Population growth

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Template:Short description

File:Population-growth-rate-2023-OWID.png
Population growth rate (2023, Our World in Data)[1]
File:Absolute increase in global population per year, OWID.svg
Absolute increase in global human population per year[2]

Population growth is the increase in the number of people in a population or dispersed group. The global population has grown from 1 billion in 1800 to 8.2 billion in 2025.[3] Actual global human population growth amounts to around 70 million annually, or 0.85% per year. As of 2024, The United Nations projects that global population will peak in the mid-2080s at around 10.3 billion. The UN's estimates have decreased strongly in recent years due to sharp declines in global birth rates.[4] Others have challenged many recent population projections as having underestimated population growth.[5]

The world human population has been growing since the end of the Black Death, around the year 1350.[6] A mix of technological advancement that improved agricultural productivity[7] and sanitation and medical advancement that reduced mortality increased population growth. In some geographies, this has slowed through the process called the demographic transition, where many nations with high standards of living have seen a significant slowing of population growth. This is in direct contrast with less developed contexts, where population growth is still happening.[8] Globally, the rate of population growth has declined from a peak of 2.2% per year in 1963.[9]

Population growth alongside increased consumption is a driver of environmental concerns, such as biodiversity loss and climate change,[10][11] due to overexploitation of natural resources for human development.[12] Hence, population reduction is discussed as a sustainability strategy, though its potential is limited to allow free individual life choices.[13] International policy focused on mitigating the impact of human population growth is concentrated in the Sustainable Development Goals which seeks to improve the standard of living globally while reducing the impact of society on the environment while advancing human well-being.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Population[14]
Years
passed 		Year Pop.
(billions)
– 1800 1
127 1927 2
33 1960 3
14 1974 4
13 1987 5
12 1999 6
12 2011 7
11 2022 8
12 2035* 9
20 2055* 10
35 2088* 11
*World Population Prospects 2017
(United Nations Population Division)

History

File:Human population since 1800.png
World human population estimates from 1800 to 2100, with estimated range of future population after 2020 based on "high" and "low" scenarios. Data from the United Nations projections in 2019.
File:Population curve.svg
Estimated size of human population from 10,000 BCE to 2000 CE

World population has been rising continuously since the end of the Black Death, around the year 1350.[6] Population began growing rapidly in the Western world during the industrial revolution. The most significant increase in the world's population has been since the 1950s, mainly due to medical advancements[15] and increases in agricultural productivity.[16][17]

Haber process

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Due to its dramatic impact on the human ability to grow food, the Haber process, named after one of its inventors, the German chemist Fritz Haber, served as the "detonator of the population explosion", enabling the global population to increase from 1.6 billion in 1900 to 7.7 billion by November 2019.[18]

Thomas McKeown hypotheses

Some of the reasons for the "Modern Rise of Population"[19] were particularly investigated by the British health scientist Thomas McKeown (1912–1988). In his publications, McKeown challenged four theories about the population growth:

  1. McKeown stated that the growth in Western population, particularly surging in the 19th century, was not so much caused by an increase in fertility, but largely by a decline of mortality particularly of childhood mortality followed by infant mortality,[20][21]
  2. The decline of mortality could largely be attributed to rising standards of living, whereby McKeown put most emphasis on improved nutritional status,
  3. McKeown questioned the effectiveness of public health measures, including sanitary reforms, vaccination and quarantine,[22]
  4. The “McKeown thesis" states that curative medicine measures played little role in mortality decline, not only prior to the mid-20th century[20] but also until well into the 20th century.[23]

Although the McKeown thesis has been heavily disputed, recent studies have confirmed the value of his ideas.[24] His work is pivotal for present day thinking about population growth, birth control, public health and medical care. McKeown had a major influence on many population researchers, such as health economists and Nobel prize winners Robert W. Fogel (1993) and Angus Deaton (2015). The latter considered McKeown as "the founder of social medicine".[25]

Growth rate models

The "population growth rate" is the rate at which the number of individuals in a population increases in a given time period, expressed as a fraction of the initial population. Specifically, population growth rate refers to the change in population over a unit time period, often expressed as a percentage of the number of individuals in the population at the beginning of that period. This can be written as the formula, valid for a sufficiently small time interval:

Population growth rate=P(t2)−P(t1)P(t1)(t2−t1)

A positive growth rate indicates that the population is increasing, while a negative growth rate indicates that the population is decreasing. A growth ratio of zero indicates that there were the same number of individuals at the beginning and end of the period—a growth rate may be zero even when there are significant changes in the birth rates, death rates, immigration rates, and age distribution between the two times.[26]

A related measure is the net reproduction rate. In the absence of migration, a net reproduction rate of more than 1 indicates that the population of females is increasing, while a net reproduction rate less than one (sub-replacement fertility) indicates that the population of females is decreasing.

Most populations do not grow exponentially, rather they follow a logistic model. Once the population has reached its carrying capacity, it will stabilize and the exponential curve will level off towards the carrying capacity, which is usually when a population has depleted most its natural resources.[27] In the world human population, growth may be said to have been following a linear trend throughout the last few decades.[9]

File:Logistic growth graph (population ecology).JPG
The logistic growth of a population

Logistic equation

The growth of a population can often be modelled by the logistic equation[28]

dPdt=rP(1−PK),

where

  • P(t) = the population after time t;
  • t = time a population grows;
  • r = the relative growth rate coefficient;
  • K = the carrying capacity of the population; defined by ecologists as the maximum population size that a particular environment can sustain.[27]

As it is a separable differential equation, the population may be solved explicitly, producing a logistic function:

P(t)=K1+Ae−rt,

where A=K−P0P0 and P0 is the initial population at time 0.

Global population growth rate

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File:Countriesbyfertilityrate.svg
A world map showing global variations in fertility rate per woman according to the CIA World Factbook's 2021 data <templatestyles src="Col-begin/styles.css"/>
File:World population (UN).svg
Estimates of population evolution in different continents between 1950 and 2050 according to the United Nations. The vertical axis is logarithmic and is in millions of people. (2011)
File:World population growth rate 1950–2050.svg
World population growth rates between 1950 and 2050

The world population growth rate peaked in 1963 at 2.2% per year and subsequently declined.[9] In 2017, the estimated annual growth rate was 1.1%.[29] The CIA World Factbook gives the world annual birthrate, mortality rate, and growth rate as 1.86%, 0.78%, and 1.08% respectively.[30] The last 100 years have seen a massive fourfold increase in the population, due to medical advances, lower mortality rates, and an increase in agricultural productivity made possible by the Green Revolution.[31]

The annual increase in the number of living humans peaked at 88.0 million in 1989, then slowly declined to 73.9 million in 2003, after which it rose again to 75.2 million in 2006. In 2017, the human population increased by 83 million.[29] Generally, developed nations have seen a decline in their growth rates in recent decades, though annual growth rates remain above 2% in some countries of the Middle East and Sub-Saharan Africa, and also in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Latin America.[32]

In some countries the population is declining, especially in Eastern Europe, mainly due to low fertility rates, high death rates and emigration. In Southern Africa, growth is slowing due to the high number of AIDS-related deaths. Some Western Europe countries might also experience population decline.[33] Japan's population began decreasing in 2005.[34]

The United Nations Population Division projects world population to reach 11.2 billion by the end of the 21st century. The Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation projects that the global population will peak in 2064 at 9.73 billion and decline to 8.89 billion in 2100. [35] A 2014 study in Science concludes that the global population will reach 11 billion by 2100, with a 70% chance of continued growth into the 22nd century.[36][37] The German Foundation for World Population reported in December 2019 that the global human population grows by 2.6 people every second, and could reach 8 billion by 2023.[38][39]

Growth by country

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File:Comparing Population Growth By Country's Development, 2002.svg
The majority of world population growth today is occurring in less developed countries.

According to United Nations population statistics, the world population grew by 30%, or 1.6 billion humans, between 1990 and 2010.[40] In number of people the increase was highest in India (350 million) and China (196 million). Population growth rate was among highest in the United Arab Emirates (315%) and Qatar (271%).[40]

Growth rates of the world's most populous countries
Rank Country Population Annual Growth (%)
1990 2010 2020 (est.)[41] 1990–2010 2010–2020
World 5,306,425,000 6,895,889,000 7,503,828,180 1.3% 0.8%
1 Template:Flagicon China 1,139,060,000 1,341,335,000 1,384,688,986 0.8% 0.3%
2 Template:Flagicon India 873,785,000 1,224,614,000 1,333,000,000 1.7% 0.9%
3 Template:Flagicon United States 253,339,000 310,384,000 329,256,465 1.0% 0.6%
4 Template:Flagicon Indonesia 184,346,000 239,871,000 262,787,403 1.3% 0.9%
5 Template:Flagicon Brazil 149,650,000 194,946,000 208,846,892 1.3% 0.7%
6 Template:Flagicon Pakistan 111,845,000 173,593,000 207,862,518 2.2% 1.8%
7 Template:Flagicon Nigeria 97,552,000 158,423,000 203,452,505 2.5% 2.5%
8 Template:Flagicon Bangladesh 105,256,000 148,692,000 159,453,001 1.7% 0.7%
9 Template:Flagicon Russia 148,244,000 142,958,000 142,122,776 −0.2% −0.1%
10 Template:Flagicon Japan 122,251,000 128,057,000 126,168,156 0.2% −0.1%

Many of the world's countries, including many in Sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East, South Asia and South East Asia, have seen a sharp rise in population since the end of the Cold War. The fear is that high population numbers are putting further strain on natural resources, food supplies, fuel supplies, employment, housing, etc. in some of the less fortunate countries. For example, the population of Chad has ultimately grown from 6,279,921 in 1993 to 10,329,208 in 2009,[42] further straining its resources. Vietnam, Mexico, Nigeria, Egypt, Ethiopia, and the DRC are witnessing a similar growth in population.

The following table gives some example countries or territories:

Country/territory Population in Life expectancy
in years (2008) 		Total population
growth from 1960s
to 2007–2011
1967 1990 1994 2002 2008
Template:Flagicon Eritrea* N/A* N/A* 3,437,000[43] 4,298,269 5,673,520[44] 61[45] 2,236,520
Template:Flagicon Ethiopia* 23,457,000*[46] 50,974,000* [47] 54,939,000[43] 67,673,031(2003) 79,221,000[48] 55[45] 55,764,000
Template:Flagicon Sudan 14,355,000†[46] 25,204,000† [47] 27,361,000†[43] 38,114,160 (2003)† 42,272,000†[44] 50†[45] 27,917,000
Template:Flagicon Chad 3,410,000[46] 5,679,000[47] 6,183,000[43] 9,253,493(2003) 10,329,208 (2009)[42] 47[45] 6,919,205
Template:Flagicon Niger 3,546,000[46] 7,732,000[47] 8,846,000[43] 10,790,352 (2001) 15,306,252 (2009)[49] 44[45] 11,760,252
Template:Flagicon Nigeria 61,450,000[46] 88,500,000[47] 108,467,000[43] 129,934,911 158,259,000[44] 47[45] 96,809,000
Template:Flagicon Mali 4,745,000[46] 8,156,000[47] 10,462,000[43] 11,340,480 14,517,176(2010)[50] 50[45] 9,772,176
Template:Flagicon Mauritania 1,050,000[46] 2,025,000 [47] 2,211,000[43] 2,667,859 (2003) 3,291,000 (2009)[42] 54[45] 2,241,000
Template:Flagicon Senegal 3,607,000[46] 7,327,000[47] 8,102,000[43] 9,967,215 13,711,597 (2009)[51] 57[45] 10,104,597
Template:Flagicon Gambia 343,000[46] 861,000[47] 1,081,000[43] 1,367,124 (2000) 1,705,000[44] 55[45] 1,362,000
Template:Flagicon Algeria 11,833,126 [46] 25,012,000[47] 27,325,000 [43] 32,818,500 (2003) 34,895,000[48][52] 74[45] 23,061,874
Template:Flagicon The DRC/Zaire 16,353,000[46] 35,562,000[47] 42,552,000[43] 55,225,478 (2003) 70,916,439 [48][53] 54[45] 54,563,439
Template:Flagicon Egypt 30,083,419 [46] 53,153,000[47] 58,326,000[43] 70,712,345 (2003) 79,089,650 [48][54] 72[45] 49,006,231
Template:Flagicon Réunion
(overseas region of France)		 418,000[46] N/A[47] N/A[43] 720,934 (2003) 827,000 (2009) [44] N/A[45] 409,000
Template:Flagicon Falkland Islands
(British Overseas Territory)		 2,500[46] N/A[47] N/A[43] 2,967 (2003) 3,140(2010)[55] N/A[45] 640
Template:Flagicon Chile 8,935,500[46] 13,173,000[47] 13,994,000[43] 15,116,435 17,224,200 (2011) 77[45] 8,288,700
Template:Flagicon Colombia 19,191,000[46] 32,987,000[47] 34,520,000[43] 41,088,227 45,925,397 (2010)[56] 73[45] 26,734,397
Template:Flagicon Brazil 85,655,000[46] 150,368,000[47] 153,725,000[43] 174,468,575 (2000) 190,732,694 (2010) [57] 72[45] 105,077,694
Template:Flagicon Mexico 45,671,000[46] 86,154,000[47] 93,008,000[43] 103,400,165 (2000) 112,322,757 (2010)[58] 76[45] 66,651,757
Template:Flagicon Fiji 476,727 (1966)[46] 765,000[47] 771,000[43] 844,330 (2001) 849,000[52] (2010) 70[45] 372,273
Template:Flagicon Nauru 6,050 [46] 10,000[47] N/A[43] 12,329 9,322 (2011)[59] N/A[45] 3,272
Template:Flagicon Jamaica 1,876,000[46] 2,420,000[47] 2,429,000[43] 2,695,867 (2003) 2,847,232[60](2010) 74[45] 971,232
Template:Flagicon Australia 11,540,764 [46] 17,086,000[47] 17,843,000[43] 19,546,792 (2003) Expression error: Unexpected < operator.[61] (2010) 82[45] 10,066,508
Template:Flagicon Albania 1,965,500 (1964)[46] 3,250,000[47] 3,414,000[43] 3,510,484 2,986,952 (July 2010 est.)[42][62] 78[45] 1,021,452
Template:Flagicon Poland 31,944,000[46] 38,180,000[47] 38,554,000[43] 38,626,349 (2001) 38,192,000 (2010)[63] 75[45] 6,248,000
Template:Flagicon Hungary 10,212,000[46] 10,553,000[47] 10,261,000[43] 10,106,017 9,979,000 (2010)[64] 73[45] -142,000
Template:Flagicon Bulgaria 8,226,564 (1965)[46] 8,980,000[47] 8,443,000[43] 7,707,495(2000) 7,351,234 (2011)[65] 73[45] -875,330
Template:Flagicon United Kingdom 55,068,000 (1966)[46] 57,411,000[47] 58,091,000[43] 58,789,194 62,008,048 (2010)[66] 79[45] 7,020,048
Template:Flagicon Ireland 2,884,002 (1966)[46] 3,503,000[47] 3,571,000[43] 3,840,838 (2000) 4,470,700[67] (2010) 78[45] 1,586,698
Template:Flagicon People's Republic of China 720,000,000[46] 1,139,060,000[47] 1,208,841,000[43] 1,286,975,468 (2004) 1,339,724,852 (2010)[68] 73[45] 619,724,852
Template:Flagicon Japan‡ 98,274,961 (1965)[46] 123,537,000[47] 124,961,000[43] 127,333,002 127,420,000 (2010)[69] 82[45] 28,123,865
Template:Flagicon India# 511,115,000[46] 843,931,000[47] 918,570,000[43] 1,028,610,328 (2001) 1,210,193,422 (2011)[70] 69[45] 699,078,422
Template:Flagicon Singapore 1,956,000 (1967)[46] 3,003,000 (1990) [47] 2,930,000 (1994)[43] 4,452,732 (2002) 5,076,700 (2010)[71] 82 (2008)[45] 3,120,700
Template:Flagicon Monaco 24,000 (1967)[46] 29,000 (1990) [47] N/A (1994)[43] 31,842 (2000) 35,586[72] (2010) (2008)[45] 11,586
Template:Flagicon Greece 8,716,000 (1967)[46] 10,123,000 (1990) [47] 10,426,000 (1994)[43] 10,964,020 (2001)[73] 11,305,118 (2011)[74] N/A (2008)[45] 2,589,118
Template:Flagicon Faroe Islands
(Danish dependency)		 38,000 (1967)[46] N/A (1990) [47] N/A (1994)[43] 46,345 (2000) 48,917 (2010) [75] N/A (2008)[45] 18,917
Template:Flagicon Liechtenstein 20,000 (1967)[46] 29,000 (1990) [47] N/A (1994)[43] 33,307 (2000) 35,789 (2009)[76] (2008)[45] 15,789
Template:Flagicon South Korea 29,207,856 (1966)[46] 42,793,000 (1990) [47] 44,453,000 (1994)[43] 48,324,000 (2003) 48,875,000 (2010) [77] (2008)[45] 19,667,144
Template:Flagicon North Korea 12,700,000 (1967)[46] 21,773,000 (1990) [47] 23,483,000 (1994)[43] 22,224,195 (2002) 24,051,218 (2010)[78] (2008)[45] 11,351,218
Template:Flagicon Brunei 107,200 (1967)[46] 266,000 (1990) [47] 280,000 (1994)[43] 332,844 (2001) 401,890 (2011)[79] 76 (2008)[45] 306,609
Template:Flagicon Malaysia 10,671,000 (1967)[46] 17,861,000 (1990) [47] 19,489,000 (1994)[43] 21,793,293 (2002) 27,565,821 (2010)[80] (2008)[45] 16,894,821
Template:Flagicon Thailand 32,680,000 (1967)[46] 57,196,000 (1990) [47] 59,396,000 (1994)[43] 60,606,947 (2000)[81] 63,878,267 (2011)[82] (2008)[45] 31,198,267
Template:Flagicon Lebanon 2,520,000 (1967)[46] 2,701,000 (1990) [47] 2,915,000 (1994)[43] 3,727,703[83] (2003) 4,224,000[44] (2009) - (2008)[45]
Template:Flagicon Syria 5,600,000 (1967)[46] 12,116,000 (1990) [47] 13,844,000 (1994)[43] 17,585,540 (2003) 22,457,763 (2011)[84] -(2008)[45]
Template:Flagicon Bahrain 182,00 (1967)[46] 503,000 (1990) [47] 549,000 (1994)[43] 667,238 (2003) 1,234,596[85] (2010) 75 (2008)[45]
Template:Flagicon Sri Lanka 11,741,000 (1967)[46] 16,993,000 (1990) [47] 17,685,000 (1994)[43] 19,607,519 (2002) 20,238,000[52] (2009) - (2008)[45]
Template:Flagicon Switzerland 6,050,000 (1967)[46] 6.712,000 (1990) [47] 6,994,000 (1994)[43] 7,261,200 (2002) 7,866,500[86] (2010) - (2008)[45]
Template:Flagicon Luxembourg 335,000 (1967)[46] 381,000 (1990) [47] 401,000 (1994)[43] 439,539 (2001) 511,840 (2011)[87] - (2008)[45]
Template:Flagicon Romania 19,105,056 (1966)[46] 23,200,000 (1990)[47] 22,736,000 (1994)[43] 21,680,974 (2002) 21,466,174[88] (2011) - (2008)[45]
Template:Flagicon Niue
(associated state of New Zealand)		 1,900 (1966)[46] N/A (1990)[47] N/A (1994)[43] 2,134 (2002) 1,398 (2009)[89] N/A (2008)[45] -502
Template:Flagicon Tokelau
(New Zealand territory)		 5,194 (1966)[46] N/A (1990)[47] N/A (1994)[43] 1,445 (2001) 1,416 (2009) N/A (2008)[45] -3,778
Template:Flagicon Jamaica 1,876,000 (1967)[46] 2,420,000 (1990) [47] 2,429,000 (1994)[43] 2,695,867 (2003) 2,847,232[60] (2010) 74 (2008)[45] 971,232
Template:Flagicon Argentina 32,031,000 (1967)[46] 32,322,000 (1990)[47] 34,180,000 (1994)[43] 37,812,817 (2002) 40,091,359 (2010) 74 (2008)[45] 8,060,359
Template:Flagicon France 49,890,660 (1967)[46] 56,440,000 (1990)[47] 57,747,000 (1994)[43] 59,551,000 (2001) 63,136,180 (2011)[90] 81 (2008)[45]
Template:Flagicon Italy 52,334,000 (1967)[46] 57,662,000 (1990)[47] 57,193,000 (1994)[43] 56,995,744 (2002) 60,605,053[91] (2011) 80 (2008)[45]
Template:Flagicon Mauritius 774,000 (1967)[46] 1,075,000 (1990)[47] 1,104,000 (1994)[43] 1,179,137 (2000) 1,288,000 (2009)[52] 75 (2008)[45] 514,000
Template:Flagicon Guatemala 4,717,000 (1967)[46] 9,197,000 (1990)[47] 10,322,000 (1994)[43] 12,974,361 (2000) 13,276,517 (2009) 70 (2008)[45] 8,559,517
Template:Flagicon Cuba 8,033,000 (1967)[46] 10,609,000 (1990)[47] 10,960,000 (1994)[43] 11,177,743 (2002) 11,239,363 (2009)[92] 77 (2008)[45]
Template:Flagicon Barbados 246,000 (1967)[46] 255,000 (1990) [47] 261,000 (1994)[43] 250,012 (2001) 284,589 (2010)[42] 73 (2008)[45] 18,589
Template:Flagicon Samoa 131,377 (1967)[46] 164,000 (1990) [47] 164,000 (1994)[43] 178,173 (2003) 179,000 (2009)[44] N/A (2008)[45]
Template:Flagicon Sweden 7,765,981 (1967)[46] 8,559,000 (1990) [47] 8,794,000 (1994)[43] 8,920,705 (2002) 9,354,462 (2009) 81 (2008)[45]
Template:Flagicon Finland 4,664,000 (1967)[46] 4,986,000 (1990) [47] 5,095,000 (1994)[43] 5,175,783 (2002) 5,374,781 (2010) N/A (2008)[45]
Template:Flagicon Portugal 9,440,000 (1967)[46] 10,525,000 (1990)[47] 9,830,000 (1994)[43] 10,355,824 (2001) 10,647,763[93] (2011) N/A (2008)[45]
Template:Flagicon Austria 7,323,981 (1967)[46] 7,712,000 (1990) [47] 8,031,000 (1994)[43] 8,032,926 (2001) 8,404,252 (2011) N/A (2008)[45]
Template:Flagicon Libya 1,738,000 (1967)[46] 4,545,000 (1990)[47] 5,225,000(1994)[43] 5,499,074 (2002) 6,420,000 (2009)[44] 77 (2008)[45]
Template:Flagicon Peru 12,385,000 (1967)[46] 21,550,000 (1990)[47] 23,080,000(1994)[43] 27,949,639 (2002) 29,496,000 (2010) 70 (2008)[45]
Template:Flagicon Guinea Bissau 528,000 (1967)[46] 965,000 (1990) [47] 1,050,000 (1994)[43] 1,345,479 (2002) 1,647,000[44] (2009) 48 (2008)[45]
Template:Flagicon Angola 5,203,066 (1967)[46] 10,020,000 (1990)[47] 10,674,000 (1994)[43] 10,766,500 (2003) 18,498,000[52][94] (2009) 38 (2008)[45]
Template:Flagicon Equatorial Guinea 277,000 (1967)[46] 348,000 (1990)[47] 389,000 (1994)[43] 474,214 (2000) 676,000 (2009)[52] 61 (2008)[45]
Template:Flagicon Benin 2,505,000 (1967)[46] 4,736,000 (1990)[47] 5,246,000 (1994)[43] 8,500,500 (2002) 8,791,832 (2009) 59 (2008)[45]
Template:Flagicon Laos 2,770,000 (1967)[46] 4,139,000 (1990)[47] 4,742,000 (1994)[43] 5,635,967 (2002) 6,800,000[95] (2011) 56 (2008)[45]
Template:Flagicon Nepal 10,500,000 (1967)[46] 18,961,000 (1990)[47] 21,360,000 (1994)[43] 25,284,463 (2002) 29,331,000[52] (2009) - (2008)[45]
Template:Flagicon Iran 25,781,090 (1966)[46] 54,608,000 (1990)[47] 59,778,000 (1994)[43] 66,622,704 (2002) 75,330,000 (2010)[96] 71 (2008)[45] 49,548,910
Template:Flagicon Canada 20,014,880 (1966)[46] 26,603,000 (1990)[47] 29,248,000(1994)[43] 31,081,900 (2001) 32,623,490 (2011)[97] 81 (2008)[45]
Template:Flagicon United States 199,118,000 (1967)[46] 249,995,000 (1990)[47] 260,650,00(1994)[43] 281,421,906 (2000) 308,745,538 (2010)[98] 78 (2008)[45]
Template:Flagicon Uganda 7,931,000 (1967)[46] 18,795,000 (1990)[47] 20,621,000 (1994)[43] 24,227,297 (2002) 32,369,558 (2009) 52 (2008)[45]
Notes
* Eritrea left Ethiopia in 1991.
† Split into the nations of Sudan and South Sudan during 2011.
‡ Japan and the Ryukyu Islands merged in 1972.
# India and Sikkim merged in 1975.
Population growth 1990–2012 (%)[99]
Africa 73.3%
Middle East 68.2%
Asia (excl. China) 42.8%
China 19.0%
OECD Americas 27.9%
Non-OECD Americas 36.6%
OECD Europe 11.5%
OECD Asia Oceania 11.1%
Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia −0.8%

Future population

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See also

References

Template:Reflist

External links

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  7. ↑ Hopfenberg, Russell. "An expansion of the demographic transition model: the dynamic link between agricultural productivity and population." Biodiversity 15.4 (2014): 246–254.
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  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ United Nations Environment Programme (2021). Making Peace with Nature: A scientific blueprint to tackle the climate, biodiversity and pollution emergencies. Nairobi. https://www.unep.org/resources/making-peace-nature
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  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Armelagos, George J., Alan H. Goodman, and Kenneth H. Jacobs. "The origins of agriculture: Population growth during a period of declining health." Population and Environment 13.1 (1991): 9-22.
  17. ↑ Taiz, Lincoln. "Agriculture, plant physiology, and human population growth: past, present, and future." Theoretical and Experimental Plant Physiology 25 (2013): 167-181.
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  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  23. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  24. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  25. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  26. ↑ Association of Public Health Epidemiologists in Ontario Template:Webarchive
  27. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  28. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  29. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  30. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  31. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  32. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  33. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  34. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  35. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  36. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  37. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  38. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  39. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  40. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  41. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  42. ↑ a b c d e Barbados: People. World Factbook of CIA
  43. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx The British Collins Longman Student Atlas, the 1996 and in 1998 publications, Template:ISBN for the 1998 edition, Template:ISBN for the 1996 edition
  44. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". NB: The preliminary results of the National population census in Guinea-Bissau put the figure at 1,449,230, according to email information by the Instituto Nacional de Estudos e Pesquisa, Bissau.
  45. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx 'Modern School Atlas (96th edition)', Template:ISBN.
  46. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw The British Oxford economic atlas of the World 4th edition, Template:ISBN
  47. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw The British Collins Atlas of the World, the 1993 edition, Template:ISBN
  48. ↑ a b c d Ethiopia Central Statistics Office -- Population Projection for mid-2008 Template:Webarchive
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  50. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  51. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  52. ↑ a b c d e f g Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".Template:Dead linkTemplate:Cbignore
  53. ↑ The World Factbook- Congo, Democratic Republic of the. Central Intelligence Agency.
  54. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  55. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  56. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  57. ↑ IBGE. Censo 2010: população do Brasil é de 190.732.694 pessoas.
  58. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  59. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  60. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  61. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". The population estimate shown is automatically calculated daily at 00:00 UTC and is based on data obtained from the population clock on the date shown in the citation.
  62. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  63. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  64. ↑ Hungarian Central Statistical Office. Retrieved 25 July 2010.
  65. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  66. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  67. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  68. ↑ Communiqué of the National Bureau of Statistics of People's Republic of China on Major Figures of the 2010 Population Census Template:Webarchive
  69. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  70. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  71. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  72. ↑ Monaco, The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 7 June 2010.
  73. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  74. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  75. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". (Faroese)
  76. ↑ Bevölkerungsstatistik 30. Juni 2009 Template:Webarchive, Landesverwaltung Liechtenstein.
  77. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  78. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  79. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  80. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  81. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  82. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  83. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  84. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  85. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  86. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  87. ↑ "Population: 511 840 habitants au 1er janvier 2011", Le Portail des statistiques: Grand-Duché de Luxembourg, 3 May 2011. Template:In lang Retrieved 4 May 2011.
  88. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  89. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  90. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  91. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  92. ↑ Anuario Estadístico de Cuba 2009. Edición 2010 Template:Webarchive, Oficina Nacional de Estadísticas, República de Cuba. Accessed on 6 November, 2010. Note: An exchange rate of 1 CUC to 1.08 USD was used to convert GDP.[1]
  93. ↑ Pordata, "Base de Dados Portugal Contemporâneo". Accessed on 7 March 2011.
  94. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  95. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  96. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  97. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  98. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  99. ↑ CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion Template:Webarchive Population 1971–2014 IEA (PDF Page 74, marked page 72)
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