Omaha–Ponca language

Template:Short description Template:Template other Template:Infobox ethnonym Omaha–Ponca is a Siouan language spoken by the Omaha (Umoⁿhoⁿ) people of Nebraska and the Ponca (Paⁿka) people of Oklahoma and Nebraska. The two dialects differ minimally but are considered distinct languages by their speakers.

Use and revitalization efforts

As of 2008, there are only 50 fluent speakers of Omaha and 35 fluent speakers of Ponca. All fluent speakers are elderly.

The University of Nebraska offers classes in the Omaha language, and its Omaha Language Curriculum Development Project (OLCDP) provides Internet-based materials for learning the language. A February 2015 article gives the number of fluent speakers as 12, all over age 70, which includes two qualified teachers; the Tribal Council estimates about 150 people have some ability in the language. The language is taught at the Umónhon Nation Public School. An Omaha Basic iPhone app has been developed by the Omaha Nation Public Schools (UNPS) and the Omaha Language Cultural Center (ULCC). Members of the Osage Nation of Oklahoma have expressed an interest in partnerships to use the language as a basis of revitalizing the Osage language, which is similar. Louis Headman edited a dictionary of the Ponca People, published by the University of Nebraska Press.

Phonology

Consonants

		Labial	Dental	Post- alveolar	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link
Plosive	voiced	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link
	voiceless	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link
	aspirated	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link
	ejective	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link
Fricative	voiced		Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link
	voiceless		Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link
	glottalized		Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link
Approximant		Template:IPA link				Template:IPA link

Voiceless sounds may also be heard as tense in free variation.

One consonant, sometimes written l or th, is a velarized lateral approximant with interdental release, , found for example in ní btháska "flat water" (Platte River), the source of the name Nebraska. It varies freely from to a light , and derives historically from Siouan *r.

Initial consonant clusters include approximates, as in and .

Consonants are written as in the IPA in school programs, apart from the alveopalatals j, ch, chʰ, zh, sh, shʼ, the glottal stop ’, the voiced velar fricative gh, and the dental approximant th. Historically, this th has also been written dh, ð, ¢, and the sh and x as c and q; the tenuis stops p t ch k have either been written upside-down or double (pp, kk, etc.). These latter unusual conventions serve to distinguish these sounds from the p t ch k of other Siouan languages, which are not specified for voicing and so may sound like either Omaha–Ponca p t ch k or b d j g. The letters f, l, q, r, v are not used in writing Omaha–Ponca.

Vowels

		Front	Back
High	oral	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link
	nasal	Template:IPA link
Mid	oral	Template:IPA link
Low	oral	Template:IPA link	(Template:IPA link)
	nasal	Template:IPA link	(Template:IPA link)

The simple vowels are , plus a few words with in men's speech. The letter ‘o’ is phonemically /au/, and phonetically [əw].

There are two or three nasal vowels, depending on the variety. In the Omaha and Ponca Dhegiha dialects *õ and *ã have merged unconditionally as , which may range across and is written Template:Angle bracket in Omaha and Template:Angle bracket in Ponca. The close front nasal vowel remains distinct.

Nasalized vowels are fairly new to the Ponca language. Assimilation has taken place leftward, as opposed to right to left, from nasalized consonants over time. "Originally when the vowel was oral, it nasalized the consonant and a nasalized vowel never followed suit, instead, the nasalized vowel came to preceded it"; though this is not true for the Omaha, or its 'mother' language."

Omaha–Ponca is a tonal language that utilizes downstep (accent) or a lowering process that applies to the second of two high-tone syllables. A downstepped high tone would be slightly lower than the preceding high tone.”: wathátʰe "food", wáthatʰe "table". Vowel length is distinctive in accented syllables, though it is often not written: "heart", "(inside) wall".

Omaha–Ponca is a daughter language to the Siouan mother language but has developed some of its own rules for nasalization and aspiration. What were once allophones in Proto-Siouan have become phonemes in the Omaha–Ponca language.

Many contrasts in the Omaha–Ponca language are unfamiliar to speakers of English. Below are examples of minimal pairs for some sounds which in English would be considered allophones, but in Omaha–Ponca constitute different phonemes:

Contrast	Word	Gloss	Word	Gloss
vs.		head/nose		bitter
vs.		to go out		to stand
vs.		the ground		during future early autumns

In many languages nasalization of vowels would be a part of assimilation to the next consonant, but Omaha–Ponca is different because it is always assimilating. For example: iⁿdáthiⁿga, meaning mysterious, moves from a nasalized /i/ to an alveolar, stop. Same thing happens with the word iⁿshte, meaning, for example, has the nasalized /i/ which does not assimilate to another nasal. It changes completely to an alveolar fricative.

Morphology

The Omaha–Ponca language adds endings to its definite articles to indicate animacy, number, position and number. Ponca definite articles indicate animacy, position and number.

morphological ending	gloss meaning
	for inanimate horizontal object
	for inanimate standing object
	for inanimate round object
	for singular animate agent
	for singular animate agent in motion or plural
	for animate singular patient in standing position
	for animate singular patient in motion
	for animate plural patient in motion
	for animate singular patient in sitting position
	for animate plural patient in sitting position

Syntax

Omaha–Ponca's syntactic type is subject-object-verb.

References

• Boas, Franz. "Notes on the Ponka grammar", Congrès international des américanistes, Proceedings 2:217-37.
• Dorsey, James Owen. Omaha and Ponka Letters. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1891
• Dorsey, James Owen. The Cegiha Language. Washington: Government Printing Office. 1890
• Dorsey, Rev. J. Owen Omaha Sociology. Washington: Smithsonian, Bureau of American Ethnology, Report No. 3, 1892–1893
• List of basic references on Omaha–Ponca

External links

• Omaha–Ponca Indian Language (Cegiha, Dhegiha), native-language.org
• . Extensive language learning materials, including audio.
• Omaha–Ponca dictionary
• OLAC resources in and about the Omaha–Ponca language
• Chairman Elmer Blackbird Delivers Introduction (in Omaha–Ponca) .mp3
• Ponca Hymns sung by the congregation of White Eagle United Methodist Church