Ptychopteridae

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Template:Short description Template:Automatic taxobox The Ptychopteridae, phantom crane flies, are a small family (three extant genera) of nematocerous Diptera. Superficially similar in appearance to other "tipuloid" families, they lack the ocelli of the Trichoceridae, the five-branched radial vein of the Tanyderidae, and the two anal veins that reach the wing margins of the Tipulidae. They are usually allied with the Tanyderidae based on similarities of the mesonotal suture, this group being called the Ptychopteromorpha.

Life history

Egg

Ptychoptera albimana (Palearctic) has a mean of 554 eggs laid. The shape is slightly arcuated, "curiously ornamented", and roughly Script error: No such module "convert".. Duration is reported at 7 days.

Larvae

The larvae are eucephalous and distinctive for the long, caudal respiratory siphon they possess. At hatching, they measure just under Script error: No such module "convert". in P. albimana, quickly growing to nearly Script error: No such module "convert".. They occur in moist habitats (described as "wet swales and meadows" for Ptychoptera; along lentic shorelines and alder swamps for Bittacomorpha) where they feed as collector-gatherers on decaying organic matter.

Pupae

The pupae possess a single, greatly elongated spiracular horn protruding from their thoraces. In Ptychoptera and Bittacomorpha, the right horn is elongated; in Bittacomorphella, the left. Reported times spent in this stage vary from 5 to 12 days.

File:Ptychoptera 2.jpg
Ptychoptera quadrifasciata

Adult

The characteristic and unique feature of the family is a lobe at the base of the haltere called the prehaltere. The adults are found most often from late spring through to autumn in shaded, moist environs. Presumably, adults feed little, if at all. Two generations occur per year.

The common species of Eastern North America (Bittacomorpha clavipes) is known for the odd habit of spreading out its legs while flying, using expanded, trachea-rich tarsi to waft along on air currents.

Why they are called “phantom” crane flies: Their legs are thin and black with white sheaths near the tips, and when they fly under a shady tree, everything disappears except the white spots, appearing and disappearing like a “phantom”.

Subfamilies

The general appearance of the two forms is strikingly different. The species of the Bittacomorphinae are similar in size and shape to the Tipulidae, but exhibit a striking black and white coloration — hence the common name "phantom crane flies". The two genera differ as adults in their size and the extent of white coloration on the legs. The larvae of Bittacomorphella possess unique protuberances not seen in the other two genera. Ptychoptera species resemble large mycetophilids, being generally a shiny black and often with patterned wings.

Ptychopterinae – 16 antennomeres; M1 cell present

  • Ptychoptera Meigen, 1803Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

Bittacomorphinae – 20 antennomeres; M1 & M2 veins fused, thus without M1 cell

  • Bittacomorpha Westwood, 1835Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Bittacomorphella Alexander, 1916Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Bittacomorphinae
  • Ptychopterinae
    • Ptychoptera Meigen 1803Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
      • Ptychoptera byersi Alexander, 1966Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - California
      • Ptychoptera lenis Osten Sacken, 1877Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
        • P. l. lenis - Pacific Northwest
        • P. l. coloradensis - Colorado/Utah
      • Ptychoptera metallica Walker, 1848Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Central Canada, Minnesota & Michigan
      • Ptychoptera minor Alexander, 1920Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - California/Idaho
      • Ptychoptera monoensis Alexander, 1947Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Northern California
      • Ptychoptera osceola Alexander, 1959Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Florida
      • Ptychoptera pendula Alexander, 1937Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - British Columbia to Utah & Colorado
      • Ptychoptera quadrifasciata Say, 1824Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Eastern North America (Syn P. rufocinctus)
      • Ptychoptera sculleni Alexander, 1943Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Pacific Northwest
      • Ptychoptera townesi Alexander, 1943Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Washington & Oregon
      • Ptychoptera uta Alexander, 1947Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Utah

Fossil Subfamilies and genera

  • Subfamily Bittacomorphinae Alexander, 1919Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • †Probittacomorpha Freiwald & Willmann, 1992Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
      • †Probittacomorpha brisaci Krzemiński et al., 2012Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Montagne d'Andance Miocene (Turolian), France
      • †Probittacomorpha christenseni Freiwald & Willmann, 1992Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Fur Formation Eocene (Ypresian), Denmark;
    • †Zhiganka Lukashevich, 1995Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
      • †Zhiganka comitans Lukashevich, 1995Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Batylykh Formation Early Cretaceous (Neocomian), Russia
      • †Zhiganka longialata Lukashevich, 2019Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Khasurty locality Early Cretaceous (Aptian), Russia
      • †Zhiganka woolgari Lukashevich et al., 2001Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Weald Clay Early Cretaceous (Hauterivian), England
  • Subfamily. †Eoptychopterinae Handlirsch 1906Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • †Architendipes Rohdendorf 1962Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
      • †Architendipes tshernovskiji Rohdendorf, 1962Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Dzhil Formation Early Jurassic (Hettangian), Kyrgyzstan
    • †Doptychoptera Lukashevich, 1998Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
      • †Doptychoptera baisicaLukashevich, 1998Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Zaza Formation Early Cretaceous (Aptian), Russia
    • †Eolimnobia Handlirsch, 1906Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
      • †Eolimnobia geinitzi Handlirsch, 1906Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Grimmen Formation Early Jurassic (Toarcian), Germany
    • †Eoptychoptera Handlirsch 1906Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
      • †Eoptychoptera aequidistans Lukashevich, 1998Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Dzhil Formation Early Jurassic (Hettangian), Kyrgyzstan
      • †Eoptychoptera altaica Kalugina, 1988Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Ortsog Formation Middle Jurassic (Bajocian), Mongolia
      • †Eoptychoptera ansorgei Ren & Krzemiński, 2002Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Daohugou Formation Middle Jurassic (Callovian), China
      • †Eoptychoptera asiatica Lukashevich, 1993Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Karabastau Formation Late Jurassic, Kazakhstan
      • †Eoptychoptera aucta Lukashevich, 1993Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Karabastau Formation Late Jurassic, Kazakhstan
      • †Eoptychoptera braziliana Krzemiński et al., 2015Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Crato Formation Early Cretaceous (Aptian), Brazil
      • †Eoptychoptera britannica Lukashevich et al., 2001Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Weald Clay Early Cretaceous (Hauterivian), England
      • †Eoptychoptera cantabrica Lukashevich & Arillo, 2016Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Spanish amber (Albian), Spain
      • †Eoptychoptera cretacea Kalugina, 1989Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Zaza Formation Early Cretaceous (Aptian), Russia
      • †Eoptychoptera elevata Lukashevich, 2000Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Khaya Formation Late Jurassic (Tithonian), Russia
      • †Eoptychoptera eximia Bode, 1953Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Ciechocinek Formation Early Jurassic (Toarcian), Germany
      • †Eoptychoptera jurassica Ren & Krzemiński, 2002Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Daohugou Formation Middle Jurassic (Callovian), China
      • †Eoptychoptera longifurcata Lukashevich et al., 2001Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Lulworth Formation Early Cretaceous (Berriasian), England
      • †Eoptychoptera magna Lukashevich, 1993Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Karabastau Formation Late Jurassic, Kazakhstan
      • †Eoptychoptera maxima Kalugina, 1985Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Itat Formation Middle Jurassic (Bathonian), Russia
      • †Eoptychoptera modica Lukashevich, 1993Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Itat Formation (Middle Jurassic (Bathonian), Russia
      • †Eoptychoptera paramaculata Kalugina, 1985Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Itat Formation (Middle Jurassic (Bathonian), Russia
      • †Eoptychoptera shurabica Lukashevich, 2000Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Sagul Formation Early Jurassic (Toarcian), Kyrgyzstan
      • †Eoptychoptera simplex Handlirsch, 1906Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Ciechocinek Formation Early Jurassic (Toarcian), Germany
      • †Eoptychoptera spectra Whalley, 1985Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Charmouth Mudstone Formation (Sinemurian), United Kingdom
      • †Eoptychoptera tempestilla Lukashevich, 1998Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Ulan Malgait Formation Late Jurassic (Tithonian), Mongolia
      • †Eoptychoptera vitrea Lukashevich, 1998Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Dzhil Formation Early Jurassic (Hettangian), Kyrgyzstan
    • †Eoptychopterina Kalugina 1985Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
      • †Eoptychopterina adnexa Hao et al. 2009Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Daohugou Formation Middle Jurassic (Callovian), China
      • †Eoptychopterina angularis Lukashevich, 1993Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Karabastau Formation Late Jurassic, Kazakhstan
      • †Eoptychopterina antica Hao et al. 2009Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Daohugou Formation Middle Jurassic (Callovian), China
      • †Eoptychopterina baisica Kalugina, 1989Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Zaza Formation Early Cretaceous (Aptian), Russia
      • †Eoptychopterina camura Lukashevich et al., 2001Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Weald Clay Early Cretaceous (Hauterivian), United Kingdom
      • †Eoptychopterina daiensis Kalugina, 1989Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Glushkovo Formation Late Jurassic (Tithonian), Russia
      • †Eoptychopterina demissa Lukashevich et al., 2001Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Durlston Formation Early Cretaceous (Berriasian), United Kingdom
      • †Eoptychopterina dimidiata Lukashevich et al., 2001Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Durlston Formation Early Cretaceous (Berriasian), United Kingdom
      • †Eoptychopterina elenae Ren & Krzemiński 2002Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Daohugou Formation Middle Jurassic (Callovian), China
      • †Eoptychopterina glabra Lukashevich, 1993Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Itat Formation Middle Jurassic (Bathonian), Russia
      • †Eoptychopterina kaluginae Lukashevich, 2004Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Ulan Malgait Formation Late Jurassic (Tithonian), Mongolia
      • †Eoptychopterina karatavica Lukashevich, 1993Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Karabastau Formation Late Jurassic, Kazakhstan
      • †Eoptychopterina mediata Hao et al. 2009Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Daohugou Formation Middle Jurassic (Callovian), China
      • †Eoptychopterina omissa Lukashevich, 2004Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Karabastau Formation Late Jurassic, Kazakhstan
      • †Eoptychopterina petri Lukashevich, 2004Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Glushkovo Formation Late Jurassic (Tithonian), Russia
      • †Eoptychopterina postica Liu et al. 2012Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Daohugou Formation Middle Jurassic (Callovian), China
      • †Eoptychopterina rohdendorphi Kalugina, 1985Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Ichetuy Formation Late Jurassic (Oxfordian), Russia
      • †Eoptychopterina transbaicalica Kalugina, 1985Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Uda Formation Late Jurassic (Oxfordian/Kimmeridgian), Russia
      • †Eoptychopterina undensis Kalugina, 1989Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Glushkovo Formation Late Jurassic (Tithonian), Russia
    • †Leptychoptera Lukashevich & Azar 2003Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
      • †Leptychoptera subgenus (Burmaptychoptera) Lukashevich, 2004Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
        • †Leptychoptera (Burmaptychoptera) calva Lukashevich, 2004Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Burmese amber Mid Cretaceous (latest Albian-earliest Cenomanian), Myanmar
        • †Leptychoptera (Burmaptychoptera) reburra Lukashevich, 2004Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Burmese amber Mid Cretaceous (latest Albian-earliest Cenomanian), Myanmar
      • †Leptychoptera subgenus (Leptychoptera) Lukashevich & Azar, 2003Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
        • †Leptychoptera (Leptychoptera) dimkina Lukashevich & Azar, 2003Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Lebanese amber Early Cretaceous (Barremian) Lebanon
        • †Leptychoptera (Leptychoptera) vovkina Lukashevich & Azar, 2003Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Lebanese amber Early Cretaceous (Barremian) Lebanon
    • †Nedoptychoptera Lukashevich 1998Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
      • †Nedoptychoptera karatavica - Karabastau Formation Late Jurassic, Kazakhstan
    • †Neuseptychoptera Szadziewski et al. 2017Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • †subfamily Proptychopterininae Lukashevich, 1995Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • †Proptychopterina Kalugina, 1985Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
      • †Proptychopterina amota Lukashevich, 1993Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Itat Formation Middle Jurassic (Bathonian) Russia
      • †Proptychopterina evecta Lukashevich, 1993Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Karabastau Formation Late Jurassic Kazakhstan
      • †Proptychopterina gracilis Lukashevich, 1993Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Karabastau Formation Late Jurassic Kazakhstan
      • †Proptychopterina handlirschi Kalugina, 1985Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Itat Formation Middle Jurassic (Bathonian) Russia
      • †Proptychopterina immensa Lukashevich, 2000Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Khaya Formation Late Jurassic (Tithonian), Russia
      • †Proptychopterina makarova Lukashevich, 2000Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Makarova Formation Early Jurassic (Toarcian), Russia
      • †Proptychopterina mongolica Kalugina, 1988Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Ulaan-Ereg Formation Late Jurassic (Tithonian), Mongolia
      • †Proptychopterina oleynikovi Kalugina, 1989Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Glushkovo Formation Late Jurassic (Tithonian), Russia
      • †Proptychopterina opinata Lin & Lukashevich, 2006Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". -Daohugou Formation Middle Jurassic (Callovian), China
      • †Proptychopterina sharategica Kalugina, 1992Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Ulan Malgait Formation Late Jurassic (Tithonian), Mongolia
      • †Proptychopterina tenera Lukashevich, 2000Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Khaya Formation Late Jurassic (Tithonian), Russia
      • †Proptychopterina yeniseica Lukashevich, 1993Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Itat Formation Middle Jurassic (Bathonian) Russia
  • Subfamily Ptychopterinae Schiner 1864Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • †Brodilka Lukashevich et al. 2001Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
      • †Brodilka mitchelli Lukashevich et al. 2001Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Lulworth Formation Early Cretaceous (Berriasian) United Kingdom
    • Ptychoptera Meigen, 1803Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • †Sinoptychopterites Hong, 2002Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
      • †Sinoptychopterites paludus Hong, 2002Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Fushin amber (Ypresian), China
  • Subfamily incertae sedis
    • †Bolboia Kalugina, 1989Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
      • †Bolboia mira Kalugina, 1989Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Byankino Formation Late Jurassic (Tithonian), Russia
    • †Crenoptychoptera Kalugina, 1985Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
      • †Crenoptychoptera antica Kalugina, 1985Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Itat Formation Middle Jurassic (Bathonian) Russia
      • †Crenoptychoptera bavarica Krzemiński & Ansorge, 1995Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Solnhofen Formation Late Jurassic (Tithonian), Germany
      • †Crenoptychoptera conspecta Lukashevich, 1995Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Cheremkhovskaya Formation, Early Jurassic (Toarcian), Russia
      • †Crenoptychoptera decorosa Hao et al. 2009Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Daohugou Formation Middle Jurassic (Callovian), China
      • †Crenoptychoptera defossa Kalugina, 1985Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Itat Formation Middle Jurassic (Bathonian) Russia
      • †Crenoptychoptera dobbertinensis Ansorge, 1998Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Ciechocinek Formation Early Jurassic (Toarcian), Germany
      • †Crenoptychoptera gronskayae Kalugina, 1989Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Khaya Formation Late Jurassic (Tithonian), Russia
      • †Crenoptychoptera liturata Lukashevich, 2011Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Ulan Malgait Formation Late Jurassic (Tithonian), Mongolia
    • †Etoptychoptera Handlirsh 1910Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
      • †Etoptychoptera tertiaria Handlirsh 1910Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Allenby Formation (Ypresian), Canada

References

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Further reading

  • Borror, D.J., C.A. Triplehorn, & N.A. Johnson. 1989. An Introduction to the Study of Insects, Sixth edition. Saunders College Publishing.
  • Byers, G.W. & D.A. Rossman. 2004. Preliminary survey of the crane flies of Louisiana (Diptera: Tipulidae, Ptychopteridae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 106: 884–890.
  • Stubbs, A.E. 1993. Provisional Atlas of the Ptychopteroid Craneflies (Diptera: Ptychopteridae) of Britain and Ireland. Centre for Ecology and Hydrology.
  • Zwick, P. 2004. Fauna Europaea: Ptychopteridae. In: Fauna Europaea: Diptera: Nematocera. H. DeJong, ed.

External links

Template:Diptera Template:Taxonbar

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