Brittany (French: Bretagne, Breton: Breizh; Gallo: Bertaèyn) is a former independent duchy, later a province of France. It is also, more generally, the name of the cultural area whose limits correspond to the old province.
The historical province of Brittany was split between two modern-day regions of France. 80% of Brittany has become the region of Brittany, while the remaining 20% of Brittany (Loire-Atlantiquedépartement with its préfectureNantes, the old capital of the duchy of Brittany) has been grouped with other historical provinces (Anjou, Maine, and so on) to create the région of Pays-de-la-Loire (that is, "lands of the Loire"). For the reasons behind the splitting-up of Brittany, and the current debate around a reunification, see the Brittany article.
Brittany occupies a large peninsula in the northwest of France, lying between the English Channel to the north and the Bay of Biscay to the south. Its land area is 34,034 km² (13,137 sq. mi), which is about the same size as Taiwan, about 60% larger than Wales, and about 70% larger than Massachusetts.
In 2004 the population of Brittany is estimated at 4,200,000 inhabitants. 72% of these live in the Brittany region, while 28% of these live in the Pays-de-la-Loire region. At the 1999 census, the largest metropolitan areas were Nantes (711,120 inhabitants), Rennes (521,188 inhabitants), and Brest (303,484 inhabitants). Read more...
October 2005
File:Fusillade.jpgGenerals Lecomte and Thomas being shot in Montmartre after their troops join the rebellion: a photographic reconstruction, not an actual photograph
The Communards’ Wall (F.: Mur des Fédérés) at the Père Lachaisecemetery is where, on May 28, 1871, one-hundred forty-seven fédérés, combatants of the Paris Commune, were shot and thrown in an open trench at the foot of the wall.
To the Frenchleft, especially socialists and communists, the wall became the symbol of the people’s struggle for their liberty and ideals. Many leaders of the French Communist Party, especially those involved in the French resistance, are buried nearby.
During the spring of 1871 the last of the combatants of the Commune entrenched themselves in the cemetery. The Armée versaillaise, which was summoned to suppress the Commune, had control over the area towards the end of the afternoon of May 28, and shot all of the prisoners against the wall.
The massacre of the Communards did not put an end to the repression. During the fighting between 20,000 and 35,000 deaths, and more than 43,000 prisoners were taken; afterwards, a military court pronounced about a hundred death sentences, more than 13,000 prison sentences, and close to 4,000 deportations to New Caledonia. Read more...
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (French: La Déclaration des droits de l'Homme et du citoyen) is one of the fundamental documents of the French Revolution, defining a set of individual rights and collective rights of the people. It was adopted August 26, 1789, by the National Constituent Assembly (Assemblée nationale constituante), as the first step toward writing a constitution. It sets forth fundamental rights not only of French citizens but acknowledges these rights to all men without exception:
"First Article – Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions can be founded only on the common utility."
The principles set forth in the declaration are of constitutional value in present-day French law and may be used to oppose legislation or other government activities. Read more...
Although France regained the islands in 1783, by 1793, British hostility to the French Revolution and the fact that France had declared war with Britain led to another British attack on the islands and the deportation of the entire population. Read more...
