Relicina
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Relicina is a genus of foliose lichens belonging to the large family Parmeliaceae. It contains 60 species.[1]
Taxonomy
Relicina was originally conceived as a series of the large genus Parmelia by lichenologists Mason Hale and Syo Kurokawa in 1964. A decade later, they promoted it to the status of genus.[2]
The genus Relicinopsis, proposed by Australian lichenologists John Elix and Doug Verdon in 1986 as a segregate of Pseudoparmelia,[3] was shown to be nested within Relicina in a 2017 molecular phylogenetics study.[4]
Description
Relicina lichens have a leaf-like (foliose) body (thallus) with flat, two-sided Template:Lichengloss that are typically attached by a somewhat swollen, bulbous base. The edge of each lobe is lined with short, black, hair-like structures called Template:Lichengloss. The upper surface is generally yellow to yellow-green and may sometimes show small spots; it lacks the typical hairs and minute pores (pseudocyphellae) seen in some other lichens. Instead, the surface is covered by a continuous, pored layer (the Template:Lichengloss). On the underside, the color ranges from pale brown to black, and it bears simple or branched, root-like structures (rhizines) that extend to the edges, helping secure the lichen to its substrate.[5]
The lichen's photosynthetic partner is a green alga similar to those in the genus Trebouxia. Reproduction occurs through apothecia, which are open, disc-like fruiting bodies located on the surface of the lobes. These apothecia have a margin that resembles the thallus (a condition described as Template:Lichengloss) and display a solid, uninterrupted Template:Lichengloss that ranges in color from pale to dark red-brown. The disc lacks a powdery coating (Template:Lichengloss) and is surrounded by a cup-shaped layer. The thallus-like margin is smooth or slightly scalloped and is often fringed with Template:Lichengloss at its base; in some cases, this edge appears almost crown-like due to the influence of swollen and bulbous pycnidia.[5]
Inside the apothecia, delicate filament-like cells called paraphyses are present; these are about 2–3 μm thick, mostly straight, and only lightly branched, with their tips being brown, rounded, and slightly expanded. The spore-bearing sacs, or asci, typically contain eight spores each. Each ascus features a well-developed, iodine-reactive (amyloid) zone known as the Template:Lichengloss that is pierced by a narrow, non-reactive central strand with parallel sides; there is no distinct ocular chamber. The resulting sexual spores are Template:Lichengloss in structure, translucent (hyaline), ellipsoid in shape, and have walls about 0.5 μm thick.[5]
In addition to these sexual structures, Relicina produces asexual fruiting bodies known as pycnidia. These are embedded in the lichen's surface (Template:Lichengloss and Template:Lichengloss) and often appear somewhat swollen. They release conidia—small, asexual spores—that can be spindle-shaped (Template:Lichengloss) or more uniformly cylindrical to Template:Lichengloss.[5]
Chemically, members of the genus Relicina contain usnic acid along with various other secondary metabolites such as depsidones, depsides, or fatty acids.[5]
Species
- Relicina abstrusa (Vain.) Hale (1974)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[2]
- Relicina amphithrix Hale (1975)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[6]
- Relicina barringtonensis Elix (1998)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[7]
- Relicina circumnodata (Nyl.) Hale (1974)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[2]
- Relicina clarkensis Elix & J.Johnst. (1990)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[8]
- Relicina colombiana Elix & Sipman (2011)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[9]
- Relicina conglutinata Elix & J.Johnst. (1986)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[10]
- Relicina connivens (Kurok.) Hale (1974)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[2]
- Relicina dahlii (Hale) Kirika, Divakar & Lumbsch (2017)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[4]
- Relicina demethylbarbatica Elix & J.Johnst. (1986)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[10]
- Relicina dentata Elix (1996)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[11]
- Relicina diederichii Elix (2007)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[12]
- Relicina eumorpha Hale (1974)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[2]
- Relicina filsonii Elix & J.Johnst. (1986)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[10]
- Relicina intertexta (Mont. & Bosch) Kirika, Divakar & Lumbsch (2017)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[4]
- Relicina kurandensis Elix (1996)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[11]
- Relicina limbata (Laurer) Hale (1974)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[2]
- Relicina malaccensis (Nyl.) Kirika, Divakar & Lumbsch (2017)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[4]
- Relicina planiuscula (Kurok.) Hale (1974)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[2]
- Relicina polycarpa Elix & Polyiam (2003)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[13]
- Relicina rahengensis (Vain.) Kirika, Divakar & Lumbsch (2017)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Relicina ramboldii Elix & J.Johnst. (1988)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[14]
- Relicina ramosissima (Kurok.) Hale (1974)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[2]
- Relicina relicinula (Müll. Arg.) Hale (1975)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[6]
- Relicina samoensis (Zahlbr.) Hale (1974)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[2]
- Relicina schizospatha (Kurok.) Hale (1974)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[2]
- Relicina stevensiae (Elix & J.Johnst.) Kirika, Divakar & Lumbsch (2017)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[4]
- Relicina subabstrusa (Gyeln.) Hale (1974)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[2]
- Relicina subcoronata Elix & J.Johnst. (1990)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[8]
- Relicina sublanea (Kurok.) Hale (1974)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[2]
- Relicina subnigra Elix & J.Johnst. (1988)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[14]
- Relicina sydneyensis (Gyeln.) Hale (1974)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[2]
- Relicina terricrocodila Elix & J.Johnst. (1988)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[14]
References
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