Planh
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A genre of the troubadours, the Script error: No such module "Lang". or Script error: No such module "Lang". (Script error: No such module "IPA".; "lament") is a funeral lament for "a great personage, a protector, a friend or relative, or a lady."[1] Its main elements are expression of grief, praise of the deceased (eulogy) and prayer for his or her soul.[1][2] It is descended from the medieval Latin Script error: No such module "Lang"..[3]
The Script error: No such module "Lang". is similar to the Script error: No such module "Lang". in that both were typically contrafacta. They made use of existing melodies, often imitating the original song even down to the rhymes. The most famous Script error: No such module "Lang". of all, however, Gaucelm Faidit's lament on the death of King Richard the Lionheart in 1199, was set to original music.[4]
Elisabeth Schulze-Busacker identifies three types of Script error: No such module "Lang".: "the moralizing Script error: No such module "Lang".", in which the expression of grief is a point of departure for social criticism; "the true lament", in which personal grief is central; and "the courtly Script error: No such module "Lang".", in which the impact of the death on the court is emphasised.[1] Alfred Jeanroy considered that the common denunciation of the evils of the present age was a feature that distinguished the Script error: No such module "Lang". from the Script error: No such module "Lang"..[5] In the conventions of the genre, the subject's death is announced by the simple words Script error: No such module "Lang". ("is dead"). By the 13th century, the placement of these words within the poem was fixed: it occurred in the seventh or eighth line of the first stanza.[1] It is perhaps an indication of the sincerity of their grief that the troubadours rarely praised the successors of their patrons in the Script error: No such module "Lang"..[3]
There are at least forty-four surviving Script error: No such module "Lang"..[1][6] The earliest Script error: No such module "Lang". is that by Cercamon on the death of Duke William X of Aquitaine in 1137. The latest is an anonymous lament on the death of King Robert of Naples in 1343. The Script error: No such module "Lang". was regarded by contemporaries as a distinct genre and is mentioned in the Script error: No such module "Lang". (1290s) and the Script error: No such module "Lang". (1341).[3]
Chronological table of Script error: No such module "Lang".
The following table lists 45 Script error: No such module "Lang"..
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References
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- ↑ a b c d e Elisabeth Schulze-Busacker, "Topoi", in F. R. P. Akehurst and Judith M. Davis, eds., A Handbook of the Troubadours (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995), pp. 421–440.
- ↑ Patricia Harris Stäblein, "New Views on an Old Problem: The Dynamics of Death in the Script error: No such module "Lang".", Romance Philology 35, 1 (1981): 223–234.
- ↑ a b c William D. Paden, "Planh/Complainte", in W. W. Kibler and G. A. Zinn, eds., Medieval France: An Encyclopedia (New York: Garland, 1995), pp. 1400–1401.
- ↑ John Stevens, "Planctus", Grove Music Online (2001). Retrieved 21 August 2019.
- ↑ Stephen Manning, "Chaucer's Good Fair White: Woman and Symbol", Comparative Literature 10, 2 (1958): 97–105.
- ↑ Élisabeth Schulze-Busacker, ‘La Complainte des morts dans la littérature occitane’ in Claude Sutto (ed.), Le Sentiment de la mort au moyen âge: Études présentées au Cinquième colloque de l'Institut d'études médiévales de l'Université de Montréal (Montréal: Aurore, 1979), 230–48.
- ↑ The song's number in Alfred Pillet and Henry Carstens, Bibliographie der Troubadours (1933).
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Further reading
- Jeanroy, Alfred. Script error: No such module "Lang".. Toulouse: Privat, 1934.