Reciprocal construction

A reciprocal construction (abbreviated Template:Sc) is a grammatical pattern in which each of the participants occupies both the role of agent and patient with respect to the other. An example is the English sentence John and Mary criticized each other: John criticized Mary, and Mary criticized John. Reciprocal constructions can be said to express mutual relationships.

Many languages, such as Semitic languages, Altaic languages or Bantu languages, have special reciprocal affixes in verbs. For example, Turkish reciprocal constructions which might also have slightly different meanings than the verbs they originate from, have the suffix (, or depending on the vowel harmony):

infinitive form	English	reciprocal form	English
	to know		to know each other
	to love		to make love
	to find		to meet each other
	to kiss		to kiss each other

Other languages, including English, use reciprocal pronouns such as "each other" to indicate a mutual relation. Latin uses the preposition and its reflexive pronoun (between themselves) when the verb is third person. Most Indo-European languages do not have special reciprocal affixes on verbs, and mutual relations are expressed through reflexive constructions or other mechanisms. For example, Russian reciprocal constructions have the suffix (, 'self'), which also has reflexive and passive interpretations.

See also

• Reciprocal pronoun
• Reflexive verb

External links

• Haspelmath, Martin. 2007. Further remarks on reciprocal constructions. In: Nedjalkov, Vladimir P. (ed.) Reciprocal constructions. 5 vols. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 2087-2115.