealed to be "the eighth" in power.Template:Sfn At least one manuscript reads 616.[14][15]

See also

Further reading

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Notes

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References

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  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ F. L. Cross, The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), 45
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "Bibleverse".: NKJV
  5. ↑ Elliott, J. K. "Revelations from the apparatus criticus of the Book of Revelation: How Textual Criticism Can Help Historians." Union Seminary Quarterly Review 63, no. 3-4 (2012): 1-23.
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "Bibleverse". NKJV
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "Bibleverse". NKJV
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "Bibleverse". NKJV
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "Bibleverse". NKJV
  11. ↑ John Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible - Revelation 13:11
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "Bibleverse". MEV
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "Bibleverse". NKJV
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

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Sources

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External links

Template:Book of Revelation

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