Removable singularity

File:Graph of x squared undefined at x equals 2.svg

A graph of a parabola with a removable singularity at x = 2

In complex analysis, a removable singularity of a holomorphic function is a point at which the function is undefined, but it is possible to redefine the function at that point in such a way that the resulting function is regular in a neighbourhood of that point.

For instance, the (unnormalized) sinc function, as defined by

$\text{sinc}(z)=\frac{\sin z}{z}$

has a singularity at Template:Tmath. This singularity can be removed by defining Template:Tmath, which is the limit of sinc as Template:Tmath tends to Template:Tmath. The resulting function is holomorphic. In this case the problem was caused by sinc being given an indeterminate form. Taking a power series expansion for Template:Tmath around the singular point shows that

$\text{sinc}(z)=\frac{1}{z}\left(\sum _{k=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{(-1{)}^k{z}^{2k+1}}{(2k+1)!}\right)=\sum _{k=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{(-1{)}^k{z}^{2k}}{(2k+1)!}=1-\frac{z^2}{3!}+\frac{z^4}{5!}-\frac{z^6}{7!}+\cdots .$

Formally, if $U\subset \mathbb{ℂ}$ is an open subset of the complex plane Template:Tmath, $a\in U$ a point of Template:Tmath, and $f:U\setminus \{a\}\to \mathbb{ℂ}$ is a holomorphic function, then $a$ is called a removable singularity for $f$ if there exists a holomorphic function $g:U\to \mathbb{ℂ}$ which coincides with $f$ on Template:Tmath. We say $f$ is holomorphically extendable over $U$ if such a $g$ exists.

Riemann's theorem

Riemann's theorem on removable singularities is as follows:

The implications 1 ⇒ 2 ⇒ 3 ⇒ 4 are trivial. To prove 4 ⇒ 1, we first recall that the holomorphy of a function at $a$ is equivalent to it being analytic at $a$ (proof), i.e. having a power series representation. Define

$h(z)=\{\begin{array}{ll}(z-a{)}^{2}f(z)& z\ne a,\\ 0& z=a.\end{array}$

Clearly, Template:Tmath is holomorphic on Template:Tmath, and there exists

$h^{\prime }(a)=\underset{z\to a}{\lim }\frac{(z-a{)}^{2}f(z)-0}{z-a}=\underset{z\to a}{\lim }(z-a)f(z)=0$

by 4, hence Template:Tmath is holomorphic on Template:Tmath and has a Taylor series about Template:Tmath:

$h(z)=c_0+c_1(z-a)+c_2(z-a{)}^2+c_3(z-a{)}^3+\dots .$

We have Template:Tmath and Template:Tmath; therefore

$h(z)=c_2(z-a{)}^2+c_3(z-a{)}^3+\dots .$

Hence, where Template:Tmath, we have:

$f(z)=\frac{h(z)}{(z-a{)}^2}=c_2+c_3(z-a)+\dots .$

However,

$g(z)=c_2+c_3(z-a)+\cdots .$

is holomorphic on Template:Tmath, thus an extension of Template:Tmath.

Other kinds of singularities

Unlike functions of a real variable, holomorphic functions are sufficiently rigid that their isolated singularities can be completely classified. A holomorphic function's singularity is either not really a singularity at all, i.e. a removable singularity, or one of the following two types:

1. In light of Riemann's theorem, given a non-removable singularity, one might ask whether there exists a natural number $m$ such that Template:Tmath. If so, $a$ is called a pole of $f$ and the smallest such $m$ is the order of Template:Tmath. So removable singularities are precisely the poles of order Template:Tmath. A meromorphic function blows up uniformly near its other poles.
2. If an isolated singularity $a$ of $f$ is neither removable nor a pole, it is called an essential singularity. The Great Picard Theorem shows that such an $f$ maps every punctured open neighborhood $U\setminus \{a\}$ to the entire complex plane, with the possible exception of at most one point.

See also

• Analytic capacity
• Removable discontinuity

External links

• Removable singular point at Encyclopedia of Mathematics Template:Webarchive