Pyana
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The Pyana (Template:Langx) is a river in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast and the Republic of Mordovia, Russia. It is a left tributary of the Sura.
History and etymology
Pyana translates from Russian into drunken. The original name of the river was likely Piana,[1] and, like many other old Russian geographical names, might be of Uralic origin (compare Finnish pieni meaning small).[2] The most likely reason for the transformation of Piana to Pyana was the Battle on Pyana River.[3] The battle was fought on 2 August 1377 between the Blue Horde Khan Arapsha (Arab-Shah Muzaffar) and joint Russian troops under Knyaz Ivan Dmitriyevich. Awaiting the battle, the Russian Army lost discipline with drunkenness being a norm. They were unexpectedly attacked from all sides and crushed by the Mongols, forcing retreat to and across the Pyana. Many soldiers, and the Knyaz himself, drowned while crossing it.[1][4] This explanation is further supported by the original text of the chronicles of the battle, where the writer first calls the river Piana, then notes[5] the ironical similarity of the words piana and pyana (in a sense of drunkenness) and further uses Pyana as the river name.[1]
Geography and hydrology
The river is Script error: No such module "convert". long, and has a drainage basin of Script error: No such module "convert"..[6] It freezes over in November and thaws in April. The average discharge 65 km from its mouth is 25 m³/s and can vary between 10 and 1,500 m³/s. The river's banks contain numerous karst caves.[7] The Pyana is remarkable in its shape: it runs to the north-west and then turns 180° south-east, making a nearly closed loop (see map) before turning north and merging with the Sura.[8]
Human activities
The towns of Perevoz and Sergach are located on the Pyana. The river is navigable in its lower reaches.[7] On the river banks there is Ichalkovsky Natural Reserve of 936 ha area which is protected by the state since 1963.[9] There is a hydroelectric station near the village of Ichalkovo with the annual production of 600 MW. Its construction was started after World War II, but completed only in the 1990s.[10]
References
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- ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". Google Books
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ "Поистиннѣ — за Пьяною пьяни!"
- ↑ «Река ПЬЯНА», Russian State Water Registry
- ↑ a b Пьяна, Great Soviet Encyclopedia (in Russian)
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Пещеры и провалы Ичалковского бора, 2 May 2008 (in Russian)
- ↑ Каникулы для ГЭС, Nizhegorodskie News, 3 April 2007 (in Russian)
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