Ramalina

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Ramalina is a genus of greenish fruticose lichens that grow in the form of flattened, strap-like branches.[1]Template:Rp Members of the genus are commonly called strap lichens[1]Template:Rp or cartilage lichens.[2] Apothecia are lecanorine.[1]Template:Rp

It is in the family Ramalinaceae and in the suborder Lecanorineae.[3]

Description

The genus Ramalina consists of shrubby (fruticose) lichens that often appear tufted, ranging from erect to hanging (Template:Lichengloss) forms. The Template:Lichengloss of the thallus, which is the body of the lichen, typically emerge from a well-defined or more spread-out holdfast—a structure that anchors the lichen to its substrate. In rare cases, these lichens can be free-living, unattached to any surface. The branches within the thallus can vary from singular to many, and their branching pattern may be either regularly forked (dichotomous) or more irregular. These branches are commonly compressed and strap-shaped, although they can occasionally be rounded or symmetrical when viewed in cross-section. Some species may have channels, and a few can even develop window-like openings (fenestrations) or small, wart-like structures called Template:Lichengloss. In addition, the surface may be smooth or display ridges.[4]

The outer layer of the thallus, the Template:Lichengloss, is typically thin and sometimes indistinct. Beneath the cortex lies a well-developed, cylindrical layer of interwoven fungal filaments hyphae), which is absent in species like Ramalina lacera. The inner side of this layer is often invaded by the Template:Lichengloss, where the symbiotic algae reside. The algal partner in Ramalina lichens belongs to the Template:Lichengloss group. The medulla, a loosely packed layer of hyphae beneath the photobiont, is usually airy and web-like (Template:Lichengloss) but can be denser or even absent in hollow branches.[4]

Soralia—structures that produce asexual reproductive granules—are commonly found in Ramalina species. These granules can sometimes resemble tiny isidia, which are small, vegetative reproductive outgrowths. The reproductive structures where sexual reproduction occurs (Template:Lichengloss), are usually short-stalked and located at or near the tips of the branches, often on the curved sections. The apothecia may range from concave to flat or convex as they age, with Template:Lichengloss colours varying from pale yellow to pale green, brown, or pinkish-yellow, and sometimes covered with a white powdery coating (Template:Lichengloss). The edge of the apothecium, called the Template:Lichengloss, is usually present and may persist or become almost unnoticeable over time.[4]

The asci, which are the spore-producing cells within the apothecia, are elongated and club-shaped, typically containing eight spores. These spores are one-septate, meaning they have a single division, and are broadly ellipsoidal or kidney-shaped, remaining colourless. Ramalina also produces asexual reproductive structures called Template:Lichengloss, which are tiny, flask-shaped bodies with an opening (ostiole) that may be pale or darkened. The cells within these pycnidia that generate Template:Lichengloss (asexual spores) are generally cylindrical, and the conidia themselves are rod-shaped, colourless, and without internal divisions (aseptate).[4]

Chemically, Ramalina lichens often contain usnic acid, a compound that gives them a yellowish-green hue, along with various other substances, including depsides, depsidones, and aliphatic compounds.[4] Lichen spot tests on the cortex are K−, C−, KC+ dark yellow, and P−.[1]Template:Rp

Photobionts

Studies of Template:Lichengloss diversity in Ramalina species have shown that they primarily associate with green algae from the genus Trebouxia. Research on Macaronesian Ramalina species found that they commonly partner with Trebouxia sp. TR9, which appears well-adapted to the higher temperatures and light intensities of these Atlantic islands. While multiple algal partners can coexist within a single lichen thallus, typically one photobiont species strongly dominates, accounting for over 90% of the algal cells present. The identity and relative abundance of photobionts appears to be more strongly influenced by geographic location and local climate than by the particular Ramalina species involved. This suggests that Ramalina fungi tend to associate with locally adapted photobionts rather than maintaining exclusive partnerships with specific algal species. Studies of R. farinacea have found that young thalli often contain more diverse algal communities compared to mature specimens, indicating that photobiont selection may be an ongoing process during lichen development.[5]

Distribution

The genus has a widespread distribution. A 2008 estimate placed more than 240 species in Ramalina.[6]

Species

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  • R. ailaoshanensis S.Y.Guo & L.F.Han (2021)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[7] – China
  • R. alisiosae Pérez-Vargas & Pérez-Ort. (2013)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[8] – Canary Islands
  • R. americana Hale (1979) [1978]Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[9] – North America
  • R. andina V.Marcano & A.Morales (1994)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[10] – Venezuela
  • R. arabum (Dill. ex Ach.) Meyen & Flot. (1843)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • R. arsenii Sérus., van den Boom & Magain (2021)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[11] – Europe
  • R. azorica Aptroot & F.Schumm (2008)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[12] – Azores
  • R. australiensis Nyl. (1870)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[13]
  • R. baltica Lettau (1912)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • R. banzarensis C.W.Dodge (1948)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • R. breviuscula (Nyl.) Nyl. (1872)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • R. caespitella G.N.Stevens (1986)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[14] – Australia
  • R. calcarata Krog & Swinscow (1974)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[15] – East Africa
  • R. calicaris (L.) Röhl. (1813)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • R. canalicularis (Nyl.) Kashiw. (2004)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • R. canariensis J.Steiner (1904)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[16]
  • R. cannonii Elix, Laily & Samsuddin (1991)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[17] – Peninsular Malaysia
  • R. capitata (Ach.) Nyl. (1872)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • R. carminae R.Arroyo & Seriñá (2011)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • R. celastri (Spreng.) A.Massal. (1861)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • R. chihuahuana Kashiw. & T.H.Nash (2002)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[18] – Mexico
  • R. chiguarensis V.Marcano & A.Morales (1994)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[10] – Venezuela
  • R. chondrina J.Steiner (1904)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[16]
  • R. cinereovirens Kashiw., K.H.Moon & J.E.Han (2021)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[19] – South Korea
  • R. confirmata (Nyl.) Zahlbr. (1930)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • R. coreana Kashiw. & K.H.Moon (2002)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[20] – Southeast Asia
  • R. corymbosa (Hue) Kotlov (2004)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • R. crispata V.Marcano & A. Morales (1994)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[10] – Venezuela
  • R. cuspidata (Ach.) Nyl. (1870)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • R. darwiniana Aptroot & Bungartz (2007)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[21] – Galapagos
  • R. dilacerata (Hoffm.) Hoffm. (1825)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • R. disparata Krog & Swinscow (1976)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[22] – Africa
  • R. dissimilis Krog (2000)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[23] – Tanzania
  • R. dumeticola Krog & Swinscow (1976)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[22] – Africa
  • R. europaea Gasparyan, Sipman & Lücking (2017)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[24] – Europe
  • R. exiguella Stirt. (1881)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • R. exilis Asahina (1939)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[25] – Japan
  • R. farinacea (L.) Ach. (1810)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • R. fastigiata (Pers.) Ach. (1810)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • R. fecunda Krog & Swinscow (1976)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[22] – Africa
  • R. filicaulis G.N.Stevens (1987)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[26] – Australia
  • R. fimbriata Krog & Swinscow (1974)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[15] – East Africa
  • R. fissa (Müll.Arg.) Vain. (1900)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • R. fragilis Aptroot & Bungartz (2007)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[21] – Galapagos
  • R. fraxinea (L.) Ach. (1810)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • R. furcellangulida Aptroot (2007)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[21] – Galapagos
  • R. galapagoensis Follmann (1968)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • R. gallowayi Kashiw., T.H.Nash & K.H.Moon (2007)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • R. geniculatella Aptroot (2008)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[27] – Saint Helena
  • R. glaucescens Kremp. (1881)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • R. gloriosensis R.Poncet (2021)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[28] – Scattered Islands
  • R. hengduanshanensis S.O.Oh & Li S.Wang (2014)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • R. hivertiana R.Poncet (2021)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[28] – Scattered Islands
  • R. hoehneliana Müll.Arg. (1890)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • R. hyrcana Sipman (2011)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • R. inclinata Kashiw., K.H.Moon & M.J.Lai (2006)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • R. inflata (Hook.f. & Taylor) Hook.f. & Taylor (1845)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • R. intermedia (Delise ex Nyl.) Nyl. (1873)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • R. intestiniformis Kashiw. & K.H.Moon (2016)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[29] – Korea
  • R. ketner-oostrae Aptroot (2008)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[27] – Saint Helena
  • R. krogiae Guissard & Sérus. (2020)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[30] – Canary Islands
  • R. labiosorediata Gasparyan, Sipman & Lücking (2017)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[24] – North America
  • R. lacera (With.) J.R.Laundon (1984)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • R. leiodea (Nyl.) Nyl. (1888)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • R. leptocarpha Tuck., 1858Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • R. litorea G.N.Stevens (1986)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[14]
  • R. lopezii V.Marcano & A.Morales (1994)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[10] – Venezuela
  • R. luciae Molho, Bodo, W.L.Culb. & C.F.Culb. (1981)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • R. mahoneyi Quedensley & M.Véliz (2011)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • R. maritima Krog & Swinscow (1976)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[22] – Africa
  • R. marteaui R.Poncet (2021)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[28] – Scattered Islands
  • R. menziesii Taylor (1847)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • R. meridionalis Blanchon & Bannister (2002)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[31]
  • R. microphylla V.Marcano & A.Morales (1994)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[10] – Venezuela
  • R. nervulosa (Müll.Arg.) Abbayes (1952)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • R. obtusata (Arnold) Bitter (1901)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • R. osorioi Kashiw., T.H.Nash & K.H.Moon (2007)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[32]
  • R. pacifica Asahina (1939)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[25] – Japan
  • R. panizzei De Not. (1846)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[33]
  • R. peruviana Ach. (1810)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • R. pollinaria (Westr.) Ach. (1810)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • R. polyforma Aptroot (2007)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[21] – Galapagos
  • R. polymorpha (Lilj.) Ach. (1810)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • R. portuensis Samp. (1924)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • R. psoromica Kashiw. & T.H.Nash (2002)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[18] – Mexico
  • R. qinlingensis S.Y.Guo & L.F.Han (2021)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[7] – China
  • R. quercicola Kashiw. & T.H.Nash (2004)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • R. reducta Krog & Swinscow (1976)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[22] – Africa
  • R. reptans Kashiw., C.W.Sm. & K.H.Moon (2002)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[34] – Hawaii
  • R. rigidella Aptroot (2008)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[27] – Saint Helena
  • R. ryukyuensis Kashiw. & K.H.Moon (2017)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[35] – Japan
  • R. sanctae-helenae Aptroot (2008)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[27] – Saint Helena
  • R. santanensis V.Marcano & A.Morales (1994)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[10] – Venezuela
  • R. sarahae K.Knudsen, Lendemer & Kocouk. (2018)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[36] – Channel Islands (California)
  • R. seawardii Aptroot & Sipman (2001)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[37] – Hong Kong
  • R. sideriza Template:Au
  • R. siliquosa (Huds.) A.L.Sm. (1918)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • R. sphaerophora Kashiw. & K.H.Moon (2016)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[29] – Korea
  • R. stevensiae Elix, Laily & Samsuddin (1991)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[17] – Norfolk Island
  • R. stoffersii Sipman (2011)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[38]
  • R. subdecumbens Kashiw., K.H.Moon & J.E.Han (2021)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[19] – South Korea
  • R. subfarinacea (Nyl. ex Cromb.) Nyl. (1872)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • R. subfraxinea Nyl. (1870)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • R. subrotunda Kashiw., C.W.Sm. & K.H.Moon (2002)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[34] – Hawaii
  • R. tapperii Krog & Swinscow (1974)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[15] – East Africa
  • R. tenella Müll.Arg. (1879)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • R. tenuissima V.Marcano & A.Morales (1994)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[10] – Venezuela
  • R. throwerae Aptroot & Sipman (2001)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[37] – Hong Kong
  • R. tovarensis V.Marcano & A.Morales (1994)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[10] – Venezuela
  • R. translucida Krog & Swinscow (1974)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[15] – East Africa
  • R. tropica G.N.Stevens (1987)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[26] – Australia
  • R. unilateralis F.Wilson (1889)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • R. usnea (L.) R.Howe (1914)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • R. whinrayi G.N.Stevens (1986)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[14] – Australia
  • R. wirthii Aptroot & Schumm (2008)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[12] – Azores
  • R. yokotae Kashiw. & K.H.Moon (2017)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[35] – Japan
  • R. zollingeri Szatala (1937)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[39]

References

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  1. ↑ a b c d Field Guide to California Lichens, Stephen Sharnoff, Yale University Press, 2014, Template:ISBN
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ C.J. Alexopolous, Charles W. Mims, M. Blackwell, Introductory Mycology, 4th ed. (John Wiley and Sons, Hoboken NJ, 2004) Template:ISBN
  4. ↑ a b c d e Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". Template:OA
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ a b c d e f g h Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ a b c d e Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  23. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  24. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  25. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  26. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  27. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  28. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  29. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  30. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  31. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  32. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  33. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  34. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  35. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  36. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  37. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  38. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  39. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".

Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".

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