Pseudo-anglicism
Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates A pseudo-anglicism is a word in another language that is formed from English elements and may appear to be English, but that does not exist as an English word with the same meaning.Template:Sfn[1]Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn
For example, English speakers traveling in France may be struck by the "number of anglicisms—or rather words that look English—which are used in a different sense than they have in English, or which do not exist in English (such as rallye-paper, shake-hand, baby-foot, or baby-parc)".[2]
This is different from a false friend, which is a word with a cognate that has a different main meaning; in some cases, pseudo-anglicisms become false friends.[3]
Definition and terminology
Pseudo-anglicisms are also called secondary anglicisms,Template:Sfn false anglicisms,Template:Sfn or pseudo-English.Template:Sfn
Pseudo-anglicisms are a kind of lexical borrowing where the source or donor language is English, but where the borrowing is reworked in the receptor or recipient language.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn
The precise definition varies. Duckworth defines pseudo-anglicisms in German as "neologisms derived from English language material."Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Furiassi includes words that may exist in English with a "conspicuously different meaning".Template:Sfn
Typology and mechanism
Pseudo-anglicisms can be created in various ways, such as by archaism, i.e., words that once had that meaning in English but are since abandoned; semantic slide, where an English word is used to mean something different than its English meaning; conversion of existing words from one part of speech to another; or recombinations by reshuffling English units.Template:Sfn
Onysko speaks of two types: pseudo-anglicisms and hybrid anglicisms. The common factor is that each type represents a neologism in the receptor language resulting from a combination of borrowed lexical items from English. Using German as the receptor language, an example of the first type is Wellfit-Bar, a combination of two English lexical units to form a new term in German, which does not exist in English, and which carries the meaning, "a bar that caters to the needs of health-starved people." An example of the second type, is a hybrid based on a German compound word, Weitsprung (long jump), plus the English 'coach', to create the new German word Weitsprung-Coach.Template:Sfn
According to Filipović, pseudo-anglicisms can be formed through compounding, suffixation, or ellipsis. For example, the Serbo-Croatian word Template:Lang-sr-Cyrl-Latn was created from the English word goal, which the word man was added to. Alternatively, suffixes such as Template:Lang-sr-Cyrl-Latn or Template:Lang-sr-Cyrl-Latn may be added to an English word to create a new word in Serbo-Croatian, such as Template:Lang-sr-Cyrl-Latn or Template:Lang-sr-Cyrl-Latn. Ellipsis may also occur, wherein a component of an English word is dropped, such as the suffix -ing; examples include Template:Lang-sr-Cyrl-Latn from boxing, or Template:Lang-sr-Cyrl-Latn from happy ending.Template:Sfn
Another process of word formation that can result in a pseudo-anglicism is a blend word, consisting of portions of two words, like brunch or smog. Rey-Debove & Gagnon attest tansad in French in 1919, from English tan[dem] + sad[dle].Template:Sfn
Scope
Pseudo-anglicisms can be found in many languages that have contact with English around the world, and are attested in nearly all European languages.Template:Sfn
The equivalent of pseudo-anglicisms derived from languages other than English also exist. For example, the English-language phrase "double entendre", while often believed to be French and pronounced in a French fashion, is not actually used in French. For other examples, see dog Latin, list of pseudo-French words adapted to English, and list of pseudo-German words adapted to English.
Examples
Many languages
Some pseudo-anglicisms are found in many languages and have been characterized as "world-wide pseudo-English",[4] often borrowed via other languages such as French or Italian:[5]
- autostop – hitchhiking in French,[6] Italian,[7] Czech, Polish, Serbo-Croatian, Greek οτοστόπ,[8] Russian автостоп, Spanish, Bulgarian, Romanian, Hungarian, etc.[9]
- basket – a shortening of basketball in French, Italian, Romanian baschet, Spanish básquet, Swedish, Turkish, etc. (also may refer to sneakers/trainers, e.g. in French and Romanian)
- camping – campsite or campground in French,[6] Dutch, Greek κάμπινγκ,[8] Bulgarian Script error: No such module "Lang".,[10] Russian ке́мпинг,[11] Czech and Polish kemping,[12] Portuguese,[13] Spanish, etc.
- smoking – dinner jacket, tuxedo, or smoking jacket in Danish,[14] French,[6] Czech, Portuguese,[15] German,[16] Italian,[17] Dutch, Greek σμόκιν,[8] Russian, etc.[9]
Korean
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Script error: No such module "labelled list hatnote".
- one shot – "bottoms up" (원샷 [wʌn.ɕjat̚])[18]
- hand phone – "cellphone" (핸드폰 [hɛn.dɯ.pon])[19]
- skinship – platonic hand-holding, hugging, etc. (스킨십; [sɯ.kʰin.ɕip̚])[20]
Romance
French
French includes many pseudo-anglicisms, including novel compounds (baby-foot), specifically compounds in -man (tennisman), truncations (foot), places in -ing (dancing meaning dancing-place, not the act of dancing), and a large variety of meaning shifts.[21]
- Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Sfn (m, pronounced Script error: No such module "IPA".) – table football
- Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Sfn – playpen
- Script error: No such module "Lang". – drinks in privileged company before a party, a.k.a. "pregame" (opposite of Script error: No such module "Lang".)
- Script error: No such module "Lang". – music quiz / 'name that tune'
- Script error: No such module "Lang". – blow-dry and styling[22][23]
- Script error: No such module "Lang". – high-rise building, tower block[22][6]
- Script error: No such module "Lang". – wifi router or parking space[21]
- Script error: No such module "Lang". – dance hall[21]
- Script error: No such module "Lang". (noun) - walk-in closet
- Script error: No such module "Lang". – a brief romance, flirtation, a boyfriend or girlfriend[6]
- Script error: No such module "Lang". – jogging (though the real English word is also used in French with the same meaning)
- Script error: No such module "Lang". – dry cleaning shop,
- Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Sfn – a "fox-and-hounds" like game, except with paper scraps instead of foxesTemplate:Sfn
- Script error: No such module "Lang". (m; pl: Script error: No such module "Lang".; f:Script error: No such module "Lang".) – record holder, especially in sports
- Script error: No such module "Lang". (verb) to make over; also: Script error: No such module "Lang". (n; masc.) – a makeover
- Script error: No such module "Lang". (noun) - velcro
- Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Sfn
- Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". (feminine) – radio or television announcer[21]
- Script error: No such module "Lang". – a wheelie
Italian
- autogrill (Script error: No such module "IPA".)[24] – rest area (used for any brand, not only for Autogrill chain)
- beauty farm[25] (Script error: No such module "IPA".) – spa
- The French borrowing bloc-notes (Script error: No such module "IPA".) is sometimes written in the pseudo-English form block-notes (Script error: No such module "IPA".)[26] – notebook
- jolly – the joker in a pack of cards[22][27]
- pullman – a bus[28]
- smart working Script error: No such module "IPA". – remote work, where "smart" is used referring to other devices with an Internet connection, such as smartphones and smartwatches.
- water (Script error: No such module "IPA".) - flush toilet (from English water closet)
Portuguese
Germanic
Danish
- babylift – baby transport/carrycot[32][22]
- butterfly – bow tie[33]
- cottoncoat – trench coat[34]
- cowboytoast – minced meat sandwich[35]
- doorstep – a short and informal press conference[36]
- monkeyclass – economy class[37]
- speedmarker – a felt-tip pen[38]
- stationcar – blend of station wagon (US) and estate car (UK)[39]
- timemanager – a calendar or notebook in which one writes down appointments (from the registered trademark Time Manager)[40]
Dutch
- beamer – a video projector (via German pseudo-anglicism Beamer)[41]Template:Better source needed
- box – a playpen[42] or a music speaker
- coffeeshop - a shop selling cannabis
- keycord – a lanyard
- oldtimer – a classic car
- touringcar – a coach (bus)
- videoclip – a music video
German
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". German pseudo anglicisms often have multiple valid and common ways of writing them, generally either hyphenated (Home-Office) or in one word (Homeoffice).[43]
- Beamer – a video projector[44]
- Bodybag – a messenger bag
- Dressman – a male model (Onysko calls this the 'canonical example' of a pseudo-anglicism.Template:Sfn)
- Flipper – a pinball machine[45]
- Funsport – a sport played for amusement, such as skateboarding or frisbee[22][46]
- Handy – a mobile phone[47]
- Jobticket – a free pass for public transport provided by an employer for employees[48]
- Oldtimer – an antique car[22]
- Shooting – a photoshoot[45]
- trampen (verb) – hitchhiking[49]
- mobbing – bullying
More examples:[50]
Norwegian
- hands – the offence of handball in association football[51]
- sixpence – Flat cap[52]
Swedish
- after work – a meeting for drinks after the workday is finished[53]
- backslick – a wet, combed-back hair style[54]
- mail – e‐mail[55]
- pocket – a paper-back book[56]
- public service – public broadcasting[57]
- speaker – an announcer (such as at sporting events)[58]
Slavic
Serbian
- Template:Lang-sr-Cyrl-Latn – crime boss[59]
- Template:Lang-sr-Cyrl-Latn – a person who bets, especially on sports and other competitions[59]
- Template:Lang-sr-Cyrl-Latn – goalkeeper[60]
- Template:Lang-sr-Cyrl-Latn – happy ending[60]
- Template:Lang-sr-Cyrl-Latn – classic car[61]
- Template:Lang-sr-Cyrl-Latn – stretch fabric[59]
Polish
Russian
- Script error: No such module "Lang". ("Clip maker") – music video directorTemplate:Sfn
- Script error: No such module "Lang". ("meeting") – rally, demonstration
- Script error: No such module "Lang". ("records man") – record holder
- Script error: No such module "Lang". ("strikeball")[63][64] – airsoft
- Script error: No such module "Lang". ("Face control") – the policy of screening people based on their appearanceScript error: No such module "Unsubst".
- Piar (Script error: No such module "Lang".), from PR for "public relations", came to mean all kind of promotion and related hype; extremely productive, see Script error: No such module "Lang". for derived words
Austronesian
Malaysian Malay
- action – boast; boastful[65]
- best – good[65][66]
- cable – personal connection or insider[65][67]
- power – great[65][66]
- sound – scold[65][66]
- spender – undergarment for lower body e.g. briefs and panties[65][66][67]
- terror – great[67]
Indonesian
- busway – TransJakarta bus; bus rapid transit[68]
- cross boy/girl – delinquent person[69]
- free sex – extramarital sex[70]
- hand body – hand & body lotion[71]
- handphone – mobile phone[69]
- healing – going on a vacation to heal mentally[72]
- magic com – multifunctional rice cooker[73]
- outbound – outdoor education or recreational activities[69]
- sorry-dorry-morry-strawberry – sorry not sorry; sorry[74]
- sound – sound reinforcement system[75]
- travel – inter-regional minibus service [76]
- win-win solution – win-win situation; win-win conflict resolution [77]
Other languages
Maltese
- goaler – goalkeeper[78]
See also
- Anglicism
- Barbarism (modern linguistics)
- Calque
- Denglisch
- False friend
- Language transfer
- Loanword
- List of pseudo-German words adapted to English
- List of pseudo-French words adapted to English
- Phono-semantic matching
- Wasei-eigo
References
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- ↑ Ilse Sørensen, English im deutschen Wortschatz, 1997, p. 18, as quoted in Onysko, 2007, p. 53: "words that look English, but which deviate from genuine English words either formally or semantically"
- ↑ Nicol Spence 1976, as quoted in Ayres-Bennett, 2014, p. 335
- ↑ Henrik Gottlieb, "Danish pseudo-Anglicisms: A corpus-based analysis", p. 65 in Furiassi 2015
- ↑ Broder Carstensen, "Euro-English", in Linguistics across historical and geographical boundaries: in honour of Jacek Fisiak..., 2, in Trends in Linguistics: Studies and Monographs 32, 1986, p. 831
- ↑ e.g., Λεξικό της κοινής Νεοελληνικής s.v. σμόκιν
- ↑ a b c d e Collins le Robert French Dictionary, 11th ed., 2020, s.v.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b c Georgios Babiniotis, Λεξικό της Νέας Ελληνικής Γλώσσας, 1998, s.v.
- ↑ a b Gorlach, 2001, s.v.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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- ↑ 'PONS Online Dictionary
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- ↑ Collins le Robert French Dictionary, 11th ed., 2020, s.v. (usage note)
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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- ↑ Cristiano Furiassi, "How jolly is the joker? Problemi di traducibilità dei falsi anglicismi" in the Atti del 5° congresso di studi dell’Associazione Italiana di Linguistica Applicata (AItLA). Bari, 17,18 febbraio 2005
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- ↑ Falsche Freunde, false friends – Englisch englisch-hilfen.de, see bottom section Pseudoanglizismen im Deutschen.
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- ↑ Template:Cite thesis
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Sources
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- Rosenhouse, Judith, Rotem Kowner, eds., Globally Speaking: Motives for Adopting English Vocabulary in Other Languages, 2008, Template:Isbn
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Further reading
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- James Stanlaw 2004, Japanese English: Language And The Culture Contact, Hong Kong University Press.
- Laura Miller 1997, "Wasei eigo: English ‘loanwords' coined in Japan" in The Life of Language: Papers in Linguistics in Honor of William Bright, edited by Jane Hill, P.J. Mistry and Lyle Campbell, Mouton/De Gruyter: The Hague, pp. 123–139.
- Geoff Parkes and Alan Cornell 1992, 'NTC's Dictionary of German False Cognates', National Textbook Company, NTC Publishing Group.
- Ghil'ad Zuckermann 2003, ‘‘Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew’’ Template:Webarchive, Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, (Palgrave Studies in Language History and Language Change, Series editor: Charles Jones). Template:ISBN.