Raspberry ketone
Raspberry ketone is a naturally occurring phenolic compound that is the primary aroma compound of red raspberries.
Occurrence
Raspberry ketone occurs in a variety of fruits, including raspberries, cranberries, and blackberries.[1] It is detected and released by orchid flowers, e.g. Dendrobium superbum (syn D. anosmum),[2] and several Bulbophyllum species[3][4][5] to attract raspberry ketone-responsive male Dacini fruit flies. It is biosynthesized from coumaroyl-CoA.[6] It can be extracted from the fruit, yielding about 1–4 mg per kg of raspberries.[7]
Preparation
Since the natural abundance of raspberry ketone is very low, it is prepared industrially by a variety of methods from chemical intermediates.[8] One of the ways this can be done is through a Claisen-Schmidt condensation followed by catalytic hydrogenation. First, acetone is condensed with 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde to form an α,β-unsaturated ketone. Then the alkene part is reduced to the alkane. This two-step method produces raspberry ketone in 99% yield.[9] There is a less expensive hydrogenation catalyst, nickel boride, which also demonstrates high selectivity towards hydrogenation of the double bond of enone.[10]
Uses
Raspberry ketone is sometimes used in perfumery, in cosmetics, and as a food additive to impart a fruity odor. It is one of the most expensive natural flavor components used in the food industry. The natural compound can cost as much as $20,000 per kg.[7]
Marketing
Although products containing this compound are marketed for weight loss, there is no clinical evidence for this effect in humans.[11][12] They are called "ketones" because of the ketone (acetone) group at their end, which is shared with ketone bodies.
Safety
Little is known about the long-term safety of raspberry ketone supplements,[13][14] especially since little research has been done with humans.[15] Toxicological models indicate a potential for cardiotoxic effects, as well as effects on reproduction and development.[13] Furthermore, in many dietary supplements containing raspberry ketones, manufacturers add other ingredients such as caffeine which may have unsafe effects.[15]
In 1965, the US Food and Drug Administration classified raspberry ketone as generally recognized as safe (GRAS) for the small quantities used to flavor foods.[16]
See also
References
<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".