Potapovka culture

Potapovka culture (Template:Langx) was a Bronze Age culture which flourished on the middle Volga in 2100–1800 BC.

The Potapovka culture emerged from the Poltavka culture with influences from the Abashevo culture. It had close relations with the Sintashta culture in the east, with whom it shares many similarities. Like the Sintashta culture, its people are believed to have spoken a form of Proto-Indo-Iranian. It was directly ancestral to the Srubnaya culture, and probably influenced the emergence of the Andronovo culture.

Chronology

The Potapovka culture emerged on the middle Volga around 2100 BC.Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn It came to flourish around the middle Volga, the southwest Urals and western Kazakhstan.Template:Sfn Potapovka sites are eventually found also on the Don and the Dnieper.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn The Potapovka culture has been considered a western variant of the Sintashta culture,Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn with which it is closely related.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

The Potapovka culture is thought to have emerged as a northern outgrowth of the Poltavka culture, with possible influences from the Abashevo culture.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Influences from the Catacomb cultureTemplate:Sfn and the Multi-cordoned ware culture have also been detected.Template:Sfn It is considered to have been part of an eastward expansion of cultures originating on the Pontic steppe.Template:Sfn The expansion of the Potapovka culture, Sintashta culture and other cultures ultimately of Eastern European origin into western Kazakhstan and the southern Urals is believed to have occurred as an elite dominance migration.Template:Sfn

The Potapovka culture came to an end about 1800 BC.Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn The Potapovka culture and the Sintashta culture played major roles in the emergence of the Andronovo culture.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn The Andronovo culture is in turn considered ancestral to the Indo-Iranians.Template:Sfn The early phases of the Srubnaya culture grew out of the Potapovka cultureTemplate:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn and the late Abashevo culture.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

Characteristics

The Potapovka culture is especially distinguished by the presence of bone cheek-pieces for controlling horses.Template:Sfn One cheek-piece of the Potapovka culture was found to be decorated with a Mycenaean ornament.Template:Sfn The Potapovka culture has many similarities with the Sintashta culture and the earlier phases of the Andronovo culture. These similarities include animal sacrifices (horse burials), burial rituals, chariot-gear, cheek-pieces and ceramics.Template:Sfn

Burials

The Potapovka culture is primarily known from at least eleven kurgans that have been found. These contain around eighty burials. Potpovka kurgans measure around 24 to 30 m in diameter and stand up to half-a-meter in height. They typically contain chambers surrounded by small peripheral graves of large central burial chambers. Near the central burial complex, horses, cattle, sheep, goats and dogs may be found.Template:Sfn

Several Potapovka kurgans were constructed on top of earlier Poltavka kurgans, which they destroyed. According to David W. Anthony, this is hardly accidental, testifying to a "symbolic connection" between the Poltavka and Potapovka people.Template:Sfn

Potapovka grave goods includes decorated pottery, metal objects, bronze ornaments, and occasionally silver ornaments.Template:Sfn

Graves of the Potapovka culture are very similar to those of the Sintashta culture. They both contained paired horses and cheekpieces.

Pottery

Ceramics of the Potapovka culture are very similar to those of the Poltavka culture. The same feature is noted among the Sintashta culture.Template:Sfn Abashevo vessels have been found in Potapovka graves.Template:Sfn

Vehicles

Possible remains of wheels and wheeled vehicles have been observed in Potapovka remains.Template:Sfn Unlike for the Sintashta culture, spoked wheels have not been found in the Potapovka culture.

Weaponry

Major stone artifacts include flint arrowheads.Template:Sfn Weapons discovered at Potapovka sites are very similar to those described in the Vedas and the Avesta.Template:Sfn

Physical type

The Potapovka people were massively built Caucasoids/Europoids. Their skulls are similar to those of the Catacomb culture.Template:Efn

Potapovka skulls are less dolichocephalic than those of the Fatyanovo–Balanovo culture, Abashevo culture, Sintashta culture, Srubnaya culture and western Andronovo culture. The physical type of the Potapovka appears to have emerged through a mixture between the purely dolichocephalic type of the Sintashta, and the less dolichocephalic type of the Yamnaya culture and Poltavka culture.Template:Efn

Genetics

In a study published in Nature in 2015, the remains of three individuals of the Potapovka culture was surveyed. One male was found to be carrying haplogroup R1a1a1b and U2e1h, while the other carried haplogroup P1 and C1. The female carried haplogroup T1.

In a genetic study published in Science in 2018, the remains four individuals ascribed to the Potapovka culture was analyzed. Of the two males, one carried R1a1a1b2a2a and U2e1, while the other carried R1 and C. The two females carried U2e1a1 and H2a1e. People of the Potapovka culture were found to be closely related to people of the Corded Ware culture,Template:Efn the Sintashta culture, the Andronovo culture and the Srubnaya culture. These were found to harbor mixed ancestry from the Yamnaya culture and peoples of the Central European Middle Neolithic.Template:EfnTemplate:Efn The genetic data suggested that these related cultures were ultimately derived from a remigration of Central European peoples with steppe ancestry back into the steppe.Template:Efn

Linguistics

The Potapovka culture is thought to belong to an eastward migration of Indo-European-speakers who eventually emerged as the Indo-Iranians.Template:Sfn David W. Anthony considers the Potapovka culture and the Sintashta culture as archaeological manifestations of the early Indo-Iranian languages.Template:Sfn