Regions of France
Template:Short description Script error: No such module "redirect hatnote". Template:Use dmy dates Template:Use British English Template:Infobox subdivision typeFrance is divided into eighteen administrative regions (Template:Langx, singular Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA".), of which thirteen are located in metropolitan France (in Europe), while the other five are overseas regions (not to be confused with the overseas collectivities, which have a semi-autonomous status).[1]
All of the thirteen metropolitan administrative regions (including Corsica Template:As of) are further subdivided into two to thirteen administrative departments, with the prefect of each region's administrative centre's department also acting as the regional prefect. The overseas regions administratively consist of only one department each and hence also have the status of overseas departments.
Most administrative regions also have the status of regional territorial collectivities, which comes with a local government, with departmental and communal collectivities below the regional level. The exceptions are Corsica, French Guiana, Mayotte and Martinique, where region and department functions are managed by single local governments having consolidated jurisdiction and which are known as single territorial collectivities.
History
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1982–2015
The term Script error: No such module "Lang". was officially created by the Law of Decentralisation (2 March 1982), which also gave regions their legal status. The first direct elections for regional representatives took place on 16 March 1986.[2]
Between 1982 and 2015, there were 22 regions in Metropolitan France. Before 2011, there were four overseas regions (French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, and Réunion); in 2011 Mayotte became the fifth.
| Template:France Regions Labelled Map from 2015 |
| Region | French name | Other local name(s) | INSEE No.[3] | Capital | Derivation or etymology |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alsace | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Alsatian: Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Langx |
42 | Strasbourg | Formerly a coalition of free cities in Holy Roman Empire, attached to Kingdom of France in 1648; annexed by Germany from Franco-Prussian war to the end of World War I and briefly during World War II |
| Aquitaine | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Template:Langx Template:Langx Saintongeais : Aguiéne |
72 | Bordeaux | Guyenne and Gascony |
| Auvergne | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Template:Langx | 83 | Clermont-Ferrand | Former province of Auvergne |
| Brittany | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Template:Langx Gallo: Script error: No such module "Lang". |
53 | Rennes | Duchy of Brittany |
| Burgundy | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Burgundian: BregogneTemplate:\Borgoégne Template:Langx |
26 | Dijon | Duchy of Burgundy |
| Centre-Val de Loire[4] | Script error: No such module "Lang". | 24 | Orléans | Located in north-central France; straddles the middle of the Loire Valley | |
| Champagne-Ardenne | Script error: No such module "Lang". | 21 | Châlons-en- Champagne |
Former province of Champagne | |
| Corsica | Script error: No such module "Lang". | 94 | Ajaccio | ||
| Franche-Comté | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Franc-Comtois: Fràntche-Comté Template:Langx |
43 | Besançon | Free County of Burgundy (Franche-Comté) |
| Île-de-France | Script error: No such module "Lang". | 11 | Paris | Province of Île-de-France and parts of the former province of Champagne | |
| Languedoc-Roussillon | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Template:Langx Template:Langx |
91 | Montpellier | Former provinces of Languedoc and Roussillon |
| Limousin | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Template:Langx | 74 | Limoges | Former province of Limousin and parts of Marche, Berry, Auvergne, Poitou and Angoumois |
| Lorraine | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Template:Langx Lorraine Franconian: Script error: No such module "Lang". |
41 | Metz | Named for Charlemagne's son Lothair I, the kingdom of Lotharingia is etymologically the source for the name Lorraine (duchy), Template:Native name, Script error: No such module "Lang". (Lorraine Franconian) |
| Lower Normandy | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Norman: Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Langx |
25 | Caen | Western half of former province of Normandy |
| Midi-Pyrénées | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Template:Langx Template:Langx |
73 | Toulouse | None; created for Toulouse |
| Nord-Pas-de-Calais | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Picard: Nord-Pas-Calés | 31 | Lille | Nord and Pas-de-Calais departments |
| Pays de la Loire | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Template:Langx | 52 | Nantes | None; created for Nantes |
| Picardy | Script error: No such module "Lang". | 22 | Amiens | Former province of Picardy | |
| Poitou-Charentes | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Template:Langx Poitevin and Saintongeais : Poetou-Chérentes |
54 | Poitiers | Former provinces of Angoumois, Aunis, Poitou and Saintonge |
| Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur (PACA) | Script error: No such module "Lang". (PACA) | Provençal: Script error: No such module "Lang". (Script error: No such module "Lang".) |
93 | Marseille | Former historical province of Provence and County of Nice annexed by France in 1860. |
| Rhône-Alpes | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Template:Langx Template:Langx |
82 | Lyon | Created for Lyon from Dauphiné and Lyonnais provinces and Savoy |
| Upper Normandy | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Norman: Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Langx |
23 | Rouen | Eastern half of former province of Normandy |
Reform and mergers of regions
In 2014, the French parliament passed a law reducing the number of metropolitan regions from 22 to 13 effective 1 January 2016.[5]
The law gave interim names for most of the new regions by combining the names of the former regions, e.g. the region composed of Aquitaine, Poitou-Charentes and Limousin was temporarily called Aquitaine-Limousin-Poitou-Charentes. However, the combined region of Upper and Lower Normandy was simply called "Normandy" (Normandie). Permanent names were proposed by the new regional councils by 1 July 2016 and new names confirmed by the Script error: No such module "Lang". by 30 September 2016.[6][7] The legislation defining the new regions also allowed the Centre region to officially change its name to "Centre-Val de Loire" with effect from January 2015.[8] Two regions, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes and Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, opted to retain their interim names.[9][10]
- Overview of merger proposals for the metropolitan territory
-
Édouard Balladur's proposal
-
Manuel Valls's proposal A
-
Manuel Valls's proposal B
-
President François Hollande's proposal
-
Regions as instituted by the National Assembly in 2014
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Given below is a table of former regions and which new region they became part of.
| Former region | New region | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Interim name | Final name | ||
| Auvergne | Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes | ||
| Rhône-Alpes | |||
| Burgundy | Bourgogne-Franche-Comté | ||
| Franche-Comté | |||
| Brittany | |||
| Centre-Val de Loire | |||
| Corsica | |||
| French Guiana | |||
| Alsace | Alsace-Champagne-Ardenne-Lorraine | Grand Est | |
| Champagne-Ardenne | |||
| Lorraine | |||
| Guadeloupe | |||
| Nord-Pas-de-Calais | Nord-Pas-de-Calais-Picardie | Hauts-de-France | |
| Picardy | |||
| Île-de-France | |||
| Martinique | |||
| Mayotte | |||
| Lower Normandy | Normandy | ||
| Upper Normandy | |||
| Aquitaine | Aquitaine-Limousin-Poitou-Charentes | Nouvelle-Aquitaine | |
| Limousin | |||
| Poitou-Charentes | |||
| Languedoc-Roussillon | Languedoc-Roussillon-Midi-Pyrénées | Occitanie | |
| Midi-Pyrénées | |||
| Pays de la Loire | |||
| Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur | |||
| Réunion | |||
List of administrative regions
Role
Regions lack separate legislative authority and therefore cannot write their own statutory law. They levy their own taxes and, in return, receive a decreasingTemplate:Clarify part of their budget from the central government, which gives them a portion of the taxes it levies. They also have considerable budgets managed by a regional council (conseil régional) made up of representatives voted into office in regional elections.
A region's primary responsibility is to build and furnish high schools. In March 2004, the French central government unveiled a controversial plan to transfer regulation of certain categories of non-teaching school staff to the regional authorities. Critics of this plan contended that tax revenue was insufficient to pay for the resulting costs, and that such measures would increase regional inequalities.
In addition, regions have considerable discretionary power over infrastructural spending, e.g., education, public transit, universities and research, and assistance to business owners. This has meant that the heads of wealthy regions such as Île-de-France or Rhône-Alpes can be high-profile positions.
Proposals to give regions limited legislative autonomy have met with considerable resistance; others propose transferring certain powers from the departments to their respective regions, leaving the former with limited authority.
Regional control
Number of regions controlled by each coalition since 1986.
| Elections | Presidencies | Map | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| <templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" /> Left
|
<templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" /> Right
|
<templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" /> Other
| ||
| 1986 | 5 | 21 | – | File:French regional elections 1986.svg |
| 1992 | 4 | 21 | 1 | File:French regional elections 1992.svg |
| 1998 | 10 | 15 | 1 | File:French regional elections 1998.svg |
| 2004 | 23 | 2 | 1 | File:French regional elections 2004.svg |
| 2010 | 23 | 3 | – | File:French regional elections 2010.svg |
| 2015 | 7 | 8 | 2 | File:French regional elections 2015 2nd Round.svg |
| 2021 | 6 | 8 | 4 | File:French regional elections 2021.svg |
Overseas regions
Overseas region (Template:Langx) is a recent designation, given to the overseas departments that have similar powers to those of the regions of metropolitan France. As integral parts of the French Republic, they are represented in the National Assembly, Senate and Economic and Social Council, elect a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) and use the euro as their currency.
Although these territories have had these political powers since 1982, when France's decentralisation policy dictated that they be given elected regional councils along with other regional powers, the designation overseas regions dates only to the 2003 constitutional change; indeed, the new wording of the constitution aims to give no precedence to either appellation overseas department or overseas region, although the second is still virtually unused by French media.
The following have overseas region status:
- in the Indian Ocean (Africa):
- in the Americas:
- French Guiana in South America
- Guadeloupe in the Antilles (Caribbean)
- Martinique in the Antilles (Caribbean)
- ^ Saint Pierre and Miquelon (located just south of Newfoundland, Canada, in North America), once an overseas department, was demoted to a territorial collectivity in 1985.
See also
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- List of current presidents of the regional councils of France and the Corsican Assembly
- Ranked list of French regions
- Administrative divisions of France
- List of French regions and overseas collectivities by GDP
- List of French regions by Human Development Index
- List of regions of France by population
- Flags of the regions of France
- ISO 3166-2:FR
General:
- Decentralisation in France
- Budget of France
- Regional councils of France
- Administrative divisions of France
- Overseas
Explanatory notes
References
External links
- Guide to the regions of France
- Local websites by region
- Will 2010 regional elections lead to political shake-up? Radio France Internationale in English
Overseas regions
- Ministère de l'Outre-Mer
- some explanations about the past and current developments of DOMs and TOMs (in French)
Template:French overseas departments and territories Template:Terms for types of administrative territorial entities Script error: No such module "Navbox". Script error: No such module "Navbox". Template:Articles on first-level administrative divisions of European countries
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Jean-Marie Miossec (2009), Géohistoire de la régionalisation en France, Paris: Presses universitaires de France Template:ISBN.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b New name as of 17 January 2015; formerly named Script error: No such module "Lang"..
- ↑ La carte à 13 régions définitivement adoptée, Le Monde, 17 December 2014, accessed 2 January 2015
- ↑ Quel nom pour la nouvelle région ? Vous avez choisi..., Sud-Ouest, 4 December 2014, accessed 2 January 2015
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".Template:Dead link
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Populations légales des régions en vigueur au 1er janvier 2022
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Populations légales des communes de Mayotte en 2017