Reference ranges for blood tests

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Template:Short description Template:Reference ranges Reference ranges (reference intervals) for blood tests are sets of values used by a health professional to interpret a set of medical test results from blood samples. Reference ranges for blood tests are studied within the field of clinical chemistry (also known as "clinical biochemistry", "chemical pathology" or "pure blood chemistry"), the area of pathology that is generally concerned with analysis of bodily fluids.[1][2][3]

Blood test results should always be interpreted using the reference range provided by the laboratory that performed the test.[4]

Interpretation

A reference range is usually defined as the set of values 95 percent of the normal population falls within (that is, 95% prediction interval).[5] It is determined by collecting data from vast numbers of laboratory tests.[6][7]

Plasma or whole blood

In this article, all values (except the ones listed below) denote blood plasma concentration, which is approximately 60–100% larger than the actual blood concentration if the amount inside red blood cells (RBCs) is negligible. The precise factor depends on hematocrit as well as amount inside RBCs. Exceptions are mainly those values that denote total blood concentration, and in this article they are:[8]

  • All values in Hematology – red blood cells (except hemoglobin in plasma)
  • All values in Hematology – white blood cells
  • Platelet count (Plt)

A few values are for inside red blood cells only:

  • Vitamin B9 (folic acid/folate) in red blood cells
  • Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)

Units

Arterial or venous

If not otherwise specified, a reference range for a blood test is generally the venous range, as the standard process of obtaining a sample is by venipuncture. An exception is for acid–base and blood gases, which are generally given for arterial blood.[12]

Still, the blood values are approximately equal between the arterial and venous sides for most substances, with the exception of acid–base, blood gases and drugs (used in therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) assays).[13] Arterial levels for drugs are generally higher than venous levels because of extraction while passing through tissues.[13]

Usual or optimal

Reference ranges are usually given as what are the usual (or normal) values found in the population, more specifically the prediction interval that 95% of the population fall into. This may also be called standard range. In contrast, optimal (health) range or therapeutic target is a reference range or limit that is based on concentrations or levels that are associated with optimal health or minimal risk of related complications and diseases. For most substances presented, the optimal levels are the ones normally found in the population as well. More specifically, optimal levels are generally close to a central tendency of the values found in the population. However, usual and optimal levels may differ substantially, most notably among vitamins and blood lipids, so these tables give limits on both standard and optimal (or target) ranges. In addition, some values, including troponin I and brain natriuretic peptide, are given as the estimated appropriate cutoffs to distinguish healthy people from people with specific conditions, which here are myocardial infarction and congestive heart failure, respectively, for the aforementioned substances.[14][15][16]

Variability

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Sorted by concentration

By mass and molarity

Smaller, narrower boxes indicate a more tight homeostatic regulation when measured as standard "usual" reference range. Template:Blood Values

Hormones predominate at the left part of the scale, shown with a red at ng/L or pmol/L, being in very low concentration. There appears to be the greatest cluster of substances in the yellow part (μg/L or nmol/L), becoming sparser in the green part (mg/L or μmol/L). However, there is another cluster containing many metabolic substances like cholesterol and glucose at the limit with the blue part (g/L or mmol/L).Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

The unit conversions of substance concentrations from the molar to the mass concentration scale above are made as follows:

  • Numerically:
molar concentration×molar mass=mass concentration
  • Measured directly in distance on the scales:
log10molar mass1000=distance to right (decades),

where distance is the direct (not logarithmic) distance in number of decades or "octaves" to the right the mass concentration is found. To translate from mass to molar concentration, the dividend (molar mass and the divisor (1000) in the division change places, or, alternatively, distance to right is changed to distance to left. Substances with a molar mass around 1000g/mol (e.g. thyroxine) are almost vertically aligned in the mass and molar images. Adrenocorticotropic hormone, on the other hand, with a molar mass of 4540,[20] is 0.7 decades to the right in the mass image. Substances with molar mass below 1000g/mol (e.g. electrolytes and metabolites) would have "negative" distance, that is, masses deviating to the left. Many substances given in mass concentration are not given in molar amount because they haven't been added to the article.

The diagram above can also be used as an alternative way to convert any substance concentration (not only the normal or optimal ones) from molar to mass units and vice versa for those substances appearing in both scales, by measuring how much they are horizontally displaced from one another (representing the molar mass for that substance), and using the same distance from the concentration to be converted to determine the equivalent concentration in terms of the other unit. For example, on a certain monitor, the horizontal distance between the upper limits for parathyroid hormone in pmol/L and pg/mL may be 7 cm, with the mass concentration to the right. A molar concentration of, for example, 5 pmol/L would therefore correspond to a mass concentration located 7 cm to the right in the mass diagram, that is, approximately 45 pg/mL.

By units

Units do not necessarily imply anything about molarity or mass.

File:Reference ranges for blood tests - by units.png

A few substances are below this main interval, e.g. thyroid stimulating hormone, being measured in mU/L, or above, like rheumatoid factor and CA19-9, being measured in U/mL.

By enzyme activity

File:Reference ranges for blood tests - by enzyme activity.png

White blood cells

File:Reference ranges for blood tests - white blood cells.png

Sorted by category

Ions and trace metals

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Test Lower limit Upper limit Unit* Comments
Script error: No such module "anchor". Sodium (Na) 135,[21] 137[10][22] 145,[10][22] 147[21] mmol/L or mEq/L[21] See hyponatremia or hypernatremia
310,[23] 320[23] 330,[23] 340[23] mg/dL
Script error: No such module "anchor". Potassium (K) 3.5,[10][21] 3.6[22] 5.0,[10][21][22] 5.1 mmol/L or mEq/L[21] See hypokalemia or hyperkalemia
14[24] 20[24] mg/dL
Script error: No such module "anchor". Chloride (Cl) 95,[21] 98,[25] 100[10] 105,[21] 106,[25] 110[10] mmol/L or mEq/L[21] See hypochloremia or hyperchloremia
340[26] 370[26] mg/dL
Script error: No such module "anchor". Ionized calcium (Ca) 1.03,[27] 1.10[10] 1.23,[27] 1.30[10] mmol/L See hypocalcaemia or hypercalcaemia
4.1,[28] 4.4[28] 4.9,[28] 5.2[28] mg/dL
Total calcium (Ca) 2.1,[21][29] 2.2[10] 2.5,[10][29] 2.6,[29] 2.8[21] mmol/L
8.4,[21] 8.5[30] 10.2,[21] 10.5[30] mg/dL
Script error: No such module "anchor". Total serum iron (TSI) – male 65,[31] 76[22] 176,[31] 198[22] μg/dL See hypoferremia or the following: iron overload (hemochromatosis), iron poisoning, siderosis, hemosiderosis, hyperferremia
11.6,[32][33] 13.6[33] 30,[32] 32,[33] 35[33] μmol/L
Total serum iron (TSI) – female 26,[22] 50[31] 170[22][31] μg/dL
4.6,[33] 8.9[32] 30.4[32] μmol/L
Total serum iron (TSI) – newborns 100[31] 250[31] μg/dL
18[33] 45[33] μmol/L
Total serum iron (TSI) – children 50[31] 120[31] μg/dL
9[33] 21[33] μmol/L
Total iron-binding capacity (TIBC) 240,[31] 262[22] 450,[31] 474[22] μg/dL
43,[33] 47[33] 81,[33] 85[33] μmol/L
Script error: No such module "anchor". Transferrin 190,[34] 194,[10] 204[22] 326,[10] 330,[34] 360[22] mg/dL
25[35] 45[35] μmol/L
Transferrin saturation 20[31] 50[31] %
Script error: No such module "anchor". Ferritin – Males and postmenopausal females 12[36] 300[36][37] ng/mL or μg/L
27[38] 670[38] pmol/L
Ferritin – premenopausal females 12[36] 150[36] – 200[37] ng/mL or μg/L
27[38] 330[38] – 440[38] pmol/L
Script error: No such module "anchor". Ammonia 10,[39] 20[40] 35,[39] 65[40] μmol/L See hypoammonemia and hyperammonemia
17,[41] 34[41] 60,[41] 110[41] μg/dL
Script error: No such module "anchor". Copper (Cu) 70[30] 150[30] μg/dL See hypocupremia or hypercupremia
11[42][43] 24[42] μmol/L
Script error: No such module "anchor". Ceruloplasmin 15[30] 60[30] mg/dL
1[44] 4[44] μmol/L
Script error: No such module "anchor". Phosphate (HPO42−) 0.8 1.5[45] mmol/L See hypophosphatemia or hyperphosphatemia
Inorganic phosphorus (serum) 1.0[21] 1.5[21] mmol/L
3.0[21] 4.5[21] mg/dL
Script error: No such module "anchor". Zinc (Zn) 60,[46] 72[47] 110,[47] 130[46] μg/dL See zinc deficiency or zinc poisoning
9.2,[48] 11[10] 17,[10] 20[48] μmol/L
Script error: No such module "anchor". Magnesium 1.5,[30] 1.7[49] 2.0,[30] 2.3[49] mEq/L or mg/dL See hypomagnesemia or hypermagnesemia
0.6,[50] 0.7[10] 0.82,[50] 0.95[10] mmol/L
  • Note: Although 'mEq' for mass and 'mEq/L' are sometimes used in the United States and elsewhere, they are not part of SI and are now considered redundant.

Acid–base and blood gases

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Acid–base and blood gases are among the few blood constituents that exhibit substantial difference between arterial and venous values.[13] Still, pH, bicarbonate and base excess show a high level of inter-method reliability between arterial and venous tests, so arterial and venous values are roughly equivalent for these.[51]

Test Arterial/Venous Lower limit Upper limit Unit
pH Arterial 7.34,[22] 7.35[21] 7.44,[22] 7.45[21]
Venous 7.31[52] 7.41[52]
[H+] Arterial 36[21] 44[21] nmol/L
3.6[53] 4.4[53] ng/dL
Base excess Arterial & venous[52] −3[52] +3[52] mEq/L
Oxygen partial pressure (pO2) Arterial pO2 10,[21] 11[54] 13,[54] 14[21] kPa
75,[21][22] 83[30] 100,[22] 105[21] mmHg or torr
Venous 4.0[54] 5.3[54] kPa
30[52] 40[52] mmHg or torr
Oxygen saturation Arterial 94,[52] 95,[25] 96[30] 100[25][30] %
Venous Approximately 75[25]
Carbon dioxide partial pressure (pCO2) Arterial PaCO2 4.4,[21] 4.7[54] 5.9,[21] 6.0[54] kPa
33,[21] 35[22] 44,[21] 45[22] mmHg or torr
Venous 5.5,[54] 6.8[54] kPa
41[52] 51[52] mmHg or torr
Absolute content of carbon dioxide (CO2) Arterial 23[52] 30[52] mmol/L
100[55] 132[55] mg/dL
Bicarbonate (HCO3−) Arterial & venous 18[30] 23[30] mmol/L
110[56] 140[56] mg/dL
Standard bicarbonate (SBCe) Arterial & venous 21, 22[21] 27, 28[21] mmol/L or mEq/L[21]
134[56] 170[56] mg/dL

Liver function

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Test Patient type Lower limit Upper limit Unit Comments
Total protein (TotPro) 60,[21] 63[22] 78,[21] 82,[22] 84[30] g/L See serum total protein Interpretation
Albumin 35[21][57] 48,[22] 55[21] g/L See hypoalbuminemia
3.5[22] 4.8,[22] 5.5[21] U/L
540[58] 740[58] μmol/L
Globulins 23[21] 35[21] g/L
Script error: No such module "anchor". Total bilirubin 1.7,[59] 2,[21] 3.4,[59] 5[10] 17,[21][59] 22,[59] 25[10] μmol/L
0.1,[21] 0.2,[22] 0.29[60] 1.0,[21][30] 1.3,[22] 1.4[60] mg/dL
Direct/conjugated bilirubin 0.0[21] or N/A[10] 5,[21] 7[10][59] μmol/L
0[21][22] 0.3,[21][22] 0.4[30] mg/dL
Alanine transaminase (ALT/ALAT[10]) 5,[61] 7,[22] 8[21] 20,[21] 21,[25] 56[22] U/L Also called serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT)
Female 0.15[10] 0.75[10] μkat/L
Male 0.15[10] 1.1[10]
Aspartate transaminase (AST/ASAT[10]) Female 6[62] 34[62] IU/L Also called
serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT)
0.25[10] 0.60[10] μkat/L
Male 8[62] 40[62] IU/L
0.25[10] 0.75[10] μkat/L
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) 0.6[10] 1.8[10] μkat/L
Female 42[61] 98[61] U/L
Male 53[61] 128[61]
Gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) 5,[61] 8[22] 40,[61] 78[22] U/L
Female 0.63[63] μkat/L
Male 0.92[63] μkat/L

Cardiac tests

Test Patient type Lower limit Upper limit Unit Comments
Creatine kinase (CK) Male 24,[64] 38,[22] 60[61] 174,[30] 320[61] U/L or ng/mL
0.42[65] 1.5[65] μkat/L
Female 24,[64] 38,[22] 96[30] 140,[30] 200[61] U/L or ng/mL
0.17[65] 1.17[65] μkat/L
CK-MB 0 3,[22] 3.8,[10] 5[61] ng/mL or μg/L[10]
Myoglobin Female 1[66] 66[66] ng/mL or μg/L
Male 17[66] 106[66]
Cardiac troponin T (low sensitive) 0.1[14] ng/mL 99th percentile cutoff
Cardiac troponin I

(high sensitive)

0.03[14] ng/mL 99th percentile cutoff
Cardiac troponin T (high sensitive) Male 0.022[14] ng/mL 99th percentile cutoff
Female 0.014[14] ng/mL 99th percentile cutoff
newborn/infants not established more than adults [67][68]
Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)
Script error: No such module "Hatnote".
Interpretation Range / Cutoff
Congestive heart failure unlikely < 100 pg/mL[15][16]
"Gray zone" 100–500 pg/mL[15][16]
Congestive heart failure likely > 500 pg/mL[15][16]
NT-proBNP
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Interpretation Age Cutoff
Congestive heart failure likely < 75 years > 125 pg/mL[69]
> 75 years > 450pg/mL[69]

Lipids

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Test Patient type Lower limit Upper limit Unit Therapeutic target
Triglycerides 10–39 years 54[30] 110[30] mg/dL < 100 mg/dL[70]
or 1.1 mmol/L[70]
0.61[71] 1.2[71] mmol/L
40–59 years 70[30] 150[30] mg/dL
0.77[71] 1.7[71] mmol/L
> 60 years 80[30] 150[30] mg/dL
0.9[71] 1.7[71] mmol/L
Total cholesterol 3.0,[72] 3.6[21][72] 5.0,[10][73] 6.5[21] mmol/L < 3.9 mmol/L[70]
120,[22] 140[21] 200,[22] 250[21] mg/dL < 150 mg/dL[70]
HDL cholesterol Female 1.0,[74] 1.2,[10] 1.3[72] 2.2[74] mmol/L > 1.0[74] or 1.6[72] mmol/L
40[75] or 60[76] mg/dL
40,[75] 50[77] 86[75] mg/dL
HDL cholesterol Male 0.9[10][74] 2.0[74] mmol/L
35[75] 80[75] mg/dL
LDL cholesterol
(Not valid when
triglycerides >5.0 mmol/L)		 2.0,[74] 2.4[73] 3.0,[10][73] 3.4[74] mmol/L < 2.5 mmol/L[74]
80,[75] 94[75] 120,[75] 130[75] mg/dL < 100 mg/dL[75]
LDL/HDL quotient n/a 5[10] (unitless)

Tumour markers

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Test Patient type Cutoff Unit Comments
Alpha fetoprotein (AFP) 44[22] ng/mL or μg/L Hepatocellular carcinoma or testicular cancer
Beta human chorionic gonadotrophin (β-hCG) In males and non-pregnant females 5[22] IU/L or mU/mL choriocarcinoma
CA19-9 40[22] U/mL Pancreatic cancer
CA-125 30,[78] 35[79] kU/L or U/mL
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) Non-smokers, 50 years 3.4,[10] 3.6[80] μg/L
Non-smokers, 70 years 4.1[80]
Smokers 5[81]
Prostate specific antigen (PSA) 40–49 years 1.2–2.9[82] μg/L[10][22] or ng/mL[30] More detailed cutoffs in PSA – Serum levels
70–79 years, non-African-American 4.0–9.0[82]
70–79 years, African-American 7.7–13[82]
PAP 3[30] units/dL (Bodansky units)
Calcitonin 5,[83] 15[83] ng/L or pg/mL Cutoff against medullary thyroid cancer[83]
More detailed cutoffs in Calcitonin article

Endocrinology

Thyroid hormones

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Test Patient type Lower limit Upper limit Unit
Thyroid stimulating hormone
(TSH or thyrotropin)		 Adults –
standard range		 0.3,[10] 0.4,[22] 0.5,[30] 0.6[84] 4.0,[10] 4.5,[22] 6.0[30] mIU/L or μIU/mL
Adults –
optimal range		 0.3,[85] 0.5[86] 2.0,[86] 3.0[85]
Infants 1.3[87] 19[87]
Free thyroxine (FT4)
Script error: No such module "Hatnote".		 Normal adult 0.7,[88] 0.8[22] 1.4,[88] 1.5,[22] 1.8[89] ng/dL
9,[10][90] 10,[91] 12[92] 18,[10][90] 23[92] pmol/L
Child/Adolescent
31 d – 18 y		 0.8[88] 2.0[88] ng/dL
10[90] 26[90] pmol/L
Pregnant 0.5[88] 1.0[88] ng/dL
6.5[90] 13[90] pmol/L
Total thyroxine 4,[91] 5.5[22] 11,[91] 12.3[22] μg/dL
60[91][92] 140,[91] 160[92] nmol/L
Free triiodothyronine (FT3) Normal adult 0.2[91] 0.5[91] ng/dL
3.1[93] 7.7[93] pmol/L
Children 2-16 y 0.1[94] 0.6[94] ng/dL
1.5[93] 9.2[93] pmol/L
Total triiodothyronine 60,[22] 75[91] 175,[91] 181[22] ng/dL
0.9,[10] 1.1[91] 2.5,[10] 2.7[91] nmol/L
Thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) 12[22] 30[22] mg/L
Thyroglobulin (Tg) 1.5[91] 30[91] pmol/L
1[91] 20[91] μg/L

Sex hormones

Script error: No such module "labelled list hatnote". The diagrams below take inter-cycle and inter-woman variability into account in displaying reference ranges for estradiol, progesterone, FSH and LH.

File:Hormones estradiol, progesterone, LH and FSH during menstrual cycle.png
Levels of estradiol (the main estrogen), progesterone, luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone during the menstrual cycle.[95]
Test Patient type Lower limit Upper limit Unit
Dihydrotestosterone adult male 30 85 ng/dL
Testosterone Male, overall 8,[96] 10[97] 27,[96] 35[97] nmol/L
230,[98] 300[99] 780–1000[98][99] ng/dL
Male < 50 years 10[10] 45[10] nmol/L
290[98] 1300[98] ng/dL
Male > 50 years 6.2[10] 26[10] nmol/L
180[98] 740[98] ng/dL
Female 0.7[97] 2.8–3.0[97][10] nmol/L
20[99] 80–85[99][98] ng/dL
17α-Hydroxyprogesterone male 0.06[30] 3.0[30] mg/L
0.18[100] 9.1[100] μmol/L
Female (Follicular phase) 0.2[30] 1.0[30] mg/L
0.6[100] 3.0[100] μmol/L
Follicle-stimulating
hormone (FSH)
Script error: No such module "Hatnote".		 Prepubertal <1[101] 3[101] IU/L
Adult male 1[101] 8[101]
Adult female (follicular
and luteal phase)		 1[101] 11[101]
Adult female (Ovulation) 6[101]
95% PI (standard)		 26[101]
95% PI)
5[102]
90% PI (used in diagram)		 15[102]
(90% PI)
Post-menopausal female 30[101] 118[101]
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Script error: No such module "Hatnote".		 Female, peak 20[102]
90% PI (used in diagram)		 75[102]
(90% PI)		 IU/L
Female, post-menopausal 15[103] 60[103]
Male aged 18+ 2[104] 9[104]
Estradiol
(an estrogen)
Script error: No such module "Hatnote".		 Adult male 50[105] 200[105] pmol/L
14[106] 55[106] pg/mL
Adult female (day 5 of follicular phase,
and luteal phase)		 70[105] 500,[105] 600[105] pmol/L
19[106] 140,[106] 160[106] pg/mL
Adult female – free (not protein bound) 0.5[107] 9[107] pg/mL
1.7[107] 33[107] pmol/L
Post-menopausal female N/A[105] < 130[105] pmol/L
N/A[106] < 35[106] pg/mL
Progesterone
Script error: No such module "Hatnote".		 Female in mid-luteal phase (day 21–23) 17,[102] 35[108] 92[108] nmol/L
6,[102] 11[109] 29[109] ng/mL
Androstenedione Adult male and female 60[103] 270[103] ng/dL
Post-menopausal female < 180[103]
Prepubertal < 60[103]
Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate Script error: No such module "Hatnote". Adult male and female 30[110] 400[110] μg/dL
SHBG
Script error: No such module "Hatnote".		 Adult female 40[111] 120[111] nmol/L
Adult male 20[111] 60[111]
Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH)
Script error: No such module "Hatnote".		 13–45 years 0.7[112] 20[112] ng/mL
5[113] 140[113] pmol/L

Other hormones

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Test Patient type Lower limit Upper limit Unit
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) 2.2[114] 13.3[114] pmol/L
20[22] 100[22] pg/mL
Cortisol 09:00 am 140[115] 700[115] nmol/L
5[116] 25[116] μg/dL
Midnight 80[115] 350[115] nmol/L
2.9[116] 13[116] μg/dL
Growth hormone (fasting) 0 5[21] ng/mL
Growth hormone (arginine stimulation) 7[21] n/a ng/mL
IGF-1
Script error: No such module "Hatnote".		 Female, 20 yrs 110[117] 420[117] ng/mL
Female, 75 yrs 55[117] 220[117]
Male, 20 yrs 160[117] 390[117]
Male, 75 yrs 48[117] 200[117]
Prolactin
Script error: No such module "Hatnote".		 Female 71,[118] 105[118] 348,[118] 548[118] mIU/L
3.4,[118] 3.9[118] 16.4,[118] 20.3[118] μg/L
Male 58,[118] 89[118] 277,[118] 365[118] mIU/L
2.7,[118] 3.3[118] 13.0,[118] 13.5[118] μg/L
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) 10,[119] 17[120] 65,[119] 70[120] pg/mL
1.1,[10] 1.8[121] 6.9,[10] 7.5[121] pmol/L
25-hydroxycholecalciferol (a vitamin D)
– Standard reference range		 8,[30][122] 9[122] 40,[122] 80[30] ng/mL
20,[123] 23[124] 95,[124] 150[123] nmol/L
25-hydroxycholecalciferol
– Therapeutic target range		 30,[125] 40[126] 65,[126] 100[125] ng/mL
85,[70] 100[126] 120,[70] 160[126] nmol/L
Plasma renin activity 0.29,[127] 1.9[128] 3.7[127][128] ng/(mL·h)
3.3,[129] 21[130] 41[129][130] mcU/mL
Aldosterone
Script error: No such module "Hatnote".		 Adult 19,[129] 34.0[129] ng/dL
530,[131] 940[131] pmol/L
Aldosterone-to-renin ratio
Script error: No such module "Hatnote".		 Adult 13.1,[132] 35.0[132] ng/dL per ng/(mL·h)
360,[132] 970[132] pmol/liter per μg/(L·h)

Vitamins

Also including the vitamin B12)-related amino acid homocysteine.

Test Patient type Standard range Optimal range Unit
Lower limit Upper limit Lower limit Upper limit
Vitamin A 30[30] 65[30] μg/dL
Vitamin B9
(Folic acid/Folate) – Serum		 Age > 1 year 3.0[133] 16[133] 5[134] ng/mL or μg/L
6.8[135] 36[135] 11[135] nmol/L
Vitamin B9
(Folic acid/Folate) – Red blood cells		 200[133] 600[133] ng/mL or μg/L
450[135] 1400[135] nmol/L
Pregnant 400[133] ng/mL or μg/L
900[133] nmol/L
Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) 130,[136] 160[137] 700,[136] 950[137] ng/L
100,[138] 120[10] 520,[138] 700[10] pmol/L
Homocysteine
Script error: No such module "Hatnote".		 3.3,[139] 5.9[139] 7.2,[139] 15.3[139] 6.3[70] μmol/L
45,[140] 80[140] 100,[140] 210[140] 85[70] μg/dL
Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) 0.4[30] 1.5[30] 0.9[70] mg/dL
23[141] 85[141] 50[70] μmol/L
25-hydroxycholecalciferol (a vitamin D) 8,[30][122] 9[122] 40,[122] 80[30] 30,[125] 40[126] 65,[126] 100[125] ng/mL
20,[123] 23[124] 95,[124] 150[123] 85,[70] 100[126] 120,[70] 160[126] nmol/L
Vitamin E 28[70] μmol/L
1.2[70] mg/dL

Toxic Substances

Test Limit type Limit Unit
Lead Optimal health range < 20[25] or 40[30] μg/dL
Blood ethanol content Limit for drunk driving 0,[142] 0.2,[142] 0.8[142] ‰ or g/L
17.4[143] mmol/L

Hematology

Red blood cells

These values (except Hemoglobin in plasma) are for total blood and not only blood plasma.

Test Patient Lower limit Upper limit Unit Comments
Hemoglobin (Hb) Male 2.0,[144] 2.1[21][145] 2.5,[144] 2.7[21][145] mmol/L Higher in neonates, lower in children.
130,[10] 132,[22] 135[21] 162,[22] 170,[10] 175[21] g/L
Female 1.8,[144] 1.9[21][145] 2.3,[144] 2.5[21][144][145] mmol/L Sex difference negligible until adulthood.
120[10][21][22] 150,[10] 152,[22] 160[21][30] g/L
Hemoglobin subunits (sometimes displayed simply as "Hemoglobin") Male 8.0,[146] 8.4[146] 10.0,[146] 10.8[146] mmol/L 4 per hemoglobin molecule
Female 7.2,[146] 7.6[146] 9.2,[146] 10.0[146]
Hemoglobin in plasma 0.16[21] 0.62[21] μmol/L Normally diminutive compared with inside red blood cells
1 4 mg/dL
Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) < 50 years 3.6[10] 5.0[10] % of Hb
> 50 years 3.9[10] 5.3[10]
Haptoglobin < 50 years 0.35[10] 1.9[10] g/L
> 50 years 0.47[10] 2.1[10]
Hematocrit (Hct) Male 0.39,[10] 0.4,[22] 0.41,[21] 0.45[30] 0.50,[10] 0.52,[22] 0.53,[21] 0.62[30] L/L
Female 0.35,[10] 0.36,[21] 0.37[22][30] 0.46,[10][21][22] 0.48[30] L/L
Child 0.31[22] 0.43[22] L/L
Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) Male 76,[30] 82[22] 100,[30] 102[22] fL Cells are larger in neonates, though smaller in other children.
Female 78[22] 101[22] fL
Red blood cell distribution width (RDW) 11.5[22] 14.5[22] %
Mean cell hemoglobin (MCH) 0.39[21] 0.54[21] fmol/cell
25,[21] 27[10][30] 32,[30] 33,[10] 35[21] pg/cell
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) 4.8,[147] 5.0[147] 5.4,[147] 5.6[147] mmol/L
31,[22] 32[10][30] 35,[22] 36[10][30] g/dL or %[note 1]
Erythrocytes/Red blood cells (RBC) Male 4.2,[30] 4.3[10][21][22] 5.7,[10] 5.9,[21] 6.2,[22] 6.9[30] x1012/L
or
million/mm3
Female 3.5,[21] 3.8,[22] 3.9[10] 5.1,[10] 5.5[21][22]
Infant/Child 3.8[22] 5.5[22]
Reticulocytes Adult 26[10] 130[10] x109/L
0.5[21][22] 1.5[21][22] % of RBC
Newborn 1.1[22] 4.5[22] % of RBC
Infant 0.5[22] 3.1[22] % of RBC
Immature reticulocyte fraction (IRF) Adult 1.6[148] 12.1[148] % of reticulocytes
Reticulocyte hemoglobin equivalent Adult 30.0[148] 37.6[148] %
24.1[149] 35.8[149] pg
Immature platelet fraction (IPF) Adult 0.8[148] 5.6[148] %

White blood cells

These values are for total blood and not only blood plasma.

Test Patient type Lower limit Upper limit Unit
White Blood Cell Count (WBC) Adult 3.5,[10] 3.9,[150] 4.1,[22] 4.5[21] 9.0,[10] 10.0,[150] 10.9,[22] 11[21]
  • x109/L
  • x103/mm3 or
  • x103/μL
Newborn 9[151] 30[151]
1 year old 6[151] 18[151]
Script error: No such module "anchor". Neutrophil granulocytes
(A.K.A. grans, polys, PMNs, or segs)		 Adult 1.3,[10] 1.8,[150] 2[151] 5.4,[10] 7,[150] 8[151] x109/L
45–54[21] 62,[21] 74 % of WBC
Newborn 6[151] 26[151] x109/L
Neutrophilic band forms Adult 0.7[151] x109/L
3[21] 5[21] % of WBC
Lymphocytes Adult 0.7,[10] 1.0[150][151] 3.5,[150] 3.9,[10] 4.8[151] x109/L
16–25[21] 33,[21] 45 % of WBC
Newborn 2[151] 11[151] x109/L
Monocytes Adult 0.1,[10] 0.2[152][153] 0.8[10][151][153] x109/L
3,[21] 4.0 7,[21] 10 % of WBC
Newborn 0.4[151] 3.1[151] x109/L
Mononuclear leukocytes
(Lymphocytes + monocytes)		 Adult 1.5 5 x109/L
20 35 % of WBC
CD4+ T cells Adult 0.4,[22] 0.5[25] 1.5,[25] 1.8[22] x109/L
Eosinophil granulocytes Adult 0.0,[10] 0.04[153] 0.44,[153] 0.45,[151] 0.5[10] x109/L
1[21] 3,[21] 7 % of WBC
Newborn 0.02[151] 0.85[151] x109/L
Basophil granulocytes Adult 40[150] 100,[10][153] 200,[151] 900[150] x106/L
0.0 0.75,[21] 2 % of WBC
Newborn 0.64[151] x109/L

Coagulation

Test Lower limit Upper limit Unit Comments
Thrombocyte/Platelet count (Plt) 140,[22] 150[10][21] 350,[10][30] 400,[21] 450[22] x109/L or
x1000/μL
Mean platelet volume (MPV) 7.2,[154] 7.4,[155] 7.5[156] 10.4,[155] 11.5,[156] 11.7[154] fL
Prothrombin time (PT) 10,[25] 11,[21][157] 12[22] 13,[25] 13.5,[157] 14,[22] 15[21] s PT reference varies between laboratory kits – INR is standardised
INR 0.9[10] 1.2[10] The INR is a corrected ratio of a patient's PT to normal
Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) 18,[22] 30[10][25] 28,[22] 42,[10] 45[25] s
Thrombin clotting time (TCT) 11 18 s
Fibrinogen 1.7,[22] 2.0[10] 3.6,[10] 4.2[22] g/L
Antithrombin 0.80[10] 1.2[10] kIU/L
0.15,[158] 0.17[159] 0.2,[158] 0.39[159] mg/mL
Bleeding time 2 9 minutes
Viscosity 1.5[160] 1.72[160] cP

Immunology

Acute phase proteins

Acute phase proteins are markers of inflammation.

Test Patient Lower limit Upper limit Unit Comments
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
(ESR)		 Male 0 Age÷2[161] mm/h ESR increases with age and tends to be higher in females.[162]
Female (Age+10)÷2[161]
C-reactive protein (CRP) 5,[10][163] 6[164] mg/L
200,[165] 240[165] nmol/L
Alpha 1-antitrypsin (AAT) 20,[166] 22[167] 38,[167] 53[166] μmol/L
89,[168] 97[10] 170,[10] 230[168] mg/dL
Procalcitonin 0.15[169] ng/mL or μg/L

Isotypes of antibodies

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Test Patient Lower limit Upper limit Unit
IgA Adult 70,[10] 110[170] 360,[10] 560[170] mg/dL
IgD 0.5[170] 3.0[170]
IgE 0.01[170] 0.04[170]
IgG 800[170] 1800[170]
IgM 54[170] 220[170]

Autoantibodies

Script error: No such module "For". Autoantibodies are usually absent or very low, so instead of being given in standard reference ranges, the values usually denote where they are said to be present, or whether the test is a positive test. There may also be an equivocal interval, where it is uncertain whether there is a significantly increased level.

Test Negative Equivocal Positive Unit
anti-SS-A (Ro) < 1.0[171] n/a ≥ 1.0[171] Units (U)
anti-SS-B (La) < 1.0[172] n/a ≥ 1.0[172]
Anti ds-DNA < 30.0[173] 30.0–75.0[173] > 75.0[173] International Units per millilitre (IU/mL)
Anti ss-DNA < 8[174] 8–10[174] > 10[174] Units per millilitre (U/mL)
Anti-histone antibodies < 25[174] n/a[174] > 25[174]
Cytoplasmic anti-neutrophil
cytoplasmic antibodies (c-ANCA)		 < 20[174] 21–30[174] > 30[174]
Perinuclear anti-neutrophil
cytoplasmic antibodies (p-ANCA)		 < 5[174] n/a > 5[174]
Anti-mitochondrial antibodies (AMA) < 0.1[175] 0.1-0.9[175] ≥ 1.0[175] Units (U)
Rheumatoid factor (RF) < 20 20–30 > 30[22] Units per millilitre (U/mL)
Antistreptolysin O titre (ASOT) in
preschoolers		 > 100
ASOT at school age > 250[22]
ASOT in adults > 125[22]
Test Negative Low/weak positive Moderate positive High/strong positive Unit
Anti-phospholipid IgG < 20[174] 20–30[174] 31–50[174] > 51[174] GPLU/mL[174]
Anti-phospholipid IgM < 1.5[174] 1.5–2.5[174] 2–9.9[174] > 10[174] MPL /mL[174]
Anti-phospholipid IgA < 10[174] 10–20[174] 21–30[174] > 31[174] arb U/mL[174]
Anti-citrullinated protein antibodies < 20[174] 20–39[174] 40–59[174] > 60[174] EU[174]

Other immunology

Test Lower limit Upper limit Unit
Serum free light chains (FLC): kappa/lambda ratio 0.26[176] 1.65[176] (unitless)

Other enzymes and proteins

Test Lower limit Upper limit Unit Comments
Serum total protein 60,[21] 63[22] 78,[21] 82,[22] 84[30] g/L Script error: No such module "labelled list hatnote".
Script error: No such module "anchor". Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) 50[30] 150[30] U/L
0.4[61] 1.7[61] μmol/L
1.8[10] 3.4[10] μkat/L < 70 years old[10]
Amylase 25,[21] 30,[22] 53[30] 110,[22] 120,[177] 123,[30] 125,[21] 190[61] U/L
0.15[10] 1.1[10] μkat/L
200[165] 240[165] nmol/L
D-dimer
Script error: No such module "Hatnote".		 n/a 500[178] ng/mL Higher in pregnant women[179]
0.5[10] mg/L
Lipase 7,[22] 10,[30] 23[61] 60,[22] 150,[30] 208[61] U/L
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) 23[61] 57[61] U/L
Acid phosphatase 3.0[61] ng/mL
Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) 2.3[10] 16[10] μg/L

Other electrolytes and metabolites

Electrolytes and metabolites: For iron and copper, some related proteins are also included.

Test Patient type Lower limit Upper limit Unit Comments
Osmolality 275,[21] 280,[30] 281[10] 295,[21] 296,[30] 297[10] mOsm/kg Plasma weight excludes solutes
Osmolarity Slightly less than osmolality mOsm/L Plasma volume includes solutes
Urea 3.0[180] 7.0[180] mmol/L BUN – blood urea nitrogen
7[21] 18,[21] 21[22] mg/dL
* Uric acid[22] 0.18[21] 0.48[21] mmol/L
Female 2.0[30] 7.0[30] mg/dL
Male 2.1[30] 8.5[30] mg/dL
Creatinine Male 60,[10] 68[181] 90,[10] 118[181] μmol/L May be complemented with creatinine clearance
0.7,[182] 0.8[182] 1.0,[182] 1.3[182] mg/dL
Female 50,[10] 68[181] 90,[10] 98[181] μmol/L
0.6,[182] 0.8[182] 1.0,[182] 1.1[182] mg/dL
BUN/Creatinine Ratio 5[30] 35[30] –
Script error: No such module "anchor". Plasma glucose (fasting) 3.8,[21] 4.0[10] 6.0,[10] 6.1[183] mmol/L See also glycated hemoglobin (in hematology)
65,[22] 70,[21] 72[184] 100,[183] 110[30] mg/dL
Full blood glucose (fasting) 3.3[10] 5.6[10] mmol/L
60[184] 100[184] mg/dL
Random glucose 3.9[185] 7.8[185] mmol/L
70[186] 140[186] mg/dL
Script error: No such module "anchor". Lactate (Venous) 4.5[30] 19.8[30] mg/dL
0.5[187] 2.2[187] mmol/L
Lactate (Arterial) 4.5[30] 14.4[30] mg/dL
0.5[187] 1.6[187] mmol/L
Pyruvate 300[30] 900[30] μg/dL
34[188] 102[188] μmol/L
Ketones 1[189] mg/dL
0.1[189] mmol/L

Medication

Test Lower limit Upper limit Unit Comments
Digoxin 0.5[190] 2.0[190] ng/mL Narrow therapeutic window
0.6[190] 2.6[190] nmol/L
Lithium 0.4,[191] 0.5,[192][193] 0.8[194] 1.3[192][193] mmol/L Narrow therapeutic window
Paracetamol 30[195] mg/L Risk of paracetamol toxicity at higher levels
200[195] μmol/L

See also

Notes

Template:Reflist

References

Template:Reflist

External links

Further reading

Template:Blood tests Template:Authority control

  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Page 19 in: Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ "Units of measurement" in Medical toxicology, Richard C. Dart Edition: 3, illustrated, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2004, p. 34 Template:ISBN 1914 pages
  10. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw Reference range list from Uppsala University Hospital ("Laborationslista"). Artnr 40284 Sj74a. Issued on April 22, 2008
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ a b c "Arterial versus venous reference ranges", Medical Laboratory Observer, April, 2000 by D. Robert Dufour
  14. ↑ a b c d e Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". Updated: Jan 14, 2015
  15. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ PROOPIOMELANOCORTIN; NCBI / POMC Retrieved on September 28, 2009
  21. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd Last page of Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db Normal Reference Range Table Template:Webarchive from The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas. Used in Interactive Case Study Companion to Pathologic basis of disease.
  23. ↑ a b c d Derived from molar values using molar mass of 22.99 g•mol−1
  24. ↑ a b Derived from molar values using molar mass of 39.10 g•mol−1
  25. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Merck Manuals > Common Medical Tests > Blood Tests Last full review/revision February 2003
  26. ↑ a b Derived from molar values using molar mass of 35.45 g•mol−1
  27. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  28. ↑ a b c d Derived from molar values using molar mass of 40.08  g•mol−1
  29. ↑ a b c Derived from mass values using molar mass of 40.08  g•mol−1
  30. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz Blood Test Results – Normal Ranges Template:Webarchive Bloodbook.Com
  31. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  32. ↑ a b c d Diagnostic Chemicals Limited > Serum Iron-SL Assay Template:Webarchive July 15, 2005
  33. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Derived from mass values using molar mass of 55.85 g•mol−1
  34. ↑ a b Table 1. Page 133" Clinical Chemistry 45, No. 1, 1999 (stating 1.9–3.3 g/L)
  35. ↑ a b Derived by dividing mass values with molar mass
  36. ↑ a b c d Ferritin by: Mark Levin, MD, Hematologist and Oncologist, Newark, NJ. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network
  37. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". Updated: Jan 02, 2016
  38. ↑ a b c d e Derived from mass values using molar mass of 450,000 g•mol−1
  39. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  40. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  41. ↑ a b c d Derived from molar values using molar mass of 17.03 g/mol
  42. ↑ a b Derived from mass values using molar mass of 63.55 g•mol−1
  43. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  44. ↑ a b Derived from mass using molar mass of 151kDa
  45. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  46. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  47. ↑ a b Derived from molar values using molar mass of 65.38 g/mol
  48. ↑ a b Derived from mass values using molar mass of 65.38 g/mol
  49. ↑ a b Derived from molar values using molar mass of 24.31 g/mol
  50. ↑ a b Derived from mass values using molar mass of 24.31 g/mol
  51. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  52. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l The Medical Education Division of the Brookside Associates / ABG (Arterial Blood Gas) Retrieved on Dec 6, 2009
  53. ↑ a b Derived from molar values using molar mass of 1.01 g•mol−1
  54. ↑ a b c d e f g h Derived from mmHg values using 0.133322 kPa/mmHg
  55. ↑ a b Derived from molar values using molar mass of 44.010 g/mol
  56. ↑ a b c d Derived from molar values using molar mass of 61 g/mol
  57. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  58. ↑ a b Derived from mass using molecular weight of 65kD
  59. ↑ a b c d e Derived from mass values using molar mass of 585g/mol
  60. ↑ a b Derived from molar values using molar mass of 585g/mol
  61. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Fachwörterbuch Kompakt Medizin E-D/D-E. Author: Fritz-Jürgen Nöhring. Edition 2. Publisher:Elsevier, Urban&FischerVerlag, 2004. Template:ISBN. Length: 1288 pages
  62. ↑ a b c d GPnotebook > reference range (AST) Template:Webarchive Retrieved on Dec 7, 2009
  63. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  64. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  65. ↑ a b c d Page 585 in: Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  66. ↑ a b c d Muscle Information and Courses from MediaLab, Inc. > Cardiac Biomarkers Retrieved on April 22, 2010
  67. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  68. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  69. ↑ a b Page 220 in: Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  70. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Adëeva Nutritionals Canada > Optimal blood test values Template:Webarchive Retrieved on July 9, 2009
  71. ↑ a b c d e f Derived from values in mg/dL to mmol/L, by dividing by 89, according to faqs.org: What are mg/dL and mmol/L? How to convert? Glucose? Cholesterol? Last Update July 21, 2009. Retrieved on July 21, 2009
  72. ↑ a b c d Derived from values in mg/dL to mmol/L, using molar mass of 386.65 g/mol
  73. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  74. ↑ a b c d e f g h Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia; Cholesterol (HDL and LDL) – plasma or serum Last Updated: Monday, 6 August 2007
  75. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Derived from values in mmol/L, using molar mass of 386.65 g/mol
  76. ↑ What Your Cholesterol Levels Mean. American Heart Association. Retrieved on September 12, 2009
  77. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  78. ↑ GP Notebook > range (reference, ca-125) Retrieved on Jan 5, 2009
  79. ↑ ClinLab Navigator > Test Interpretations > CA-125 Retrieved on March 8, 2011
  80. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  81. ↑ Carcinoembryonic Antigen(CEA) at MedicineNet
  82. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  83. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  84. ↑ The TSH Reference Range Wars: What's "Normal?", Who is Wrong, Who is Right... Template:Webarchive By Mary Shomon, About.com. Updated: June 19, 2006. About.com Health's Disease and Condition
  85. ↑ a b 2006 Press releases: Thyroid Imbalance? Target Your Numbers Template:Webarchive Contacts: Bryan Campbell American] Association of Clinical Endocrinologists
  86. ↑ a b The TSH Reference Range Wars: What's "Normal?", Who is Wrong, Who is Right... Template:Webarchive By Mary Shomon, About.com. Updated: June 19, 2006
  87. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". – see Section 2. Pre-analytic factors
  88. ↑ a b c d e f Free T4; Thyroxine, Free; T4, Free Template:Webarchive UNC Health Care System
  89. ↑ Derived from molar values using molar mass of 776.87 g/mol
  90. ↑ a b c d e f Derived from mass values using molar mass of 776.87 g/mol
  91. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Table 4: Typical reference ranges for serum assays Template:Webarchive – Thyroid Disease Manager
  92. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  93. ↑ a b c d Derived from mass values using molar mass of 650.98 g/mol
  94. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  95. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  96. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  97. ↑ a b c d Derived from mass values using molar mass of 288.42g/mol
  98. ↑ a b c d e f g Derived from molar values using molar mass of 288.42g/mol
  99. ↑ a b c d MedlinePlus > Testosterone Update Date: 3/18/2008. Updated by: Elizabeth H. Holt, MD, PhD, Yale University. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director
  100. ↑ a b c d Derived from mass values using molar mass of 330.46g/mol
  101. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j reference range (FSH) GPnotebook. Retrieved on September 27, 2009
  102. ↑ a b c d e f Values taken from day 1 after LH surge in: Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  103. ↑ a b c d e f New York Hospital Queens > Services and Facilities > Patient Testing > Pathology > New York Hospital Queens Diagnostic Laboratories > Test Directory > Reference RangesTemplate:Dead link Retrieved on Nov 8, 2009
  104. ↑ a b Mayo Medical Laboratories > Test ID: LH, Luteinizing Hormone (LH), Serum Template:Webarchive, retrieved December 2012
  105. ↑ a b c d e f g GPNotebook – reference range (oestradiol) Template:Webarchive Retrieved on September 27, 2009
  106. ↑ a b c d e f g Derived from molar values using molar mass of 272.38g/mol
  107. ↑ a b c d Total amount multiplied by 0.022 according to 2.2% presented in: Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  108. ↑ a b Derived from mass values using molar mass of 314.46 g/mol
  109. ↑ a b Bhattacharya Sudhindra Mohan (July/August 2005) Mid-luteal phase plasma progesterone levels in spontaneous and clomiphene citrate induced conception cycles J Obstet Gynecol India Vol. 55, No. 4 : July/August 2005 pp. 350–52
  110. ↑ a b Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate (DHEA-S), Serum Template:Webarchive at Mayo Foundation For Medical Education And Research. Retrieved July 2012
  111. ↑ a b c d Unit Code 91215 Template:Webarchive at Mayo Clinic Medical Laboratories. Retrieved April 2011
  112. ↑ a b Antimullerian Hormone (AMH), Serum Template:Webarchive from Mayo Medical Laboratories. Retrieved April 2012.
  113. ↑ a b Derived from mass values using 140,000 g/mol, as given in:
    • Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  114. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  115. ↑ a b c d Biochemistry Reference Ranges at Good Hope Hospital Retrieved on Nov 8, 2009
  116. ↑ a b c d Derived from molar values using molar mass of 362 g/mol
  117. ↑ a b c d e f g h Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  118. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Taken from the assay method giving the lowest and highest estimate, respectively, from Table 2 in: Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  119. ↑ a b Derived from molar values using molar mass of 9.4 kDa
  120. ↑ a b Table 2 in: Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  121. ↑ a b Derived from mass values using molar mass of 9.4 kDa
  122. ↑ a b c d e f Derived from molar values using molar mass 400.6 g/mol
  123. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". Retrieved December 10, 2008 through Google Book Search.
  124. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  125. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  126. ↑ a b c d e f g h Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  127. ↑ a b Converted from values in mcU/mL by dividing with a factor of 11.2 mcU/mL per ng/(mL*hour), as given in: Washington, Department of Laboratory Medicine. Retrieved Mars 2011
  128. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  129. ↑ a b c d New Assays for Aldosterone, Renin and Parathyroid Hormone Template:Webarchive University of Washington, Department of Laboratory Medicine. Retrieved Mars 2011
  130. ↑ a b Converted from values in ng/(mL*hour) by multiplying with a factor of 11.2 mcU/mL per ng/(mL*hour), as given in: Washington, Department of Laboratory Medicine. Retrieved Mars 2011
  131. ↑ a b Converted from mass values using molar mass of 360.44 g/mol
  132. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  133. ↑ a b c d e f Central Manchester University Hospitals / Reference ranges Template:Webarchive Retrieved on July 9, 2009
  134. ↑ University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center > Clinical Lab Reference Range Guide Retrieved on April 28, 2009
  135. ↑ a b c d e Derived from mass values using molar mass of 441 mol−1
  136. ↑ a b GPnotebook > B12 Retrieved on April 28, 2009
  137. ↑ a b Derived form molar values using molar mass of 1355g/mol
  138. ↑ a b Derived from mass values using molar mass of 1355g/mol
  139. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  140. ↑ a b c d Derived from molar values using molar massof 135 g/mol
  141. ↑ a b Derived from mass values using molar mass of 176 grams per mol
  142. ↑ a b c For Driving under the influence by country, see Drunk driving law by country
  143. ↑ Derived from mass values using molar mass of 46g/mol
  144. ↑ a b c d e Derived from mass values using 64,500 g/mol. This molar mass was taken from: Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  145. ↑ a b c d Normal Lab Values Template:Webarchive at Marshall University Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine. Retrieved July 2013
  146. ↑ a b c d e f g h molar concentration as given for hemoglobin above, but multiplied by 4, according to: Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  147. ↑ a b c d Derived from mass concentration, using molar mass of 64,458 g/mol. This molar mass was taken from: Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".. Subsequently, 1 g/dL = 0.1551 mmol/L
  148. ↑ a b c d e f Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  149. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  150. ↑ a b c d e f g h lymphomation.org > Tests & Imaging > Labs > Complete Blood Count Retrieved on May 14, 2009
  151. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  152. ↑ "Determination of monocyte count by hematological analyzers, manual method and flow cytometry in Polish population" Central European Journal of Immunology (Centr Eur J Immunol 2006; 31 (1–2): 1–5) authors: Elżbieta Górska, Urszula Demkow, Roman Pińkowski, Barbara Jakubczak, Dorota Matuszewicz, Jolanta Gawęda, Wioletta Rzeszotarska, Maria Wąsik,
  153. ↑ a b c d e gpnotebook.co.uk > blood constituents (reference range) Retrieved on May 14, 2009
  154. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  155. ↑ a b Normal Values: RBC, Hgb, Hct, Indices, RDW, Platelets, and MPV (Conventional Units) Template:Webarchive From labcareplus. Retrieved 4 nov, 2010
  156. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  157. ↑ a b MedlinePlus Encyclopedia: 003652
  158. ↑ a b Antithrombin III at eMedicine
  159. ↑ a b Antithrombin CO000300 in Coagulation Test Handbook at Massachusetts General Hospital. In turn citing:
    • Elizabeth M. Van Cott, M.D., and Michael Laposata, M.D., Ph.D., "Coagulation." In: Jacobs DS et al, ed. The Laboratory Test Handbook, 5th Edition. Lexi-Comp, Cleveland, 2001; 327–58.
  160. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  161. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  162. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  163. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  164. ↑ 2730 Serum C-Reactive Protein values in Diabetics with Periodontal Disease Template:Webarchive A.R. Choudhury, and S. Rahman, Birdem, Diabetic Association of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh. (the diabetics were not used to determine the reference ranges)
  165. ↑ a b c d Derived from mass using molar mass of 25,106 g/mol
  166. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  167. ↑ a b Derived from mass values using molar mass of 44324.5 g/mol
  168. ↑ a b Derived from molar values using molar mass of 44324.5 g/mol
  169. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  170. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j The Society for American Clinical Laboratory Science > Chemistry Tests > Immunoglobulins Template:Webarchive Retrieved on Nov 26, 2009
  171. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  172. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  173. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  174. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae chronolab.com > Autoantibodies associated with rheumatic diseases > Reference ranges Template:Webarchive Retrieved on April 29, 2010
  175. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  176. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  177. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  178. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  179. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  180. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  181. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  182. ↑ a b c d e f g h Derived from molar values by multiplying with the molar mass of 113.118 g/mol, and divided by 10.000 to adapt from μg/L to mg/dL
  183. ↑ a b MedlinePlus Encyclopedia: Glucose tolerance test
  184. ↑ a b c Derived from molar values using molar mass of 180g/mol
  185. ↑ a b Derived from mass values using molar mass of 180g/mol
  186. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". Last revised 1/15/2013
  187. ↑ a b c d Derived from mass values using molar mass of 90.08 g/mol
  188. ↑ a b Derived from mass values using molar mass of 88.06 g/mol
  189. ↑ a b Ketones at eMedicine
  190. ↑ a b c d Page 700 in:
    Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  191. ↑ The UK Electronic Medical Compendium recommends 0.4–0.8 mmol/L plasma lithium level in adults for prophylaxis of recurrent affective bipolar manic-depressive illness Camcolit 250 mg Lithium Carbonate Template:Webarchive Revision 2 December 2010, Retrieved 5 May 2011
  192. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  193. ↑ a b R. Baselt, Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man, 8th edition, Biomedical Publications, Foster City, CA, 2008, pp. 851–54.
  194. ↑ One study (Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".) concluded a "low" dose of 0.4–0.6 mmol/L serum lithium treatment for patients with bipolar 1 disorder had less side effects, but a higher rate of relapse, than a "standard" dose of 0.8–1.0 mmol/L. However, a reanalysis of the same experimental data (Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".) concluded the higher rate of relapse for the "low" dose was due to abrupt changes in the lithium serum levelsTemplate:Synthesis inline
  195. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".


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