Planulozoa
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Planulozoa is a clade which includes the Placozoa, Cnidaria (corals and jellyfish) and the Bilateria (all the more complex animals including worms, insects and vertebrates).[1][2] The designation Planulozoa may be considered a synonym to ParaHoxozoa. Within Planulozoa, the Placozoa may be a sister of Cnidaria to the exclusion of Bilateria.[3][4][5][6] The clade excludes basal animals such as the Ctenophora (comb jellies),[7][8][2] and Porifera (sponges).[9][10][11] Although this clade was sometimes used to specify a clade of Cnidaria and Bilateria to the exclusion of Placozoa (against the original intention of its proposal), this is no longer favoured due to recent data (several 2018 studies) indicating a sister group relationship between Cnidaria and Placozoa.[12] However, a 2023 study supports Placozoa as sister to Cnidaria+Bilateria in several analyses.[13]
The phylogenetic tree indicates approximately how many millions of years ago (Template:Em) the lineages split. Here, Planulozoa is shown sans Placozoa.[14][15][16]
Planulozoa are associated with the emergence of the Zoc and ZF-NC gene domains.[17]
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References
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