Project Jefferson
Template:Short description Script error: No such module "For".
Project Jefferson was a covert U.S. Defense Intelligence Agency program designed to determine if the current anthrax vaccine was effective against genetically modified bacteria. The program's legal status under the 1972 Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) is disputed.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
History
The operation
Project Jefferson began in 1997[1] and was designed to reproduce a strain of genetically modified anthrax isolated by Russian scientists during the 1990s.[2] The goal was to determine whether or not the strain was resistant to the commercially available U.S. anthrax vaccine.[2]
Reportage
The project was disclosed in a September 4, 2001 article in The New York Times.[3][4] Reporters Judith Miller, Stephen Engelberg and William J. Broad collaborated to write the article.[3] It is presumed that the reporters had knowledge of the program for at least several months; shortly after the article appeared they published a book that detailed the story further.[3] The 2001 book, Germs: Biological Weapons and America's Secret War, and the article are the only publicly available sourcesScript error: No such module "Unsubst". detailing Project Jefferson and its sister projects, Bacchus and Clear Vision.[3]
Legality
Project Jefferson was operated by the Defense Intelligence Agency and reviewed by lawyers at the Pentagon.[4] Those lawyers determined that Project Jefferson was in line with the BWC.[4] Despite assertions from the Clinton and Bush administrations that the project, and its sisters, were legal, several international legal scholars disagreed.[2]
Notable was the fact that the clandestine program was omitted from BWC confidence-building measure (CBM) declarations.[2] These measures were introduced to the BWC in 1986 and 1991 to strengthen the treaty, the U.S. had long been a proponent of their value and some assertedScript error: No such module "Unsubst". that these tests damaged American credibility.[2] U.S. desire to keep such programs secret was, according to Bush administration officials, a "significant reason" that Bush rejected a draft agreement signed by 143 nations to strengthen the BWC.[4]
References
<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b c d e Tucker, Jonathan B. "Biological Threat Assessment: Is the Cure Worse Than the Disease? Script error: No such module "webarchive".", Arms Control Today, October 2004. Retrieved January 6, 2009.
- ↑ a b c d Enemark, Christian. Disease and Security: Natural Plagues and Biological Weapons in East Asia, (Google Books), Routledge, 2007, pp. 173-75, (Template:ISBN).
- ↑ a b c d Miller, Judith, Engelberg, Stephen and Broad, William J. "U.S. Germ Warfare Research Pushes Treaty Limits", The New York Times, September 4, 2001. Retrieved January 6, 2009.
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Further reading
- Miller, Judith, Engelberg, Stephen and Broad, William J. Germs: Biological Weapons and America's Secret War, (Google Books), Simon and Schuster, 2002, (Template:ISBN).
- Thor Duffin, The Jefferson Project, Steinwald Books, 2010, (Template:ISBN)