Volvo Modular engine

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The Volvo Modular Engine is a family of straight-four, straight-five, and straight-six automobile piston engines that was produced by Volvo Cars in Skövde,[1] Sweden from 1990[2] until 2016. All engines feature an aluminium engine block and aluminium cylinder head, forged steel connecting rods, aluminium pistons and double overhead camshafts.[2]

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History

The Volvo Modular Engine was developed as part of Project Galaxy[3][4] which began in the late 1970s.[5][6] The prototype engines called X-100[7] had only four cylinders[8] but already featured the sandwich and all aluminium construction of the later production variants.[9][10] Early prototypes of the X-100 were designed similar to the existing redblock engines with a single camshaft and the oil filter mounted on the side of the engine rather than the bottom.[11]

The first available engine was the B6304F[12] which debuted in August 1990 in the Volvo 960.[2] A year later, with the introduction of the Volvo 850 in June 1991, the first five-cylinder variant in form of the B5254F[2][13][14] hit the market. It was equipped with V-VIS[15] (Volvo Variable Intake System) which was designed to improve engine response between 1500 and 4100 rpm. V-VIS was only available on naturally aspirated 20V engines with the Bosch LH-3.2/EZ-129K engine management. The system was discontinued after model year 1996.[16][17] In 1995,[18] with the launch of the Volvo S40 the four-cylinder B4184S and B4204S engines[19] were released.[20] The same year Volvo shared the B4204S and B5244S engines with Renault, who used them in the Laguna and Safrane models under the name N7Q and N7U.
In 1998, with the introduction of the 1999 model year S80,[21] Volvo began to transition to updated versions of their N-series engines,[22] now called RN,[23][24] short for revised N.[25] Drive-by-wire, coil-on-plug systems and variable valve timing (VVT)[26] were introduced along with new engine management systems.[26][27] 10-valve engines were slowly phased out in favour of detuned 20-valve versions.[28]

With the introduction of the second generation S40 in 2003 another update to the engine family took place. The new engine was called RNC,[29][30] the 'C' standing for 'compact' to emphasise the decrease in overall dimensions. Compared to the previous generation the new engine was 200mm slimmer[nb 1] and 25mm shorter. On turbocharged engines the exhaust manifold and turbine housing were now combined into one part; all engines were equipped with plastic intake manifolds and continuously variable valve timing (CVVT).[31]
The RN engines remained in production alongside the RNC engines and were slowly phased out, beginning with the introduction of the second generation S80 in 2006. The new SI6 engine family[32] was introduced to replace the 6-cylinder variants of the Volvo Modular Engine at the same time.[33]

Nomenclature

The engine codes consist of a series of letters and digits:

  • 1st: Fuel type (B/D/GB) B = Bensin (Petrol), D = Diesel, GB[34][nb 2] = Gas & Bensin
  • 2nd: Number of cylinders (4/5/6)
  • 3rd & 4th: Approximate displacement in deciliters, may be rounded up or down. (23 ~= 2.3 L)
  • 5th: Valves per cylinder (2/4)
  • 6th: Induction method (S/T/F/G/GS/FS/FT/SG) S = standard (naturally aspirated), T = turbocharged, F = fuel injection with catalytic converter, G[35] = leaded fuel compatible, GS[36] = leaded fuel compatible, naturally aspirated, FS = fuel injected standard (naturally aspirated) with catalytic converter, FT = fuel injected, turbocharged with catalytic converter, SG[37] = standard (naturally aspirated) compatible with alternative fuels (LPG / CNG)
  • 7th: Engine generation or engine variant (2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11)

Engine codes are not necessarily unique to a specific engine as power levels can vary depending on market, manufacturer and model.

Four-cylinder engines (B4)

B4164 (1.6)

B4164S

The B4164S[38] is a Template:Cvt straight-four.[38][39] Bore is Template:Cvt and stroke is Template:Cvt with a compression ratio of 10.5:1. It is naturally aspirated with a power output of Template:Cvt[40] at 5500 rpm with Template:Cvt of torque at 4200 rpm. It is equipped with Siemens Fenix 5.1 engine management.[41]

Applications:

B4164S2

The B4164S2[43] is a Template:Cvt straight-four. Bore is Template:Cvt and stroke is Template:Cvt with a compression ratio of 10:1. It is naturally aspirated with a power output of Template:Cvt at 5800 rpm with Template:Cvt of torque at 4000 rpm. It features intake cam VVT.

Applications:

B4184 (1.8)

B4184S

The B4184S[45] is a 1.8 L (1,731 cc) straight-four. Bore is Template:Cvt and stroke is Template:Cvt with a compression ratio of 10.5:1. It is naturally aspirated with a power output of Template:Cvt[41] at 5500 rpm with Template:Cvt of torque at 4100 rpm. It is equipped with Siemens Fenix 5.1 engine management.[41]

Applications:

  • 1995–1999 Volvo S40 badged as S40 1.8 or S40 1.8 16V
  • 1995–1999 Volvo V40 badged as V40 1.8 or V40 1.8 16V

B4184S2

The B4184S2 is a 1.8 L (1,783 cc) straight-four. Bore is Template:Cvt and stroke is Template:Cvt. It is naturally aspirated with a power output of Template:Cvt at 5800 rpm with Template:Cvt of torque at 4000 rpm. It features intake cam VVT.

Applications:

  • 1999–2004 Volvo S40 badged as S40 1.8i or S40 1.8i SE
  • 1999–2004 Volvo V40 badged as V40 1.8i or V40 1.8i SE

The S40 V40 1.8 also came with a Mitsubishi 4G93 gasoline direct-injection engine (GDI) These displace 1834 cc and were given type designation B4184SM and B4184SJ by Volvo. These engines bear no resemblance to the Volvo engines.

B4184S3

The B4184S3 is a 1.8 L (1,783 cc) straight-four. Bore is Template:Cvt and stroke is Template:Cvt. It is naturally aspirated with a power output of Template:Cvt at 5800 rpm with Template:Cvt of torque at 4000 rpm. It features intake cam VVT.

Applications:

B4194 (1.9)

B4194T

The B4194T[46] is a 1.9 L (1,855 cc) straight-four. Bore is Template:Cvt and stroke is Template:Cvt with a compression ratio of 8.5:1. It is turbocharged and intercooled with a power output of Template:Cvt at 5500 rpm with Template:Cvt of torque at 2400–3600 rpm. It is equipped with Siemens EMS 2000 engine management[47] and is equipped with a TD04L-14T turbocharger. There was also a B4194T2 variant.

Specifications:

Applications:

B4204 (1.9)

The B4204 are 1.9 L (1,948 cc) straight-fours; although they are typically treated like 2-liter engines by Volvo in terms of nomenclature. Bore is Template:Cvt and stroke is Template:Cvt. Volvo also used the names B4204S3 and -S4 for the Mazda LF engine which was installed in a number of Volvos beginning in 2006, while the Ford-developed, turbocharged EcoBoost derivative was given the names B4204T6 and -T7 by Volvo.

B4204S

The B4204S is a 1.9 L (1,948 cc) straight-four with a compression ratio of 10.5:1. It is naturally aspirated with a power output of Template:Cvt at 6000 rpm with Template:Cvt of torque at 4500 rpm. It is equipped with Siemens Fenix 5.1 engine management. Renault called this engine the N7Q when installed in their cars.

Applications:[48]

B4204S2

The B4204S2 is a 1.9 L (1,948 cc) straight-four. It is naturally aspirated and features variable valve timing (VVT).

B4204T

The B4204T is a 1.9 L (1,948 cc) straight-four with a compression ratio of 9.0:1. It is turbocharged and intercooled with a power output of Template:Cvt[49] at 5100 rpm, and produces Template:Cvt of torque at 1800–4800 rpm. It is equipped with Siemens EMS 2000 engine management[47] and is equipped with a TD04L-12T turbocharger.

Applications:

B4204T2

The B4204T2 is a 1.9 L (1,948 cc) straight-four. Bore is Template:Cvt and stroke is Template:Cvt. It is turbocharged and intercooled with a power output of Template:Cvt at 5100 rpm[50] with Template:Cvt[50] of torque at 1800–4800 rpm. It features variable valve timing (VVT).

Applications:[50]

B4204T3

The B4204T3[51] is a 1.9 L (1,948 cc) straight-four. Bore is Template:Cvt and stroke is Template:Cvt. It is turbocharged and intercooled with a power output of Template:Cvt at 5250 rpm with Template:Cvt of torque at 1800–4500 rpm. It features variable valve timing (VVT).

Applications:[52]

B4204T4

The B4204T4[53][54] is a 1.9 L (1,948 cc) straight-four. Bore is Template:Cvt and stroke is Template:Cvt. It is turbocharged and intercooled with a power output of Template:Cvt at 5500 rpm[53] with Template:Cvt of torque at 1800–5000 rpm.[53] It is equipped with a TD04 12T turbocharger.

Applications:

B4204T5

The B4204T5 is a 1.9 L (1,948 cc) straight-four.[57] Bore is Template:Cvt and stroke is Template:Cvt. It is turbocharged with the TD04L-15T turbocharger and intercooled with a power output of Template:Cvt at 5500 rpm with Template:Cvt of torque at 2500–4000 rpm. It features variable valve timing (VVT).

For the B4204T6 and T7, see Ford EcoBoost.

Applications:[58]

Five-cylinder engines (B5)

B5202/5204 (2.0)

B5202S

The B5202S[59] is a 2.0 L (1,984 cc) straight-five. Bore is Template:Cvt and stroke is Template:Cvt with a compression ratio of 10.0:1. It is naturally aspirated with a power output of Template:Cvt at 6250 rpm and produces Template:Cvt of torque at 4800 rpm. It is equipped with Siemens Fenix 5.2 engine management.

Applications:[60][61]

B5202FS

The B5202FS is a 2.0 L (1,984 cc) straight-five. Bore is Template:Cvt and stroke is Template:Cvt with a compression ratio of 10.0:1. It is naturally aspirated with a power output of Template:Cvt at 6250 rpm and produces Template:Cvt of torque at 4800 rpm. It is equipped with Siemens Fenix 5.2 engine management.

Applications:

B5204S

The B5204S[63] is a 2.0 L (1,984 cc) straight-five. Bore is Template:Cvt and stroke is Template:Cvt. It is naturally aspirated.

Applications:

B5204FS

The B5204FS is a 2.0 L (1,984 cc) straight-five. Compression ratio of 10.3:1.[64] It is naturally aspirated with a power output of Template:Cvt at 6500 rpm with Template:Cvt of torque at 3800 rpm.[64] It is equipped with Bosch LH-3.2/EZ-129K engine management.

Applications:

B5204FT

The B5204FT is a 2.0 L (1,984 cc) straight-five. It is turbocharged and intercooled.

Applications:

B5204T

The B5204T[65] is a 2.0 L (1,984 cc) straight-five. Bore is Template:Cvt and stroke is Template:Cvt with a compression ratio of 8.4:1. It is turbocharged and intercooled with a power output of Template:Cvt, and produces Template:Cvt of torque. It is equipped with Bosch Motronic 4.3 engine management. It was offered only in Italy,[65] Taiwan[65] and Iceland, due to local tax laws.

Applications:

  • 1994–1997 Volvo 850 badged as 850 T-5 (2.0)

B5204T2

The B5204T2[59] is a 2.0 L (1,984 cc) straight-five. Bore is Template:Cvt and stroke is Template:Cvt with a compression ratio of 8.4:1. It is turbocharged and intercooled with a power output of Template:Cvt at 5700 rpm, and produces Template:Cvt of torque at 2100–5400 rpm. It is equipped with Bosch Motronic 4.4 engine management.

Applications:

B5204T3

The B5204T3[66] is a 2.0 L (1,984 cc) straight-five. Bore is Template:Cvt and stroke is Template:Cvt with a compression ratio of 8.4:1. It is turbocharged and intercooled with a power output of Template:Cvt at 5700 rpm and Template:Cvt of torque at 2700–5100 rpm. It is equipped with Bosch Motronic 4.4 engine management for model years 1997 and 1998. It is equipped with Bosch ME7 for model years 1999 and 2000. It was only offered in Italy,[65] Portugal,[65] and Taiwan,[65] due to high taxes on cars with more than 2000 cc engine capacity, and also in Norway.

Applications:

B5204T4

The B5204T4[66] is a 2.0 L (1,984 cc) straight-five. Bore is Template:Cvt and stroke is Template:Cvt with a compression ratio of 9.5:1.[69] It is turbocharged and intercooled with a power output of Template:Cvt at 5100 rpm, and produces Template:Cvt of torque at 1800–5000 rpm.

Applications:[70]

B5204T5

The B5204T5 is a 2.0 L (1,984 cc) straight-five. Bore is Template:Cvt and stroke is Template:Cvt with a compression ratio of 9.5:1. It is turbocharged and intercooled with a power output of Template:Cvt at 5300 rpm, and produces Template:Cvt of torque at 2000–5300 rpm.

Applications:[73]

B5204T8

The B5204T8 is a 2.0 L (1,984 cc) straight-five. Bore is Template:Cvt and stroke is Template:Cvt with a compression ratio of 10.5:1. It is turbocharged and intercooled with a power output of Template:Cvt at 5000 rpm, and produces Template:Cvt of torque at 2700–4200 rpm.[76]

Applications:[77]

B5204T9

The B5204T9 is a 2.0 L (1,984 cc) straight-five. Bore is Template:Cvt and stroke is Template:Cvt with a compression ratio of 10.5:1. It is turbocharged and intercooled with a power output of Template:Cvt[79] at 6000 rpm, and produces Template:Cvt of torque at 2700–5000 rpm.

Applications:[80]

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B5234FS

The B5234FS is a 2.3 L (2,319 cc) straight-five. It is naturally aspirated and was only available on Thai market cars.

Applications:

B5234T

The B5234T[82] is a 2.3 L (2,319 cc) straight-five. It is turbocharged and intercooled with a power output of Template:Cvt[83][84] at 5200 rpm and Template:Cvt of torque between 2000 and 5200 rpm.[82] It is equipped with Bosch Motronic 4.3 engine management.

Applications:

B5234T2

The B5234T2 is a 2.3 L (2,319 cc) straight-five. Bore is Template:Cvt and stroke is Template:Cvt with a compression ratio of 8.5:1. It is turbocharged and intercooled with a power output of Template:Cvt[65] at 5100 rpm and Template:Cvt of torque at 2700–4500 rpm.[65] It was only available on Thailand market cars.

Applications:

B5234T3

The B5234T3[59] is a 2.3 L (2,319 cc) straight-five. Bore is Template:Cvt and stroke is Template:Cvt with a compression ratio of 8.5:1. It is equipped with a Mitsubishi TD04HL-16T turbocharger and intercooled with a power output of 240 PS (176 kW; 236 hp) at 5100 rpm and Template:Cvt of torque at 2400–5100 rpm. Model years 1997 and 1998 are equipped with Bosch Motronic 4.4 engine management, model years 1999 and up are equipped with Bosch ME7 engine management. Also added for the 1999 model year was variable valve timing for the exhaust cam. For model year 2001 and up power output was increased to Template:Cvt at 5200 rpm with Template:Cvt of torque at 2400–5200 rpm.

Applications:[86]

B5234T4

The B5234T4 is a 2.3 L (2,319 cc) straight-five. Bore is Template:Cvt and stroke is Template:Cvt with a compression ratio of 8.5:1. It is turbocharged and intercooled with a power output of Template:Cvt at 6000 rpm and Template:Cvt of torque at 2400–5000 rpm. It is equipped with Bosch Motronic 4.3 engine management. The 850 R models come with a TD04HL-16T turbo, S70 R and V70 R models come with a TD04HL-18T turbo.

Applications:

B5234T5

The B5234T5, sometimes also referred to as B5234FT5,[91] is a 2.3 L (2,319 cc) straight-five. It is turbocharged and intercooled.
The T-5R has two different ratings for the power output: Template:Cvt at 5600 rpm under normal conditions and Template:Cvt at 5600 rpm with overboost.[62] It provides Template:Cvt of torque at 3000–4800 rpm on cars with a manual transmission and Template:Cvt of torque at 2000–5600 rpm on cars with an automatic transmission.[62] The R has a power output of Template:Cvt at 5400rpm[92] and 350 N⋅m (258 lb.ft). It is equipped with Bosch Motronic 4.3 engine management.

Applications:

B5234T6

The B5234T6[96] is a 2.3 L (2,319 cc) straight-five. Bore is Template:Cvt and stroke is Template:Cvt with a compression ratio of 8.5:1. It is turbocharged and intercooled with a power output of Template:Cvt at 6000 rpm and Template:Cvt of torque at 2700–5400 rpm. It is equipped with Bosch Motronic 4.4 engine management.

Applications:

B5234T7

The B5234T7 is a 2.3 L (2,319 cc) straight-five. Bore is Template:Cvt and stroke is Template:Cvt with a compression ratio of 8.5:1. It is turbocharged and intercooled with a power output of Template:Cvt at 5000 rpm and Template:Cvt of torque at 2000–5000 rpm. It is equipped with Bosch ME7 engine management.[97]

Applications:

  • 1998–2000 Volvo S70 badged as .
  • 1998–2000 Volvo V70 badged as .
  • 2000–2004 Volvo S80 badged as S80 2.3T
  • 2001–2004 Volvo S60 badged as S60 2.3T

B5234T8

The B5234T8 is a 2.3 L (2,319 cc) straight-five. Bore is Template:Cvt and stroke is Template:Cvt with a compression ratio of 8.5:1. It is turbocharged and intercooled with a power output of Template:Cvt at 5700 rpm and Template:Cvt of torque at 2700–5100 rpm. It is equipped with Bosch ME7 engine management.

Applications:

B5234T9

The B5234T9 is a 2.3 L (2,319 cc) straight-five. Bore is Template:Cvt and stroke is Template:Cvt with a compression ratio of 8.5:1. It is turbocharged and intercooled with a power output of Template:Cvt at 5400 rpm and Template:Cvt of torque at 2400–5100 rpm.[99] It is equipped with Bosch ME7 engine management.

Applications:

  • 2003–2005 Volvo C70 badged as C70 T5 (convertible)

Script error: No such module "anchor". B5244 (2.4)

B5244S

The B5244S is a 2.4 L (2,435 cc) straight-five with a compression ratio of 10.3:1. This engine is naturally aspirated and was offered in two versions with different power levels:

A detuned version with a power output of Template:Cvt at 5400 rpm with Template:Cvt of torque at 3600 rpm.
An uprated version with a power output of Template:Cvt at 5700 rpm,[87] with Template:Cvt of torque at 4500 rpm. From model year 2000 on the engine was equipped with intake cam VVT.

Applications:

B5244S2

The B5244S2 is a 2.4 L (2,435 cc) straight-five. It is naturally aspirated with a power output of Template:Cvt at 5700 rpm with Template:Cvt of torque at 3750 rpm. It features intake cam VVT.

Applications:[103]

B5244S4

The B5244S4 is a 2.4 L (2,435 cc) straight-five. Bore is Template:Cvt and stroke is Template:Cvt with a compression ratio of 10.3:1. It is naturally aspirated with a power output of Template:Cvt at 6000 rpm with Template:Cvt of torque at 4400 rpm. It features intake cam VVT.

Applications:[105]

B5244S5

The B5244S5 is a 2.4 L (2,435 cc) straight-five. Bore is Template:Cvt and stroke is Template:Cvt with a compression ratio of 10.3:1. It is naturally aspirated with a power output of Template:Cvt at 5000 rpm with Template:Cvt of torque at 4000 rpm.

Applications:[107]

B5244S6

SULEV+ engine variant for California.

B5244S7

SULEV+ engine variant with PremAir for California.[111]

Applications:

B5244SG

The B5244SG[113] is a 2.4 L (2,435 cc) straight-five. Bore is Template:Cvt and stroke is Template:Cvt with a compression ratio of 10.3:1. It is naturally aspirated with a power output of Template:Cvt at 4500 rpm with Template:Cvt of torque at 3750 rpm when using petrol; and Template:Cvt at 5800 rpm with Template:Cvt of torque at 4500 rpm when using natural gas.[114] This particular engine is a Bi-Fuel variant that is optimized for CNG.[74]

Applications:

B5244SG2

The B5244SG2 is a 2.4 L (2,435 cc) straight-five. Bore is Template:Cvt and stroke Template:Cvt is with a compression ratio of 10.3:1. It is naturally aspirated with a power output of Template:Cvt at 4500 rpm with Template:Cvt of torque at 3750 rpm when using petrol;[116] and Template:Cvt at 5100 rpm with Template:Cvt of torque at 4500 rpm when using LPG.[115] This particular engine is a Bi-Fuel variant that is optimized for LPG.

Applications:

B5244T

The B5244T[69] is a 2.4 L (2,435 cc) straight-five. Bore is Template:Cvt and stroke is Template:Cvt with a compression ratio of 9:1. It is turbocharged and intercooled with a power output of Template:Cvt[87][117] at 5100 rpm[117] with Template:Cvt[118] of torque between 1600 and 5000 rpm. It is equipped with Bosch ME7 engine management. The B5244T was also the most common engine used in Volvo police vehicles of that era. Mainly in the 2000 Volvo V70 & V70 XC.

Applications:

B5244T2

The B5244T2[119] is a 2.4 L (2,435 cc) straight-five. Bore is Template:Cvt and stroke is Template:Cvt with a compression ratio of 8.5:1 (Dutch owners manual says it is 9.0:1). It is turbocharged and intercooled with a power output of Template:Cvt[120] at 5700 rpm with Template:Cvt of torque at 2400 rpm. It is equipped with Bosch ME7 engine management.
It was available with the 4 speed and 5-speed AW50/51AWD automatic transmissions.[121]

Applications:

B5244T3

The B5244T3 is a 2.4 L (2,435 cc) straight-five. Bore is Template:Cvt and stroke is Template:Cvt with a compression ratio of 9:1. It is equipped with a Mitsubishi TD04HL-13T turbocharger and intercooled with a power output of Template:Cvt at 6000 rpm with Template:Cvt of torque at 1800-5000 rpm.[100] It features exhaust cam VVT.

Applications:

B5244T4

The B5244T4 is a 2.4 L (2,401 cc) straight-five For the Thai and Malaysian markets. Bore is Template:Cvt and stroke is Template:Cvt. It is turbocharged and intercooled with a power output of Template:Cvt at 5000 rpm with Template:Cvt of torque at 1500 rpm.[123] It features VVT for both the intake and exhaust cams.

Applications:

B5244T5

The B5244T5 is a 2.4 L (2,401 cc) straight-five. Bore is Template:Cvt and stroke is Template:Cvt with a compression ratio of 8.5:1. It is turbocharged and intercooled with a power output of Template:Cvt at 5500 rpm with Template:Cvt of torque at 2100 rpm. It features VVT for both intake and exhaust cam. It is equipped with a BorgWarner K24-7400 turbocharger.

This engine is known for being a plug and play substitute for the B5254T4 engine, which had problems with cracked cylinder liners.

Applications:[124]

B5244T7

The B5244T7 2.4 L (2,435 cc) straight-five. Bore is Template:Cvt and stroke is Template:Cvt with a compression ratio of 9.0:1. It is turbocharged and intercooled with a power output of Template:Cvt at 5700 rpm[72] with Template:Cvt of torque between 1800 and 5000 rpm. It features VVT for exhaust cam. It is equipped with Bosch ME7 engine management.

Applications:

Script error: No such module "anchor". B5252/5254 (2.4/2.5)

B5252S

The B5252S[59] is a 2.4 L (2,435 cc) straight-five. Bore is Template:Cvt and stroke is Template:Cvt with a compression ratio of 10.0:1. It is naturally aspirated with a power output of 144 hp at 5400 rpm with Template:Cvt of torque at 3600 rpm. It is equipped with Siemens Fenix 5.2 engine management.

Applications:[128]

B5252FS

The B5252FS is a 2.4 L (2,435 cc) straight-five. It is naturally aspirated and it is equipped with Siemens Fenix 5.2 engine management.

Applications:

GB5252S

The GB5252S[96] is a 2.4 L (2,435 cc) straight-five. Bore is Template:Cvt and stroke is Template:Cvt with a compression ratio of 10.0:1. It is naturally aspirated with a power output of Template:Cvt at 5400 rpm with Template:Cvt of torque at 3600 rpm when using petrol; and a power output of Template:Cvt at 5250 rpm with Template:Cvt of torque at 3650 rpm when using natural gas.[130] It is equipped with Siemens Fenix 5.2 engine management for petrol operation and Necam MEGA for natural gas operation.

This engine was only available with the 4-speed AW50-42LE automatic[131] with three shift modes.[132]

Applications:

GB5252S2

The GB5252S2[96] is a 2.4 L (2,435 cc) straight-five. Bore is Template:Cvt and stroke is Template:Cvt with a compression ratio of 10.0:1. It is naturally aspirated with a power output of Template:Cvt at 5400 rpm with Template:Cvt of torque at 3600 rpm when using petrol; and a power output of Template:Cvt at 5250 rpm with Template:Cvt of torque at 3650 rpm when using natural gas. It is equipped with Siemens Fenix 5.2 engine management for petrol operation and Necam MEGA for natural gas operation. This engine was only available with the 4-speed AW50-42LE automatic with adaptive shift logic.

Applications:

B5254F

The B5254F is a 2.4 L (2,435 cc) straight-five. It is naturally aspirated with a power output of Template:Cvt at 6100 rpm with Template:Cvt of torque at 4700 rpm. It is equipped with Bosch LH-3.2/EZ-129K engine management and features V-VIS.

Applications:

B5254FS

The B5254FS is a 2.4 L (2,435 cc) straight-five. It has a compression ratio of 10.5:1. It is naturally aspirated with a power output of Template:Cvt with Template:Cvt of torque at 3300 rpm.[64] It is equipped with Bosch LH-3.2/EZ-129K engine management and features V-VIS. This was also used by Renault for their Safrane, in which application it was codenamed N7U.

Applications:

B5254S

The B5254S,[90] sometimes referred to as B5254S LH 3.2 or B5254S M4.4, is a 2.4 L (2,435 cc) straight-five. It is naturally aspirated with a power output of Template:Cvt at 6100 rpm with Template:Cvt of torque at 4700 rpm. It is equipped with Bosch LH-3.2/EZ-129K engine management and features V-VIS for model years 1995 and 1996. From model year 1997 on it is equipped with Bosch Motronic 4.4 engine management.

Applications:

B5254T

The B5254T is a 2.4 L (2,435 cc) straight-five. It is turbocharged and intercooled with a power output Template:Cvt[145] at 5100 rpm,[98] with Template:Cvt of torque at 1800–5000 rpm.[98] Compression ratio is 9.0:1. It is equipped with Bosch Motronic 4.4 engine management for model years 1997 and 1998.[146] It is equipped with Bosch ME7 engine management for model year 1999. Boost pressure is limited to Template:Cvt.[147]

Applications:

B5254T2

The B5254T2 is a 2.5 L (2,522 cc) straight-five. Bore is Template:Cvt and stroke is Template:Cvt with a compression ratio of 9.0:1. It is equipped with a Mitsubishi TD04L-14T turbocharger and intercooled with a power output of Template:Cvt at 5000 rpm with Template:Cvt[150] of torque at 1500–4500 rpm.

Applications:[151]

B5254T3

The B5254T3 is a 2.5 L (2,522 cc) straight-five. Bore is Template:Cvt and stroke is Template:Cvt with a compression ratio of 9.0:1. It is turbocharged and intercooled with a power output of Template:Cvt at 5000 rpm with Template:Cvt of torque at 1500–4800 rpm. On cars with the AW55-51 automatic transmission, torque is limited in first and second gear.[155] It has CVVT and is equipped with Bosch ME 9.0[156] engine management system.[157] Unlike previous designs, the turbocharger is integral with the exhaust manifold.

Adaptations of this engine were used by Ford, with power levels ranging from 220 PS (217 bhp)[158] to 350PS (345 bhp).[159] At Ford the engine was called "Duratec-ST",[160] "Duratec ST"[161] or "Duratec RS".[162]

Applications:[163]

  • 2005–2008 Volvo S40 II[111] badged as S40 T5
  • 2005–2008 Volvo V50[111][164] badged as V50 T5
  • 2007 Volvo C30 badged as C30 T5
  • 2006[165]–2007[166] Volvo C70 badged as C70 T5
  • 2005[167]–2011 Ford Focus[156] badged as Focus ST[168]
  • 2007–2010 Ford Mondeo Mk4 badged as XR5 Turbo for the Australian market.
  • 2007–2010 Ford S-Max
  • 2009[169]–2010[170] Ford Focus badged as Focus RS[169] The engines as configured for the Ford Focus RS Mk. 2 and RS500 were not used in any Volvo model. They can be described as a RNC version of the S60R/V70R B5254T4 engine. Lower compression (different pistons), stronger connecting rods, and same geometry camshafts as B5254T4 but different (dual) VVT units. These engines use a slightly larger Borg-Warner K16 turbo, the K16 turbo is an integrated manifold turbocharger, but it does not outperform the K24 used on the B5254T4 S60R/V70R engine.[171]
  • 2011 Ford Focus badged as Focus RS 500[159]
  • 2008–2012 Ford Kuga badged as Kuga 2.5T[172][173] 2008–2010 Euro 4, 2011–2012 Euro 5. Australian delivered Kuga received the B5254T6 motor from 2008 to 2011.

B5254T4

The B5254T4[174] is a 2.5 L (2,522 cc) straight-five. Bore is Template:Cvt and stroke is Template:Cvt with a compression ratio of 8.5:1. It is turbocharged and intercooled and equipped with dual VVT. It produces Template:Cvt at 5500 rpm with Template:Cvt of torque at 2000–5250 rpm with the 6-speed manual transmission[nb 10];[127] Template:Cvt at 6000 rpm with Template:Cvt of torque at 1850–6000 rpm[175] with the 5-speed automatic transmission[nb 11]. Cars with the 6–speed automatic transmission[nb 12] were not torque limited.

It is equipped with a BorgWarner K24 turbocharger.[176]

Applications:[177]

B5254T5

The B5254T5 is a 2.5 L (2,522 cc) straight-five. It is turbocharged and intercooled with a power output of Template:Cvt at 5500 rpm with Template:Cvt of torque between 1800 and 4200 rpm.

Applications:

B5254T6

The B5254T6 is a 2.5 L (2,522 cc) straight-five. Bore is Template:Cvt and stroke is Template:Cvt with a compression ratio of 9.0:1. It is turbocharged and intercooled with a power output of Template:Cvt at 4800 rpm with Template:Cvt of torque at 1500–4500 rpm. (220 PS and 320 Nm in the Ford Mondeo and S-max)

Applications:

Not in Australian Mondeo xr5. That received the B5254T3 VVT engine same as the focus xr5.

B5254T7

The B5254T7 is 2.5 L (2,522 cc) straight-five. Bore is Template:Cvt and stroke is Template:Cvt with a compression ratio of 9.0:1. It is turbocharged and intercooled with a power output of Template:Cvt at 5000 rpm with Template:Cvt of torque at 1500–5000 rpm. It is equipped with Bosch ME9 engine management. For models with the AW55-51 automatic transmission torque is limited in first and second gear. The turbocharger is still integrated into the exhaust manifold, but is of a different design.

Applications:[185]

B5254T8

The B5254T8 is a 2.5 L (2,522 cc) straight-five. Bore is Template:Cvt and stroke is Template:Cvt with a compression ratio of 9.0:1. It is turbocharged and intercooled with a power output of Template:Cvt at 4800 rpm with Template:Cvt of torque at 1500–4500 rpm.[nb 13]

Applications:

  • 2009–2011 Volvo S80 II badged as S80 2.5FT[188]
  • 2009 Volvo V70 III badged as V70 2.5FT'

B5254T10

The B5254T10 is a 2.5 L (2,521 cc) straight-five. Bore is Template:Cvt and stroke is Template:Cvt with a compression ratio of 9.0:1. It is turbocharged and intercooled with a power output of Template:Cvt at 4800 rpm with Template:Cvt of torque at 1700–4800 rpm.

Applications:[189]

B5254T11

The B5254T11 is a 2.5 L (2,521 cc) straight-five. Bore is Template:Cvt and stroke is Template:Cvt with a compression ratio of 9.0:1. It is turbocharged and intercooled with a power output of Template:Cvt at 4800 rpm with Template:Cvt of torque at 1700–4800 rpm.

Applications:[191]

B5254T12

The B5254T12 is a 2.5 L (2,497 cc) straight-five. Bore is Template:Cvt and stroke is Template:Cvt with a compression ratio of 9.5:1. It is turbocharged and intercooled with a power output of Template:Cvt at 5400 rpm with Template:Cvt of torque at 1800–4800 rpm.[192] The TF-80SD and TF-80SC transmissions are available with this engine.[193]

Applications:

B5254T14

The B5254T14 is a 2.5 L (2,497 cc) straight-five. Bore is Template:Cvt and stroke is Template:Cvt with a compression ratio of 9.5:1. It is turbocharged and intercooled with a power output of Template:Cvt at 5400 rpm with Template:Cvt of torque at 1800–4200 rpm. The T14 is the final update of the five cylinder engines before it was discontinued entirely for MY 2017.

Applications:

Six-cylinder engines (B6)

Script error: No such module "anchor". B6244 (2.4)

B6244FS

The B6244FS is a 2.4 L (2,381 cc) straight-six. Bore is Template:Cvt and stroke is Template:Cvt with a compression ratio of 10.3:1. It is naturally aspirated with a power output of Template:Cvt at 5800 rpm with Template:Cvt of torque at 4400 rpm.

Applications:

Script error: No such module "anchor". B6254 (2.5)

B6254FS

The B6254FS is a 2.5 L (2,473 cc) straight-six. Bore is Template:Cvt and stroke is Template:Cvt with a compression ratio of 10.5:1. It is naturally aspirated with a power output of Template:Cvt at 5700 rpm with Template:Cvt of torque at 4400 rpm.[201]

Applications:

B6254G

Non-catalyst, leaded-fuel compatible version of the B6254S, for regions with limited availability of unleaded fuel.

Script error: No such module "anchor". B6284 (2.8)

B6284T

The B6284T is a 2.8 L (2,783 cc)[203] straight-six. Bore is Template:Cvt and stroke is Template:Cvt with a compression ratio of 8.5:1. It is twin-turbocharged and intercooled with a power output of Template:Cvt at 5400 rpm, with Template:Cvt of torque at 2000–5000 rpm.[203]

Applications:

Script error: No such module "anchor". B6294/6304 (2.9)

B6294S

The B6294S is a 2.9 L (2,922 cc) straight-six. Bore is Template:Cvt and stroke is Template:Cvt with a compression ratio of 10.3:1. It is naturally aspirated with a power output of Template:Cvt at 5200 rpm[74] with Template:Cvt of torque at 4200 rpm.

Applications:

B6294S2

The B6294S is a 2.9 L (2,922 cc) straight-six. Bore is Template:Cvt and stroke is Template:Cvt with a compression ratio of 10.5:1. It is naturally aspirated with a power output of Template:Cvt at 5200 rpm with Template:Cvt of torque at 3900 rpm.

Applications:

B6294T

The B6294T[207] is a 2.9 L (2,922 cc) straight-six. Bore is Template:Cvt and stroke is Template:Cvt with a compression ratio of 8.5:1. It is twin-turbocharged and intercooled with a power output of Template:Cvt at 5200 rpm with Template:Cvt of torque at 1800–5000 rpm. It features dual VVT.

Applications:[208]

B6304S

The B6304S is a 2.9 L (2,922 cc) straight-six.[210] Bore is Template:Cvt and stroke is Template:Cvt with a compression ratio of 10.7:1. It is naturally aspirated with a power output of Template:Cvt[211] at 5200 rpm with Template:Cvt of torque at 4100 rpm.

Fix problem with two different versions having same engine code but different design(s). Pre MY99 is mechanical throttle, MY99 and onward is with drive by wire. Different power outputs.

Applications:

B6304F1

The B6304F1 is a 2.9 L (2,922 cc) straight-six. Bore is Template:Cvt and stroke is Template:Cvt with a compression ratio of 10.7:1. It is naturally aspirated with a power output of Template:Cvt at 6000 rpm with Template:Cvt of torque at 4300 rpm.

Applications:

B6304S2

The B6304S2 is a 2.9 L (2,922 cc) straight-six. Engine output was reduced to Template:Cvt and Template:Cvt by changing the cam profile (back then without variable valve timing) in favour of emissions regulations. Same camshafts as on the B6254S engine were used.

Applications:

  • Volvo 960 later model years / various

B6304S3

The B6304S3[215] is a 2.9 L (2,922 cc) straight-six. It has the same bore and stroke (83x90 mm) as the B6294, but the deciliter number was rounded up (i.e. 2,922 cc to 3,000 cc). These engines produced Template:Cvt at 6000 rpm, and Template:Cvt of torque at 4300 rpm.

Applications:

B6304G

The B6304G is a 2.9 L (2,922 cc) straight-six. Bore is Template:Cvt and stroke is Template:Cvt with a compression ratio of 10.7:1. It is naturally aspirated with a power output of Template:Cvt at 6000 rpm,[216] and Template:Cvt of torque at 4300 rpm.[217] It is adapted to run on leaded gasoline as well as lead free gasoline.

Applications:

See also

Notes

Template:Reflist

References

Template:Sister project Template:Reflist

  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".Template:Cbignore
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  23. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  24. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named SV_RN_V70II_00
  25. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  26. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  27. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  28. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  29. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  30. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  31. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  32. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  33. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  34. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  35. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  36. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  37. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  38. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  39. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  40. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  41. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  42. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  43. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  44. ↑ parts number 9157135 or 9157138
  45. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  46. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  47. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  48. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  49. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  50. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  51. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  52. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  53. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  54. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  55. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  56. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  57. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  58. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  59. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  60. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  61. ↑ Volvo TP 0302207
  62. ↑ a b c d e Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  63. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  64. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  65. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  66. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  67. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  68. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  69. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  70. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  71. ↑ a b c d e f Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  72. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  73. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  74. ↑ a b c d e f g h Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  75. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  76. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  77. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  78. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  79. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  80. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  81. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  82. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  83. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  84. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  85. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  86. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  87. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  88. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  89. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  90. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  91. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  92. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  93. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  94. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  95. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  96. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  97. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  98. ↑ a b c d e Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  99. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  100. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  101. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  102. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  103. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  104. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  105. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  106. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  107. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  108. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  109. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  110. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  111. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  112. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  113. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  114. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  115. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  116. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  117. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  118. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  119. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  120. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  121. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  122. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  123. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  124. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  125. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  126. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  127. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  128. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  129. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  130. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  131. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  132. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  133. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  134. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  135. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  136. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  137. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  138. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  139. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  140. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  141. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  142. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  143. ↑ part number 9133198
  144. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".Template:Cbignore
  145. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  146. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  147. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  148. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".Template:Cbignore
  149. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  150. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  151. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  152. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  153. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  154. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  155. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  156. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  157. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  158. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  159. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  160. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  161. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  162. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  163. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  164. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  165. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  166. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  167. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  168. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  169. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  170. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  171. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  172. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  173. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  174. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  175. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  176. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  177. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  178. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  179. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  180. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  181. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  182. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  183. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  184. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  185. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  186. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  187. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  188. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  189. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  190. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  191. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  192. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  193. ↑ my car has TF-80SC
  194. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  195. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  196. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  197. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  198. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  199. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  200. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  201. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  202. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  203. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  204. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  205. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  206. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  207. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  208. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  209. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  210. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  211. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  212. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  213. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  214. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  215. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  216. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  217. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".


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