Rail replacement bus service
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A rail replacement bus service uses buses to replace a passenger train service on a temporary or permanent basis. The train service that is replaced may be of any type such as light rail, tram, streetcar, commuter rail, regional rail or heavy rail, intercity passenger service. The rail service may be replaced if the line is closed because of rail maintenance, a breakdown of a train, a rail accident or a strike action; or simply to provide additional capacity, or if the rail service is deemed not economically viable.
Terms for a rail replacement bus service include bustitution (a portmanteau of the words "bus" and "substitution", or bustitute)[1] and bus bridge.[2] Substitution of rail services by buses can be unpopular and subject to criticism and so the term bustitution is often used pejoratively.[3][4]
Examples
Australia
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In Australia, a permanent or temporary rail replacement service change is often referred to as bustitution.[5]
In November 1941, the Western Australian Government Railways introduced its first rail replacement service, which operated a service from Perth to Kojonup via Boddington.[6] By 1949, there were 28 buses,[7] and by 1959, there were more than 50.[8]
The Sydney Metro Northwest line used human-driven single-deck buses late at night from Wednesdays to Sundays and operated a red Metro bus-like service with a frequency of approximately every 10 minutes until November 2019. That measure was in place since the line was deemed "ready" 10 months ahead of schedule.[9]
On the Queensland Rail network, to relieve congestion on the single track Sunshine Coast line, the rail service is supplemented by a bus service operated by Kangaroo Bus Lines on weekdays between Caboolture and Nambour as route 649.[10] NSW TrainLink, Transwa and V/Line all introduced extensive networks in New South Wales, Western Australia and Victoria in the 1970s and the 1980s that replaced regional trains.
Canada
Via Rail, the operator of the national passenger rail network, uses the term "bustitution" to refer to rail replacement with buses.[1]
China
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After the train collision on Changping line, Beijing Subway between Xi'erqi station and Life Science Park station on 14 December 2023, train services between Zhuxinzhuang and Xi'erqi were temporarily suspended on the following day. Beijing Public Transport provided free shuttle bus services between Zhuxinzhuang and Xi'erqi.[11]
Czech Republic
Substitute bus transport (Template:Langx) is governed by the Road Traffic Act (111/1994 Coll.), which allows the operator of a national, regional, tram, trolleybus or special line to operate substitute transport for up to 90 days in the case of interrupted or temporarily-restricted traffic on the line without the requirement to apply for a bus line license and have approval of the line's schedule. The law also mandates vehicles used for substitute transport to be marked as such.
In municipal public transport, substitute transport often takes on the number of the line that it replaces, prefixed by the letter X, and the original line is detoured. In cities with trolleybus systems, rail replacement buses also occasionally used for substitute transport and is then called substitute trolleybus transport (Template:Langx).
Ireland
As in the United Kingdom, buses have replaced rail services on closed lines. The most recent example can be found in County Wexford. where upon the suspension of rail services between Rosslare Europort and Waterford in 2010, Bus Éireann route 370 was introduced. However, the bus takes considerably longer than the train journey and fails to serve Waterford railway station.[12]
Japan
Busses have replaced rail in Japan when rail service must be suspended because of disaster, accident, economics, or engineering works. Notably, in some cases. those rail lines are closed permanently, and some of the former rail rights-of-way are converted into bus rights-of-way to provide grade-separated bus rapid transit service.[13]
New Zealand
When train services operated by Auckland One Rail in Auckland train services are sometimes replaced by a bus, the resulting service is called Rail Bus.[14] Historically, New Zealand Railways Road Services replaced many train routes with buses.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
Singapore
An incident occurred in Singapore on 7 July 2015 after a mass shutdown on the North–South and East–West lines caused by a power system failure. The operator SMRT and rival SBS Transit did not activate bus bridging but made all bus services free islandwide because of the sheer scale of the disruptions.[15][16] The Land Transport Authority made travel free available for any bus services passing MRT stations that were affected during the train disruptions, and during a massive disruption affecting at least two lines, bus travel islandwide was made free.[16]
Sweden
While the reconstruction of Slussen, the western terminal of Saltsjöbanan, is in progress, trains on line 25 run only to Henriksdal, one station short of Slussen, with the segment between Slussen and Henriksdal served by a replacement bus 25B that is timed to match the train times at Henriksdal.
Sometimes, buses can be seen running on line 7, the Spårväg City tram line, even when trams are running normally.
In the night after 01:00, there is no service on the Stockholm Metro and the commuter rail, and night buses run along the line instead.
United Kingdom
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During the British Railways Board's railway rationalisation in the 1960s, known as the Beeching cuts, bus substitution was an official policy for replacing train services on closed lines. The policy was largely unsuccessful, however, as the bus services were usually far slower than the train services that they replaced, and many passengers gave up on public transport altogether.[17] A report published in 2018 identified successful, and surviving, examples of this policy as the present Excel route operated by First Eastern Counties between Norwich and Peterborough,[18] and the Brighton & Hove Regency Route between Brighton and Tunbridge Wells, which partly replaces a route closed by Beeching.[19]
Rail replacement bus services have been used to operate parliamentary train services.
- When North London Railways services between Watford Junction and Croxley Green were withdrawn in March 1996, to avoid the legal complications and costs of actual closure, train services were replaced by buses. The service was withdrawn when the branch was formally closed in September 2003.[20]
- After the withdrawal of Central Trains services between Stafford and Stoke-on-Trent, to facilitate the West Coast Main Line upgrade at the request of the Strategic Rail Authority in May 2003, BakerBus route X1 was introduced to serve Norton Bridge, Stone, Barlaston and Wedgwood stations.[21][22] When the train service was reintroduced by London Midland in December 2008, only Stone regained a rail service, and the other stations continued to be served by route X1.[23][24] In October 2017, the Department for Transport (DfT) declared Norton Bridge station closed but continued the partial funding of the replacement bus service until March 2019.[25][26] As of 2023, Barlaston and Wedgwood stations continue to be served by D&G Bus replacement route 100. The DfT funds the contractual service while it seeks a solution to demands for the restoration of the train service. The bustitution has existed for 19 years, as of 2023.
- After the withdrawal of services by Arriva CrossCountry between Reading and Brighton in December 2008, which provided the only passenger services on three short sections of line between Ealing Broadway and Wandsworth Road, a replacement weekly bus service was introduced.[27][28] The service ceased in June 2013, after a formal closure process had been completed.[29][30]
United States
Rail-replacement bus services occurred on a large scale after the dismantling of the street railway systems of many cities in North America in the mid-20th century.[31][32] Replacement of existing rail services with buses after World War II is one of the largest reasons that so few US cities have rapid transit systems.
The temporary substitution of buses for trains may be done with Amtrak's Amtrak Thruway service.[33]
The G Line (formerly the Orange Line) of the Los Angeles Metro runs along a paved closed course on the easement from the original Southern Pacific Railroad Burbank line, which was later used by the Pacific Electric Railway. It may eventually be converted back to light rail with Measure M funding, but that is not currently scheduled to happen until around 2050.
Urban transit
Rail-replacement bus services are common among urban rail transit systems, mainly because of unexpected service disruptions. For example, one of the effects of Hurricane Sandy in New York was that the New York City Subway required replacement bus service for several subway routes.[34] As the subway runs 24/7/365, replacement bus service is also provided when subway lines were closed for regularly-scheduled maintenance and so interruptions in subway service require replacement bus service, even during off-peak hours.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
See also
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- Template:Section link
- Beeching cuts, an example of bus service replacing rail service
- Bus rapid transit
- Effects of the car on societies
- Rail trail
- Transport economics
References
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- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ 'Limited MTA service backj Thursday' on New York Daily News website, viewed 9 July 2013
- ↑ An example appears in a 2009 editorial. See: Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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- ↑ Royal Commission into the Management, Workings & Control of the Western Australian Government Railways Government of Western Australia December 1947 page 92
- ↑ WAGR buses shift 360,000 in a year The Sunday Times 28 August 1949 page 3
- ↑ Annual Report for the year ended 30 June 2003 Western Australian Government Railways Commission
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- ↑ Route 649 TransLink
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- ↑ JR気仙沼線の線路跡、バス専用道一部完成 Nikkei
- ↑ "How to use a railbus". Auckland Transport, assessed 7 July 2013
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- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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- ↑ Croxley Green LNWR Branch Passenger Closure Rail Chronology
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- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ New Timetable Means New Services for Stoke Network Rail 14 December 2008
- ↑ Stone station is re-opened The Railway Magazine issue 1294 February 2009 page 64
- ↑ Summary to the responses to consultation to proposed closure of Norton Bridge Station. Department for Transport 2017
- ↑ Closure Ratification Notice – Norton Bridge Station Office of Rail & Road 26 October 2017
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Withdrawal of Scheduled Passenger Services Between Wandsworth Road, Kensington (Olympia) & Ealing Broadway Office of Rail Regulation 10 May 2012
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Last Olympia – Wandsworth Road Today's Railways UK issue 140 August 2013 page 19
- ↑ An example from Milwaukee, Wisconsin, may be seen in a picture caption: Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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External links
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