Planaria

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Planaria is a genus of planarians in the family Planariidae. Due to its excellent ability to regenerate, species of Planaria have also been used as model organisms in regeneration studies.[1] When an individual is cut into pieces, each piece has the ability to regenerate into a fully formed individual.[2] When decapitated, they retain their memories.[3]

Description

Currently the genus Planaria is defined as freshwater triclads with oviducts that unite to form a common oviduct without embracing the bursa copulatrix and with an adenodactyl present in the male atrium. The testes occur along the whole body.[4]

Planaria originally have habitats in dark, murky water which results in such sensitivity (Paskin et al., 2014). They are also sensitive to other stimuli such as chemical gradients, vibration, magnetic and electric fields (Deochand et al., 2018). Their central nervous system includes the anterior (head, brain and eyes) and middle (abdominal trunk and pharynx) (Deochand et al., 2018).

Diet

The food of Planaria species includes freshwater gastropods, tubificid worms, and freshwater arthropods, such as isopods of the genus Asellus and chironomid larvae.[5] In the United Kingdom, P. torva is a successful predator of the invasive New Zealand mud snail (Potamopyrgus jenkinsi).[6]

Species

The following species are recognised in the genus Planaria:

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  • Planaria adhaerens Korotneff, 1909Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Planaria albocingata Korotneff, 1912Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Planaria barroisi Whitehouse, 1914Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Planaria bicingulata Korotneff, 1912Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Planaria chulunginensis Sabussow, 1903Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Planaria cincinata Korotneff, 1912Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Planaria cinerea Stimpson, 1857Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Planaria dagarensis Sabussow, 1903Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Planaria debilis Korotneff, 1912Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Planaria delineata Korotneff, 1912Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Planaria dybouskyi Sabussow, 1903Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Planaria flava Delle Chiaje, 1822Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Planaria fontana Schrank, 1803Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Planaria fuliginosa Leidy, 1851Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Planaria fuliginosus Leidy, 1851Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Planaria fulvifrons Grube, 1872Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Planaria fuscomaculata Korotneff, 1912Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Planaria gigas Leuckart, 1828Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Planaria grubii Sabussow, 1903Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Planaria ignorata Raspail, 1902Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Planaria incerta Korotneff, 1912Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Planaria kempi Whitehouse, 1913Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Planaria lemani (du Plessis, 1874) Graff, 1876Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Planaria lucta Korotneff, 1912Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Planaria luteola Delle Chiaje, 1822Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Planaria macrocephala Fries, 1879Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Planaria maculata Dalyell, 1853Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Planaria marmorosa Müller, 1776Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Planaria melanocerca Korotneff, 1912Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Planaria melanopunctata Korotneff, 1912Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Planaria melanotorquis Korotneff, 1912Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Planaria nesidensis Delle Chiaje, 1822Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Planaria onegensis Sabussow, 1903Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Planaria punctatum Carus, 1863Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Planaria rosea Müller OF, 1773Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Planaria rothii Braun, 1884Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Planaria sabussowi Korotneff, 1912Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Planaria savignyi Leuckart, 1828Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Planaria semifasciata Korotneff, 1912Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Planaria simplex Woodworth, 1896Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Planaria sinensis Stimpson, 1857Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Planaria subflava Korotneff, 1912Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Planaria torva (Müller OF, 1773)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Planaria tremellaris Grube, 1840Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Planaria unionicola Woodworth, 1897Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Planaria verrucosa Delle Chiaje, 1829Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Planaria wytegrensis Sabussow, 1907Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Planaria zeylanica Kelaart, 1858Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

Application of planaria in research

These invertebrates are valuable models in toxicology, neuroscience, and pharmacology, offering ethical and cost-effective alternatives to vertebrate testing. Planaria’s simple nervous system, high sensitivity to environmental changes, and well-characterized genome make them particularly useful for studying chemical toxicity, wound healing, and neuroregeneration. Their ease of maintenance in laboratory settings further enhances their appeal for research. In pharmacology and neuroscience, planaria provide a unique opportunity to study the effects of psychoactive compounds, including investigations into drug addiction and withdrawal responses.[7] In drug delivery studies, they can be used to assess the biocompatibility and potential irritancy of pharmaceutical formulations, providing insight into their effects on biological tissues.[8] Additionally, their remarkable ability to regenerate lost body parts makes them an important model for stem cell research, offering insights into cellular and molecular mechanisms of regeneration.

Using advanced genetic analysis (phylogenomics), scientists confirmed that the family of land planarians, Geoplanidae, is divided into two main sister groups (clades):

One group consists of the subfamilies Bipaliinae and Microplaninae.

The other group consists of Rhynchodeminae and Geoplaninae.[9]

References

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