Pudong
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Pudong is a district of Shanghai located east of the Huangpu, the river which flows through central Shanghai. The name Pudong was originally applied to the Huangpu's east bank, directly across from the west bank or Puxi, the historic city center. It now refers to the broader Pudong New Area, a state-level new area which extends all the way to the East China Sea.
The traditional area of Pudong is now home to the Lujiazui Finance and Trade Zone and the Shanghai Stock Exchange and many of Shanghai's best-known buildings, such as the Oriental Pearl Tower, the Jin Mao Tower, the Shanghai World Financial Center, and the Shanghai Tower. These modern skyscrapers directly face Puxi's historic Bund, a remnant of former foreign concessions in China. The rest of the new area includes the Port of Shanghai, the Shanghai Expo and Century Park, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai Pudong International Airport, the Jiuduansha Wetland Nature Reserve, Nanhui New City, and the Shanghai Disney Resort.
History
Pudong—literally "The East Bank of the Huangpu River"—originally referred only to the less-developed land across from Shanghai's Old City and foreign concessions. The area was mainly farmland and only slowly developed, with warehouses and wharfs near the shore administered by the districts of Puxi on the west bank: Huangpu, Yangpu, and Nanshi. Pudong was originally established as a county in 1958 until 1961 when the county was split among Huangpu, Yangpu, Nanshi, Wusong and Chuansha County.
Premier Li Peng announced the policy of Pudong's opening and development on April 18, 1990. Speaking at a celebration for the fifth anniversary of the Shanghai Volkswagen Corporation, Li stated that "some policies of the economic and technological zones and Special Economic Zones can be implemented in the Pudong area".[1]Template:Rp Li stated that future investors from Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan were welcomed and that China would provide preferential conditions for cooperation and improve the investment environment.[1]Template:Rp The occasion is often described as Pudong's "birthday".[1]Template:Rp Nonetheless, development in the area was slow for the rest of 1990.[1]Template:Rp
On October 1, 1992, the original area of Pudong County and Chuansha County merged and established Pudong New Area.
In 1993, the Chinese government set up a Special Economic Zone in Chuansha, creating the Pudong New Area. Deng Xiaoping had initiated its development three years earlier to build further confidence in Reform and Opening Up.[2]Template:Rp Pudong's description as a New Area served to distinguish it from existing SEZs.[2]Template:Rp It had even more open policies than existing SEZs, in terms of attracting foreign direct investment and developing the local economy.[2]Template:Rp
The western tip of the Pudong district was designated as the Lujiazui Finance and Trade Zone and has become a financial hub of modern China. Several landmark buildings were constructed, including the Oriental Pearl Tower, and the supertall Jin Mao Building (Script error: No such module "convert".), Shanghai World Financial Center (Script error: No such module "convert".) and Shanghai Tower (Script error: No such module "convert".), the world's first trio of adjacent supertall skyscrapers. These buildings—all along Century Avenue and visible from the historic Bund—now form the most common skyline of Shanghai.
In official discourses on urbanization in China, Pudong is considered the paradigmatic example of the 1990s approach to urbanization.[2]Template:Rp
On May 6, 2009, it was disclosed that the State Council had approved the proposal to merge Nanhui District with Pudong and comprise the majority of eastern Shanghai. In 2010, Pudong was host to the main venues of the Shanghai Expo, whose grounds now form a public park.
Pudong New Area consists of the original Pudong County (northeastern portion of Shanghai County), Chuansha County, and Nanhui County.
Climate
Pudong has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa), influenced by monsoons and Siberian winds as well as rains and typhoons from the Pacific. The average annual temperature in Pudong is Template:Cvt. The temperatures are highest on average in July and August, at around Template:Cvt, and lowest in January, at around Template:Cvt.
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Government
Districts of the Direct-Controlled Municipality of Shanghai are administratively on the same level as prefecture-level cities. However, the government of Pudong has a status equivalent to that of a sub-provincial city, which is a half-level above a prefecture-level city. This is due to Pudong's size and importance as the financial hub of China. The Pudong Communist Party Secretary is the top office of the district, followed by the district governor of Pudong. The Pudong party chief is customarily also a member of the Shanghai Party Standing Committee.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
On April 27, 2015, the People's Government of Pudong New Area is working with China (Shanghai) Pilot Free-Trade Zone Administrative Committee.[3]
Demographics
Pudong is bounded by the Huangpu River in the west and the East China Sea in the east. Pudong is distinguished from Puxi ("West Bank"), the older part of Shanghai. It has an area of Script error: No such module "convert". and, according to the 2020 census, a population of 5,681,512 inhabitants, accounting for around 22.8 percent of Shanghai and 1.85 million more than in 2010. Pudong's resident population growth is well above national average because it is a popular immigration destination. The 2020 census shows an 8% increase in the last decade, or an annual pace of 0.8%.[4]
Excluding immigrants, the birth rate in 2010 was 0.806% while the death rate is 0.729, resulting a net growth of 0.077%. The total fertility rate is 1.03, well below the replacement level.[5] The district actually has a negative registered household population growth if immigrants are excluded, thus the growth is purely driven by immigration.
The 2020 census shows a population density of 3,006/km2.[4] About 3/4 of the population live in the northern part and part of city center called "Northern Territory". 1/4 live in the "Southern Territory" that was the Nanhui District. The Northern Territory has a 6,667 population density, while the Southern Territory has 1,732/km2. Suburbs saw a greater increase in population during 2000–2010 with the help of the city's suburb expansion policy. Some counties in the traditional city center saw a population decrease.
Subdistricts and towns
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| Name | Chinese (S) | Hanyu Pinyin | Shanghainese Romanization | Population (2010)[6] | Area (km2) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Weifang Xincun Subdistrict | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Wéifāng Xīncūn Jiēdào | vij vaon sin tsen ka do | 100,548 | 3.89 |
| Lujiazui Subdistrict | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Lùjiāzuǐ Jiēdào | loq ka tzyu ka do | 112,507 | 6.89 |
| Zhoujiadu Subdistrict | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Zhōujiādù Jiēdào | tzoe ka du ka do | 144,668 | 5.52 |
| Tangqiao Subdistrict | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Tángqiáo Jiēdào | daon djio ka do | 76,916 | 3.86 |
| Shanggang Xincun Subdistrict | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Shànggāng Xīncūn Jiēdào | zaon kaon sin tsen ka do | 104,932 | 7.54 |
| Nanmatou Road Subdistrict | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Nánmǎtóulù Jiēdào | neu mau doe lu ka do | 107,130 | 4.22 |
| Hudong Xincun Subdistrict | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Hùdōng Xīncūn Jiēdào | wu ton sin tsen ka do | 112,031 | 5.51 |
| Jinyang Xincun Subdistrict | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Jīnyáng Xīncūn Jiēdào | cin yan sin tsen ka do | 206,017 | 8.02 |
| Yangjing Subdistrict | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Yángjīng Jiēdào | yan cin ka do | 146,237 | 7.38 |
| Puxing Road Subdistrict | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Pǔxìnglù Jiēdào | phu xin lu ka do | 177,468 | 6.25 |
| Dongming Road Subdistrict | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Dōngmínglù Jiēdào | ton min lu ka do | 121,449 | 5.95 |
| Huamu Subdistrict | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Huāmù Jiēdào | hau moq ka do | 221,327 | 20.93 |
| Chuanshaxin Town* (Chwansha) | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Chuānshāxīn Zhèn | tseu sa sau sin tzen | 420,045 | 148.05 |
| Gaoqiao town | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Gāoqiáo Zhèn | ko djio tzen | 184,486 | 38.73 |
| Beicai town | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Běicài Zhèn | poq tsa tzen | 276,547 | 24.91 |
| Heqing town | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Héqìng Zhèn | req chin tzen | 132,038 | 41.97 |
| Tang town | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Tángzhèn | daon tzen | 129,267 | 32.16 |
| Caolu town | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Cáolù Zhèn | dzo lu tzen | 186,012 | 45.58 |
| Jinqiao town | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Jīnqiáo Zhèn | cin djio tzen | 81,537 | 25.28 |
| Gaohang town | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Gāoháng Zhèn | ko raon tzen | 137,625 | 22.85 |
| Gaodong town | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Gāodōng Zhèn | ko ton tzen | 110,552 | 36.24 |
| Zhangjiang town | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Zhāngjiāng Zhèn | tzan kaon tzen | 165,297 | 42.10 |
| Sanlin town | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Sānlín Zhèn | se lin tzen | 360,516 | 34.19 |
| Huinan town | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Huìnán Zhèn | we neu tzen | 213,845 | 65.24 |
| Zhoupu town | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Zhōupǔ Zhèn | tzoe phu tzen | 147,329 | 42.60 |
| Xinchang town | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Xīnchǎng Zhèn | sin dzan tzen | 84,183 | 54.30 |
| Datuan Town | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Dàtuán Zhèn | da deu tzen | 71,162 | 50.45 |
| Kangqiao town | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Kāngqiáo Zhèn | khaon djio tzen | 174,672 | 41.25 |
| Hangtou town | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Hángtóu Zhèn | raon doe tzen | 110,060 | 60.40 |
| Zhuqiao town | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Zhùqiáo Zhèn | tzoq djio tzen | 104,945 | 146.28 |
| Nicheng town | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Níchéng Zhèn | gnij zen tzen | 62,519 | 61.50 |
| Xuanqiao town | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Xuānqiáo Zhèn | si djio tzen | 59,567 | 45.78 |
| Shuyuan town | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Shūyuàn Zhèn | syu yeu tzen | 59,323 | 66.90 |
| Wanxiang Town | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Wànxiáng Zhèn | ve zian tzen | 24,346 | 23.35 |
| Laogang town | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Lǎogǎng Zhèn | lo kaon tzen | 37,408 | 38.90 |
| Nanhui Xincheng Town** | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Nánhuì Xīnchéng Zhèn | neu we sin zen tzen | 47,381 | 67.76 |
| Luchaogang Farm | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Lúcháogǎng Nóngchǎng | lu dzo kaon non dzan | 688 | 9.40 |
| Donghai Farm | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Dōnghǎi Nóngchǎng | ton he non dzan | 508 | 15.20 |
| Chaoyang Farm | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Cháoyáng Nóngchǎng | dzo yan non dzan | 862 | 10.67 |
| Waigaoqiao Free-trade Zone | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Wàigāoqiáo Bǎoshuìqū | nga ko djio po seu chiu | 1,349 | 10.00 |
| Jinqiao Export Processing Zone | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Jīnqiáo Jīngjì Jìshù Kāifāqū | cin djio cin tzij djij dzeq khe faq chiu | 5,514 | 67.79 |
| Zhangjiang Hi-tech Park | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Zhāngjiāng Gāo Kējì Yuánqū | tzan kaon ko khu djij yeu chiu | 23,617 | 75.90 |
- * – Liuzao town merged into Chuanshaxin town.
- ** – Luchaogang town and Shengang Subdistrict merged and form Nanhui Xincheng town.
Education
Universities and higher education
- Shanghai Maritime University
- Shanghai Dianji University
- Shanghai Fisheries University
- China Executive Leadership Academy in Pudong
- Fudan University in Zhangjiang
- New York University Shanghai
- ShanghaiTech University
Primary and secondary schools
Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Public schools:
- No. 2 High School Attached to East China Normal University
- Jianping High School
- Dongchang High School of ECNU
- Pudong Foreign Languages School of Shanghai International Studies University
- Shanghai Jincai Experimental Junior Middle School
International schools:
- Dulwich College Shanghai[7]
- French School of Shanghai Pudong Campus[8]
- Nord Anglia International School Shanghai Pudong
- German School Shanghai Pudong Campus[9]
- Shanghai American School Pudong Campus[10]
- Shanghai Japanese School (SJS) Pudong Campus (elementary and junior high),[11] and SJS Senior High School[12]
- Wellington College International Shanghai[13]
- Concordia International School Shanghai Pudong Campus[14]
Other private schools:
Economy
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With the Nanhui District merger in May 2009, the size of Pudong's economy grew. The district's 2024 gross domestic product amounts to an estimated CN¥1.73 trillion (US$238,13 billion), and the output values of its three leading industries are projected to reach CN¥840 billion.[15] Its GDP per capita in 2022 was CN¥281,180, corresponding to around US$41,755 by nominal values and US$68,647 by purchasing power parity values.[16]
The area is divided into four distinct economic districts. Apart from Lujiazui Trade and Finance Zone, there is Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, the largest free trade zone in mainland China covering approximately Script error: No such module "convert". in north-east Pudong. The Jinqiao Export Processing Zone is another major industrial area in Pudong covering Script error: No such module "convert".. Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park is a special area for technology-oriented businesses.[17]
The Pudong area continues to experience rapid development, especially in the commercial sector, with 1.3 million square meters of prime office space reaching completion in 2008, more than the previous two years combined.[18] Pudong has also attracted considerable fixed asset and real estate investment, reporting 87.268 billion RMB in fixed asset investment and 27.997 billion RMB in real estate investment in 2008.[19]
The newest Disney resort, with a Disneyland included, is located in Pudong, which opened to tourists in June 2016.[20]
Businesses
Bao Steel has its head office in the Bao Steel Tower (Template:Zh) in Pudong.[21] Comac has its head office in Pudong.[22] The headquarters of Yangtze River Express, a cargo airline, are in the Pufa Tower (Template:Zh) in Pudong.[23]
Hang Seng Bank has its mainland offices in the Hang Seng Bank Tower in Pudong.[24] Kroll has an office in the Hang Seng Bank Tower.[25] Google has its Shanghai offices in the Shanghai World Financial Center.[26] Script error: No such module "wide image".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Transportation
The Shanghai Pudong International Airport opened its doors in 1999.
In the same year, Line 2 of the Shanghai Metro commenced services. An extension brought the line further east, where it serves the airport. Other lines, namely Lines 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, and 18 also have sections that serve parts of Pudong. A magnetic levitation train began operating in 2004, moving passengers between the airport and Longyang Road Metro station.
Pudong is connected to downtown Puxi by fourteen tunnels (out of eighteen cross-Huangpu tunnels in total) and four major bridges (out of eleven in total). The first of these bridges were the Nanpu Bridge (1991) and the Yangpu Bridge (1993). The Xupu Bridge opened in 1996. The latest of these is Lupu Bridge, which is the world's second longest arch bridge and was completed in 2002. Currently, there are fourteen tunnels that link Pudong and downtown Puxi. Dapu Rd. Tunnel is the first tunnel across the Huangpu River, followed by Yan'an Rd. Tunnel (running east–west), Waihuan Tunnel[27] (one part of the Shanghai Outer Ring Expressway), Dalian Rd. Tunnel (running north–south), and Fuxing Rd. Tunnel (complementing the Yan'an Rd. Tunnel). Many new tunnels have been constructed since then, especially around the Lujiazui area.
Roads in Pudong have no particular longitudinal or latitudinal orientation. Major thoroughfares Pudong Avenue, Zhangyang Road and Yanggao Road run east–west until Yangpu Bridge before turning gradually to become north–south. Century Avenue crosses all three major roads and extends from Lujiazui to Century Park. Yanggao Road extends south to the S20 Shanghai Outer Ring Expressway, which runs east–west from Xupu Bridge and then north–south beginning at the interchange near Renxi Village, when the east–west expressway turns into Yingbin Avenue, headed for Pudong International Airport.
Metro
Pudong is currently served by thirteen metro lines operated by Shanghai Metro and one maglev line operated by Shanghai Maglev Train, in addition to the Airport Link Line:
- Script error: No such module "Adjacent stations". - Lujiazui Template:Rint, Dongchang Road, Century Avenue Template:RintTemplate:RintTemplate:Rint, Shanghai Science and Technology Museum, Century Park, Longyang Road Template:RintTemplate:RintTemplate:RintTemplate:Rint, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Jinke Road, Guanglan Road, Tangzhen, Middle Chuangxin Road, East Huaxia Road, Chuansha, Lingkong Road, Yuandong Avenue, Haitiansan Road, Pudong International Airport Template:Rint
- Script error: No such module "Adjacent stations". - Pudong Avenue Template:Rint, Century Avenue Template:RintTemplate:RintTemplate:Rint, Pudian Road (4)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"., Lancun Road Template:Rint, Tangqiao
- Script error: No such module "Adjacent stations". - Gangcheng Road Template:Rint, North Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Hangjin Road, South Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Zhouhai Road, Wuzhou Avenue, Dongjing Road, Jufeng Road Template:Rint, Wulian Road, Boxing Road, Jinqiao Road, Yunshan Road Template:Rint, Deping Road, Beiyangjing Road, Minsheng Road Template:Rint, Yuanshen Stadium, Century Avenue Template:RintTemplate:RintTemplate:Rint, Pudian Road (6))Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"., Lancun Road Template:Rint, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Linyi Xincun, West Gaoke Road Template:Rint, Dongming Road Template:Rint, Gaoqing Road, West Huaxia Road, Shangnan Road, South Lingyan Road, Oriental Sports Center Template:Rint Template:Rint
- Script error: No such module "Adjacent stations". - Houtan, Changqing Road Template:Rint, Yaohua Road Template:Rint, Yuntai Road, West Gaoke Road Template:Rint, South Yanggao Road, Jinxiu Road, Fanghua Road, Longyang Road Template:RintTemplate:RintTemplate:RintTemplate:Rint, Huamu Road
- Script error: No such module "Adjacent stations". - China Art Museum, Yaohua Road Template:Rint, Chengshan Road Template:Rint, Yangsi, Oriental Sports Center Template:Rint Template:Rint, Lingzhao Xincun Station
- Script error: No such module "Adjacent stations". - Shangcheng Road, Century Avenue Template:RintTemplate:RintTemplate:Rint, Middle Yanggao Road Template:Rint, Fangdian Road, Lantian Road Template:Rint, Taierzhuang Road, Jinqiao, Jinji Road, Jinhai Road Template:Rint, Gutang Road, Minlei Road, Caolu
- Script error: No such module "Adjacent stations". - Shuangjiang Road, West Gaoqiao, Gaoqiao, Gangcheng Road Template:Rint, Jilong Road
- Script error: No such module "Adjacent stations". - Disney Resort, Kangxin Highway, Xiuyan Road, Luoshan Road Template:Rint, Yuqiao Template:Rint, Pusan Road, East Sanlin, Sanlin, Oriental Sports Center Template:RintTemplate:Rint
- Script error: No such module "Adjacent stations". - Donglu Road, Jufeng Road Template:Rint, North Yanggao Road, Jinjing Road, Shenjiang Road, Jinhai Road
- Script error: No such module "Adjacent stations". - Shibo Avenue, Changqing Road Template:Rint, Chengshan Road Template:Rint, Dongming Road Template:Rint, Huapeng Road, Xianan Road, Beicai, Chenchun Road, Lianxi Road Template:Rint, Middle Huaxia Road Template:Rint, Zhongke Road, Xuelin Road, Zhangjiang Road
- Script error: No such module "Adjacent stations". - Lujiazui Template:Rint, South Pudong Road, Pudong Avenue Template:Rint, Yuanshen Road, Changyi Road Template:Rint, Xiepu Road, Longju Road, Yunshan Road Template:Rint, Lantian Road Template:Rint, Huangyang Road, Yunshun Road, Pudong Football Stadium, Jinyue Road, Guiqiao Road Template:Rint
- Script error: No such module "Adjacent stations". - Longyang Road Template:RintTemplate:RintTemplate:RintTemplate:Rint, Middle Huaxia Road Template:Rint, Luoshan Road Template:Rint, East Zhoupu, Heshahangcheng, East Hangtou, Xinchang, Wild Animal Park, Huinan, East Huinan, Shuyuan, Lingang Avenue, Dishui Lake
- Script error: No such module "Adjacent stations". - Changyi Road Template:Rint, Minsheng Road Template:Rint, Middle Yanggao Road Template:Rint, Yingchun Road, Longyang Road Template:RintTemplate:RintTemplate:RintTemplate:Rint, Fangxin Road, Beizhong Road, Lianxi Road Template:Rint, Yuqiao Template:Rint, Kangqiao, Zhoupu, Fanrong Road, Shenmei Road, Hetao Road, Xiasha, Hangtou
- Script error: No such module "Adjacent stations". - Longyang Road Template:RintTemplate:RintTemplate:RintTemplate:Rint, Pudong International AirportTemplate:Rint
Gallery
-
The Oriental Pearl tower at night
-
Lujiazui
-
Pudong from the Bund
-
Jin Mao building
-
Lujiazui Finance and Trade Zone, Pudong
-
Lujiazui skyline, Pudong
-
CITIC Pacific HQ & Mandarin Oriental
-
Pudong at night (video)
-
Pudong at night with Oriental Pearl Tower
-
Huangpu River at night. “Better City, Better Life” is the theme of Expo 2010.
-
Shanghai Oriental Pearl Tower
-
View of the Oriental Pearl Tower
-
Lujiazui at night
-
Lujiazui at night
-
Satellite image of Shanghai's Pudong district.
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Twin towns — sister cities
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Pudong is twinned with:
See also
- Shanghai Premier League, amateur football (soccer) league based in Pudong
- Chinese cutter Pudong, Chinese Coast Guard cutter formerly named for the district
References
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- ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Population analysis of Pudong, 2011 http://rkjsw.sh.gov.cn/dr/qxinfo/310115/2012227/000000003500038000944464363.html?openpath=spfp/qxinfo/310115 Template:Webarchive
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ "Contact Us." Dulwich College Shanghai. Retrieved on October 12, 2013. "DCS MAIN CAMPUS 266 LanAn Rd, JinQiao, PuDong, 201206 地址：上海市浦东金桥蓝桉路266号，201206" and "DUCKS 425 LanAn Rd, Jin Qiao, PuDong 201206 地址：上海市浦东金桥蓝桉路425号，201206"
- ↑ "HomeTemplate:Category handler[<span title="Script error: No such module "string".">usurped]Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".." French School of Shanghai. Retrieved on 23 May 2014. "Campus de Pudong : 1555, Jufeng Lu, Pudong District 201208 Shanghai (Chine)"
- ↑ "Kontakte." German School of Shanghai Pudong. Retrieved on 23 May 2014. "DS Shanghai Pudong 1100 Jufeng Lu 201206 Shanghai - VR China" - Chinese address: "Script error: No such module "Lang"."
- ↑ Home page. Shanghai American School. Retrieved on February 19, 2014. "Puxi Campus 258 Jinfeng Road Huacao Town, Minhang Dist. Shanghai, China 201107 6221-1445" and "Pudong Campus Shanghai Links Executive Community 1600 Lingbai Road Sanjiagang, Pudong Shanghai, China 201201 6221-1445"
- ↑ "Shanghai Japanese School Pudong Campus." Shanghai Japanese School. Retrieved on February 18, 2014. "Script error: No such module "Lang"."
- ↑ "Home Template:Webarchive." SJS Senior High School. Retrieved on February 18, 2014. "Script error: No such module "Lang"."
- ↑ "Contact Us." Wellington College International Shanghai. Retrieved on September 30, 2015. "Wellington College No. 1500 Yao Long Road (near the Oriental Sports Center) Pudong, Shanghai 200126 Script error: No such module "Lang"."
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Knight Frank China Knight Frank China, Shanghai Commercial Market Quarterly Report, Q4 2009
- ↑ Knight Frank China Knight Frank China, Shanghai Commercial Market Quarterly Report, Q1 2009
- ↑ "[1]." THE WALT DISNEY COMPANY REACHES ANOTHER MAJOR MILESTONE ON SHANGHAI THEME PARK PROJECT. Retrieved on July 7, 2010.
- ↑ "Contact Us." Baosteel. Retrieved on November 10, 2012. "ADD:Baosteel Tower, Pu Dian Road 370, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 200122, P.R. China Postal Code:200122" - Chinese: "Script error: No such module "Lang"."
- ↑ "Contact Us." Comac. Retrieved on November 10, 2012. "25 Zhangyang Road, Shanghai" - Chinese Template:Webarchive: "Script error: No such module "Lang"."
- ↑ "Yangtze River Express Airlines Company Limited Template:Webarchive." HNA Group. Retrieved on February 24, 2014. "Address: Pufa Tower, 588 Pudong South Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai" - Address in Chinese Template:Webarchive: "Script error: No such module "Lang"."
- ↑ "Mainland Service Network." Hang Seng Bank. Retrieved on 11 September 2011. "Hang Seng Bank（China）Limited Address: 34/F & 36/F, Hang Seng Bank Tower, 1000 Lujiazui Ring Road, Pudong, Shanghai, China"
- ↑ "Office locations Template:Webarchive." Kroll Inc. Retrieved on 14 August 2011. "Shanghai Room 3031, 30F 1000 Lujiazui Ring Road, Hang Seng Bank Tower Pudong New Area Shanghai 200120 China"
- ↑ "Google locations." Google. Retrieved on May 25, 2016. "Google Shanghai 60F, Shanghai World Financial Center 100 Century Avenue, Pudong New Area Shanghai 200120, China"
- ↑ This tunnel links Pudong to Baoshan district in suburban Puxi, not to downtown Puxi.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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Further reading
- Kris Olds, “Globalizing Shanghai: The ‘Global Intelligence Corps’ and the Building of Pudong," Cities 12, no. 3 (1997) 109–23.
External links
Template:Sister project Template:Wikivoyage
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