Railway coupling by country
Template:Short description Script error: No such module "sidebar". The railcar couplers or couplings listed, described, and depicted below are used worldwide on legacy and modern railways. Compatible and similar designs are frequently referred to using widely differing make, brand, regional or nick names, which can make describing standard or typical designs confusing. Dimensions and ratings noted in these articles are usually of nominal or typical components and systems, though standards and practices also vary widely with railway, region, and era. Transition between incompatible coupler types may be accomplished using dual couplings, a coupling adapter or a barrier wagon.
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Coupler types
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
- ABC coupler (Automatic Buffing Contact)[1][2]
- Albert coupler
- bell and hook coupler
- BSI coupler (Bergische Stahl Industrie)
- buffers and chain coupler, also known as British, buffers and screw, English, EU, link and hook, UIC, or UK coupler
- center buffer and chains coupler
- Digital automatic coupling (DAC)[3]
- GF coupler
- Henricot coupler
- H2C coupler
- Janney coupler, also known as AAR, APT, ARA, CB, center buffer, knuckle, MCB or tightlock coupler[4][5]
- Johnston link and pin coupler
- link and pin coupler
- Miller coupler
- Norwegian coupler, also known as chopper or Jones coupler
- pin and cup coupler (WABCO N-Type)
- SA-3, also known as SovietAuto-3, AK69e, CA-3, Russian or Willison coupler
- Scharfenberg coupler, also known as Dellner, Schaku or Voith coupler
- While different Scharfenburg couplers may be mechanically compatible, they may be electrically incompatible.
- Shibata coupler
- Ward coupler
- Wedglock coupler, also known as London or Tube coupler
Africa
Algeria
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
- English, Russian couplers on Script error: No such module "Track gauge".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". track[6]
- English couplers on Script error: No such module "Track gauge".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". gauge track[6]
Angola
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
Botswana
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
Benin
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
Burkina Faso and Côte d'Ivoire
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
Cameroon
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
Congo~Brazzaville
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
- AAR couplers
Egypt
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
- English couplers on historic stock
- AAR coupler Links on modern stock[9][10][11][12]
Eritrea
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
Ethiopia
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
Gabon
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
Ghana
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
- Norwegian couplers on historic stock
- AAR couplers on modern stock
Kenya
- AAR and Norwegian couplers on Narrow gauge railways
- AAR Alliance couplers on Standard gauge railways
Liberia
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
Malawi
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
Mali
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
- like Senegal
Mauritania
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
Morocco
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
Mozambique
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
Nigeria
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
- AAR couplers on modern Script error: No such module "Track gauge".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". railways[17]
- ABC couplers on legacy Script error: No such module "Track gauge".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". railways[18]
- ABC couplers on legacy Bauchi Light Railway Script error: No such module "Track gauge".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Narrow gauge railways[19]
Senegal
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
- English couplers on freight and passenger stock
- Norwegian couplers on Indian Stock[20]
South Africa
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
- Buffers and chain coupler from 1859 to 1873.[21]
- Johnston link-and-pin from 1873 to 1927 on Cape gauge, from 1906 on Script error: No such module "Track gauge".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". narrow gauge in Natal.[22][23]
- Bell-and-hook from 1902 on Script error: No such module "Track gauge".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". narrow gauge in the Cape of Good Hope.[23][24]
- AAR knuckle wide use from 1927 on Cape gauge. The first application of these couplers in what is now South Africa was in 1904 by the ultra-progressive Central South African Railways (CSAR) on their rolling stock for the "Limited Expresses" between Johannesburg and Pretoria.[25][26][27][28]
- Willison from 1973 on Script error: No such module "Track gauge".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". narrow gauge in the Cape Province.[23]
- WABCO N-Type from 1984 on 6M EMU rolling stock. Also used on class 8M EMU rolling stock built from 1988.
- Scharfenberg from 2012 on Gautrain, from 2016 on new PRASA EM01 commuter stock.
Sudan
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
Tanzania
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
- Norwegian couplers on Script error: No such module "Track gauge".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". track[8]
- AAR couplers on Script error: No such module "Track gauge".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". gauge track
- AAR couplers on Script error: No such module "Track gauge".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". track.
Togo
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
- Center buffer and side chain couplers
- Norwegian couplers on Indian Stock
Tunisia
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
Uganda
- narrow gauge : Norwegian couplers
- standard gauge : AAR couplers.
Asia
Bangladesh
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
- AAR couplers on Script error: No such module "Track gauge".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Stock
- Norwegian couplers on Script error: No such module "Track gauge".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Stock[6]
Cambodia
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
- English couplers on older stock
- AAR couplers on newer stock
China
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
- AAR couplers on most passenger and freight stock
- A variation of Shibata couplers between 25T passenger coaches (AAR couplers between Bombardier-built coaches)
- Scharfenberg couplers on high speed (CRH) and subway trains
Hong Kong
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
- BSI couplers on ex-MTR passenger units and maintenance stock
- Tightlock couplers on ex-KCR passenger units
- Dellner couplers on light rail stock
- AAR couplers on freight stock
India
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
- English couplers on historic stock
- AAR couplers on modern stock[31]
- Norwegian couplers on Script error: No such module "Track gauge".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". track[32]
- ABC couplers on narrow gauge stock
- Scharfenberg couplers in Suburban EMU and DEMU trains and rapid transit rolling stocks
Indonesia
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
- English couplers on Script error: No such module "Track gauge".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". historic stock of Nederlandsch-Indische Spoorweg Maatschappij (Dutch East Indies Railway Company)
- Norwegian couplers on Script error: No such module "Track gauge".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". gauge historic stock of The Dutch East Indies National Railway Company and the majority of the Dutch East Indies Private Railway and Tramway Companies
- AAR couplers and Shibata couplers on modern stock
- Scharfenberg couplers for the Jakarta - Bandung high speed rail and Soekarno Hatta Airport skytrain.
- Shibata couplers (based on Scharfenberg couplers) for Jakarta LRT
- Dellner coupler for Greater Jakarta LRT
Iran
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
- English couplers, Russian (C-AKv) combo couplers on freight and passenger stock
- Scharfenberg couplers on passenger stock
Iraq
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
- English couplers on historic stock
- English, Russian (C-AKv) combo couplers on modern stock[33][34]
Israel
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
- English couplers on freight and passenger stock
- Scharfenberg couplers on passenger stock
Japan
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
- English couplers on historic stock
- AAR couplers on locomotives, freight and passenger stock
- Shibata couplers (based on Scharfenberg couplers) on passenger stock
North Korea
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
- AAR couplers on standard gauge stock
- Reduced-size Janney couplers (AAR) on narrow gauge stock
- Scharfenberg couplers on Pyongyang Metro stock
South Korea
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
- English couplers, link and pin couplers on historic stock
- AAR couplers on modern stock[35]
- Shibata couplers (based on Scharfenberg couplers) on Subways and metro car
- Scharfenberg couplers on KTX and imported light metro car
Malaysia
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
- Norwegian couplers on historic stock
- AAR couplers on modern stock
- Scharfenberg couplers on ERL, LRT, MRT and Monorail.
Pakistan
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
- English couplers on historic stock
- AAR couplers on modern stock[31]
Philippines
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
- English couplers on Manila Railway Company (MRC) rolling stock, as well as historic Manila Railroad (MRR) stock before 1932.
- AAR couplers on MRR stock built after 1928 and on all Philippine National Railways narrow-gauge rolling stock.
- Type E on historic stock and on the PNR 5000 class.
- Type F interlocking couplers on upcoming PNR narrow-gauge flatcars.[36]
- Type H tightlock coupling on most PNR rolling stock starting with the 900 class.
- Link and pin couplers on the Hawaiian Philippine Company of Negros Island.[37] Older Manila Railroad stock also use link and pin alongside English couplers.
- Scharfenberg couplers on the MRT Line 3.
- Shibata couplers on high-capacity rapid transit lines and on the North–South Commuter Railway.
- Type 10 on PNR 8800 class passenger trains for the PNR South Long Haul project.[38]
Russia
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
- Russian SA3 couplers on domestic stock (with side buffers on passenger coachesScript error: No such module "Unsubst".)
- English couplers on Euro Stock (exchanged on the border)
- Scharfenberg couplers on some passenger unit trains (Velaro, Desiro) and on all subway systems
Singapore
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
- Scharfenberg couplers for the Mass Rapid Transit[39]
- Bergische Stahl Industrie couplers for Bukit Panjang LRT
- Compact tight couplers by Japan Steel Works for Sengkang and Punggol LRT[40]
Sri Lanka
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
Taiwan
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
- AAR couplers for TRA rolling stock, including multiple units[41]
- Shibata couplers for THSR
- Tomlinson couplers for heavy-capacity Taipei Metro rolling stock[42]
- Scharfenberg couplers for all other urban transit systems such as Kaohsiung MRT, Taoyuan Airport MRT, Taichung Metro and medium capacity Taipei Metro rolling stock
- Link and pin couplers for Alishan Forest Railway and Taiwan Sugar Railways[41]
Thailand
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
- AAR couplers on all SRT rolling stock
- Norwegian couplers on historic stock
- Scharfenberg couplers on mass-transit trains
- Wedglock couplers, Ward couplers on London Underground stock
- Narrow gauge lines use a mixture of couplings.
Turkey
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
- English couplers on older stock
- Scharfenberg couplers on passenger stock
- Russian couplers (C-AKv) on newer stock
Vietnam
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
- AAR couplers on both Script error: No such module "Track gauge".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". and Script error: No such module "Track gauge".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". rolling stock
Europe
Austria
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
- English couplers on standard gauge stock
- Scharfenberg couplers on passenger units
- Bosna couplers or Scharfenberg couplers on narrow gauge stock
Belgium
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
- GF coupler on most multiple units
- Henricot semi automatic couplers on some EMU's
- English couplers on locomotives, passenger carriages and goods waggons
- Scharfenberg couplers on high speed trains
Finland
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
- English couplers (UIC) on passenger cars and most freight cars and on historical locomotives
- Russian SA3 couplers on Russian cars and some heavy-duty freight cars
- "Unilink couplers" (SA3 clone with UIC-style screw link) or "Vapiti" (SA3 clone with movable link arm for English couplers) couplers on the majority of locomotives; compatible with SA3 and English (UIC) center hook
- Scharfenberg couplers (some made by Dellner) on multiple unit passenger stock
France
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
- English couplers on freight and passenger stock
- Scharfenberg couplers on passenger stock (multiple units and high speed trains only)
- Russian couplers on ore unit trains
Germany
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
- English couplers on freight and passenger stock
- Scharfenberg couplers on passenger stock
- AK69es and C-AKv couplers on unit ore trains
- AK69e and SA3 couplers mixed in trains via Mukran ferry terminal
- Scharfenberg or central buffer couplers on narrow gauge stock
Greece
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
- English couplers on freight and passenger stock
- Scharfenberg couplers on passenger stock
- Center buffer and side chains on narrow gauge stock
Hungary
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
- English couplers on freight and passenger stock
- Scharfenberg couplers on multiple units (in some cases jointly with side buffers)
- BSI couplers with side buffers on BDVmot electric multiple units
- Link and pin on narrow gauge stock
Ireland
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
Italy
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
- English couplers on standard gauge stock
- Scharfenberg couplers on some EMU/DMU and FS Class E.464
Netherlands
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
- English couplers on freight and passenger stock
- BSI couplers, Scharfenberg couplers on passenger stock
- Russian couplers on ore unit trains
Norway
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
- English couplers on freight and passenger stock
- Norwegian couplers on historic stock, narrow gauge only
- Scharfenberg couplers on passenger stock (multiple units)
- Russian SA3 couplers on unit ore trains (Ofoten Line)
Poland
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
- English couplers on freight and passenger stock
- Scharfenberg couplers on passenger stock
- Russian couplers on unit ore trains and Russian interchange stock
Portugal
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
- English couplers on freight and loco hauled passenger stock
- Scharfenberg couplers on multiple unit passenger stock
Romania
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
- English couplers on freight and passenger stock
- Scharfenberg coupler on Siemens Desiro multiple units and some ex-German railbuses
- Link-and-pin couplers on narrow gauge stock
Russia
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
- Russian SA3 couplers on domestic stock (with side buffers on passenger coachesScript error: No such module "Unsubst".)
- English couplers on Euro Stock (exchanged on the border)
- Scharfenberg couplers on some passenger unit trains (Velaro, Desiro) and on all subway systems
Spain
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
- English couplers on freight and loco hauled passenger stock
- Scharfenberg couplers on multiple unit passenger stock
- AAR couplers on locomotive hauled stock in narrow gauge
- BSI couplers on multiple unit passenger stock (only in Catalonian Railways: FGC)
Sweden
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
- English couplers on freight and passenger stock
- Scharfenberg couplers on passenger stock
- Russian couplers on iron ore trains (Iron Ore Line)
- Variant of Norwegian couplers on historic (museum) narrow-gauge stock
Switzerland
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
- English couplers on standard gauge stock
- GFV, Schwab, Scharfenberg or BSI couplers on passenger units
- AK69e couplers within BLS EW III sets
- GF, GFV or center buffer couplers/Balance lever couplings on meter and narrow gauge stock
Ukraine
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
- SA3 couplers on Script error: No such module "Track gauge".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". gauge rolling stock
- Combined SA3 coupler/English couplers on SUW 2000 gauge-changing coaches
- Scharfenberg couplers on some EMU trains
- Central buffer and chain couplers on narrow gauge rolling stock
United Kingdom
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
- BSI couplers on most diesel multiple unit types, but also Dellner and Scharfenberg on some more recent types
- AAR Type H "Tightlock coupling" heads on 1970s to early 2000s electric multiple units
- Scharfenberg type heads (often Dellner) on most new electric multiple units, with a variety of electrical connection systems
- English coupler, AAR couplers on some freight stock, most locomotive-hauled passenger stock has a <templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />2⁄3rd size Janney/Buckeye couplerScript error: No such module "Unsubst".
- Wedglock couplers, Ward couplers on London Underground stock
- Narrow gauge lines use various couplings
Isle of Man
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
Caribbean
Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
Cuba
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
Jamaica
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
Central America
Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
Belize
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
Costa Rica
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
- AAR couplers on freight stock and locomotive-hauled passenger stock.
- Scharfenberg on DMUs (Spanish Apollo type and Chinese CRRC type).
El Salvador
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
Guatemala
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
Honduras
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
Nicaragua
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
Panama
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
North America
Canada
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
- AAR couplers on traditional stock
- Scharfenberg couplers, Wedglock coupler, H2C couplers on transit stock
- <templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />3⁄4 size AAR couplers on the White Pass and Yukon Route
Mexico
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
- AAR couplers on traditional stock
- Scharfenberg couplers on new passenger stock
United States
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
- AAR couplers on mainline freight and passenger stock in the United States and Alaska
- Link Pin, Miller couplers on historic stock. Converted to AAR couplers 1893~1900 per Safety Appliance Act
- Older city systems have unique coupler designs for transit stock, e.g. H2C couplers on New York City Subway rolling stock
- Scharfenberg couplers on newer light rail and transit systems
- Pin Cup coupler on multiple unit transit stock
- Russian couplers on industrial and mining Stock
Alaska
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
- AAR couplers on mainline freight and passenger stock in Alaska
- <templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />3⁄4 size AAR couplers on the White Pass and Yukon Route
Puerto Rico
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
Oceania
Australia
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
- English couplers, Norwegian couplers on historic stock
- AAR couplers on freight and passenger stock
- Scharfenberg couplers on passenger stock
New Zealand
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
- Norwegian couplers on legacy stock
- Janney couplers on modern freight and locomotives
- Scharfenberg couplers on modern EMUs
South America
Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
Argentina
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
- English couplers on Script error: No such module "Track gauge".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". and on Script error: No such module "Track gauge".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[6]
- AAR couplers on Script error: No such module "Track gauge".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[6] and some passenger (FIAT 7131 DMUs) and freight rolling stock on standard and broad gauge.
- Small knuckle coupler with slot in knuckle for link and pin couplers on Script error: No such module "Track gauge".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Scharfenberg-type semi-automatic couplers on modern EMUs, DMUs and some passenger rolling stock:
- Dellner in General San Martín Railway and General Bartolomé Mitre Railway on 1,435 mm track gauge
- Shibata semi-automatic couplers on EMUs made by Toshiba-Marubeni Corp
- 1956 D.F. Sarmiento Railway on 1,676 mm track gauge,
- 1962 General Bartolomé Mitre Railway on 1,676 mm Track gauge, except for Tren de la Costa,
- 1973 General Urquiza Railway on 1,435 mm track gauge,
- 1983 General Roca Railway on 1,676 mm Track gauge EMUs.
- Scharfenberg couplers on CAF made EMUs for Tren de la Costa on 1,435 mm track gauge.
- Bell-and-hook couplers on various narrow-gauge tourist railways (Ferrocarril Piedra Baya,[45] Austral Fueguino Railway and Económico Sud Railway).
Bolivia
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
Brazil
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
Chile
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
- AAR couplers on Script error: No such module "Track gauge".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[6]
- English couplers (UIC)in coaches and locomotives bought from Spain
- Scharfenberg couplers in passenger units bought from Spain
Colombia
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
Ecuador
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
Paraguay
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
Peru
Suriname
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
Uruguay
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
- Buffers and chain couplers[48] (Bulk of AFE stock, all of Portren-DBCC Transport)
- Janney CouplerTemplate:Fact (Brill 55, Brill 60 Motorcars (Historical), Ganz-Mavag DMUs and Coaches; previously Ganz 38, Simmering-Graz-Pauker DMUs and Coaches)
- Pin and cup CouplerTemplate:Fact (Uerdinger Railbus and trailers)
Venezuela
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
See also
Script error: No such module "Portal".
- Barrier vehicle
- Jane's World Railways, lists the coupler(s) used on any railway system
- Rail transport by country
References
<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ ABC couplers Template:Webarchive
- ↑ DAC
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Jane's World Railways 2002–2003 p5
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Espitalier, T.J.; Day, W.A.J. (1943). The Locomotive in South Africa - A Brief History of Railway Development. Chapter I - The Period of the 4 ft. 8½ in. Gauge. South African Railways and Harbours Magazine, June 1943. pp. 437-440.
- ↑ Espitalier, T.J.; Day, W.A.J. (1944). The Locomotive in South Africa - A Brief History of Railway Development. Chapter III - Natal Government Railways (Continued). South African Railways and Harbours Magazine, September 1944. p. 669.
- ↑ a b c Suid-Afrikaanse Vervoerdienste (South African Transport Services) (1983). Passassierswa- en Trokhandboek (Passenger Carriage and Truck Manual), Vol 1, Hoofstukke 1-15 (Chapters 1-15). South African Transport Services, 1983. Chapter 13.
- ↑ Espitalier, T.J.; Day, W.A.J. (1944). The Locomotive in South Africa - A Brief History of Railway Development. Chapter II - The Cape Government Railways (Continued). South African Railways and Harbours Magazine, April 1944. pp. 253-257.
- ↑ Template:Holland-Vol 2
- ↑ South African Railways & Harbours/Suid Afrikaanse Spoorweë en Hawens (15 Aug 1941). Locomotive Diagram Book/Lokomotiefdiagramboek, 2'0" & 3'6" Gauge/Spoorwydte, Steam Locomotives/Stoomlokomotiewe. SAR/SAS Mechanical Department/Werktuigkundige Dept. Drawing Office/Tekenkantoor, Pretoria. pp. 6a-7a, 25.
- ↑ At least some versions of the automatic couplers used in South Africa follows the Henricot coupler patent and not the AAR version. The following note is given on drawing CME10719-478/68 "Automatic Coupler, type MS (127 mm x 140 mm)", also referred to as SASKOP (Suid-Afrikaanse Spoorweë Koppelaar - South African Railways Coupler): "The copyright in this drawing vests in "Société Anonyme Usines Emile Henricot of Court-Saint-Étienne", Belgium. The said company is also the owner of the patent in respect of the automatic coupler covered by this drawing."
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Locopage
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Jane's World Railways 1969/1970 pp 594/595
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Railway Gazette International Aug 2008 p517
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ File:08-130 Esclusas de Miraflores (23).jpg
- ↑ File:TrenUrbano.jpg
- ↑ [Ferrocarril Piedra Baya
- ↑ Jane's World Railways 1969/1970 pp 501 thru 504
- ↑ Railway Gazette International April 2009, p61
- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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