Qulliq

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File:Qulliq 1999-04-01.jpg
A Script error: No such module "Lang". being lit, Nunavut, 1999

The qulliq[1] or kudlik[2] (Template:Langx, Script error: No such module "IPA".; Template:Langx; Template:Langx), is the traditional oil lamp used by many circumpolar peoples, including the Inuit, the Chukchi[3] and the Yupik peoples.[4] The fuel is seal-oil or blubber, and the lamp is made of soapstone.[5] A Script error: No such module "Lang". is lit with a stick called a Script error: No such module "Lang"..

This characteristic type of oil lamp provided warmth and light in the harsh Arctic environment where there was no wood and where the sparse inhabitants relied almost entirely on seal oil or on whale blubber. This lamp was the single most important article of furniture for Inuit in their dwellings.[6]

History

It is uncertain in which period the seal-oil lamps began to be used. They are part of a series of technological innovations among the Arctic peoples whose introduction and spread has been partly documented. Oil lamps have been found in sites of Paleo-Eskimo communities dating back to the time of the Norton tradition, 3,000 years ago.[7] They were a common implement of the Dorset culture and of the Thule people, the lamps manufactured then showing little changes compared with more recent ones.[8]

In Inuit religion, the story the Sun and the Moon involves the Sun carrying a Script error: No such module "Lang". oil lamp.[9]

Among the Netsilik if the people breached certain taboos, Nuliajuk, the Sea Woman, held the marine mammal in the basin of her lamp. When this happened the angakkuq had to visit her to beg for game.[10] This story also inspired a New Year or Quviasukvik tradition in which three lamps were extinguished and relit during the first sunrise.

Historically, the lamp was a multi-purpose tool. The Arctic peoples used the lamp for illuminating and heating their tents, semi-subterranean houses and igloos, as well as for melting snow, cooking, and drying their clothes.

In present times such lamps are mainly used for ceremonial purposes. Owing to its cultural significance, a Script error: No such module "Lang". is featured on the coat of arms of Nunavut.

A Script error: No such module "Lang". was lit to commence the investiture ceremony of Mary Simon, the first Inuk, and indigenous person, to be appointed to the position of Governor General of Canada, in the Senate Chamber, 26 July 2021.[11]

The Qulleq party in Greenland is named after the lamp.[12]

Description and use

File:Descriptive booklet on the Alaska historical museum (1922) (14758775556).jpg
Seal oil lamps

The Inuit oil lamps were made mainly of soapstone, but there are also some made of a special kind of pottery.[13] Sizes and shapes of lamps could be different, but most were either elliptical or half-moon shaped.[14] The taqquti or wick trimmers, also known as lamp feeders, were made of wood, willow, soapstone, bone or ivory.[15]

The wick was mostly made of Arctic cottongrass (suputi), common cottongrass[16] and/or dried moss (ijju/maniq Template:Langx)[13][17] It was lit along the edge of the lamp, providing a pleasant light.[18] A slab of seal blubber could be left to melt over the lamp feeding it with more fat.[19] These lamps had to be tended continually by trimming the wick in such a way that the lamp would not produce smoke.[20]

Although such lamps were usually filled with seal blubber and the English term 'seal-oil lamp' is common in writings about Arctic peoples, they could also be filled with whale blubber in communities where there was whaling.[21] However, the term 'whale oil lamp' refers to a different kind of lighting device.[22] Generally caribou fat was a poor choice, as was the fat of other land animals, seal oil being a more efficient fuel for the lamp. Women used to scrape the skin of a freshly skinned seal with an ulu in order not to waste any fat.[19][23] Once the seal skin was stretched and dried it would be scraped using a halukhit[24] to remove the dried fat.

Realizing that these lamps were such an important fixture of the Inuit household that "when the family moved the lamp went along with it", Arctic explorer William Edward Parry (1790–1855) commented:

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The fire belonging to each family consists of a single lamp or shallow vessel of lapis ollaris, its form being the lesser segment of a circle. The wick, composed of dry moss rubbed between the hands until it is quite inflammable, is disposed along the edge of the lamp...[25]

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Gallery

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References

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  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Joyce, T. A. & Dalton, O. M. (1910) Handbook to the ethnographical collections. British Museum. Dept. of British and Mediaeval Antiquities and Ethnography Joyce,
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Rasmussen 1965:278
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  23. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  24. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  25. ↑ Kashevaroff, Andrew P. (1922) Descriptive booklet on the Alaska Historical Museum, Alaska Historical Library and Museum, b. 1863 Alaska Historical Association

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Further reading

External links

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