Pir Panjal Range

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Pir Panjal Range as seen from Khajjiar, Himachal Pradesh, India

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Satellite image of the Kashmir Valley, with snow-capped Pir Panjal range to its southwest (left in image)

The Pir Panjal Range ( ; {{errorTemplate:Main other|Audio file "Pir_Panjal_IPA.ogg" not found}}Template:Category handlerTemplate:Category handler) is a range of mountains in the Lower Himalayan region located in the Western Himalayas of northern Indian subcontinent. It runs southeast to northwest between the Beas and Neelam/Kishanganga rivers, in the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh and Indian-administered union territory of Jammu and Kashmir, with its northwestern end extending the Pakistani-administered region of Azad Kashmir and the Pakistani province of Punjab. The Himalayas show a gradual elevation towards the Dhauladhar and Pir Panjal ranges. Pir Panjal is the largest and westernmost range of the Lesser Himalayas. Near the bank of the Sutlej River, it dissociates itself from the main Himalayan range and forms a divide between the Beas and Ravi rivers on one side and the Chenab on the other. Further west, the Pir Panjal range forms the southwestern boundary of the Kashmir Valley, separating it from the hills of Jammu region, forming a divide between the Jhelum and Chenab rivers.

Etymology

The Pir Panjal range is named after the Pir Panjal Pass, whose original name as recorded by Srivara, is Panchaladeva (IAST: Pāñcāladeva, meaning the deity of Panchala). Panchala is a country mentioned in the Mahabharata in the northwest Uttar Pradesh. However, there are also traditions that place the Mahabharata regions in western Punjab and southern Kashmir. Scholar Dineshchandra Sircar has analysed the geography described in the Shakti‐sangama Tantra, where this is indeed the case. Scholar M. A. Stein believes that the concept of deity must have been translated into that of a Pir after the region was Islamised.

Peaks of the range

Deo Tibba (Template:Convert) and Indrasan (Template:Convert) are two important peaks at the eastern end of the mountain range. They can be approached from both the Parvati-Beas Valley (Kulu District), Upper Belt of Chamba Himachal Pradesh and the Chandra (Upper Chenab) Valley (Lahaul and Spiti District) in Himachal Pradesh. The hill station of Gulmarg in Kashmir lies in this range.

Passes

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Pir Panjal range as seen from Banihal, Jammu and Kashmir

Haji Pir Pass (altitude Template:Convert) on the western Pir Panjal range on the road between Poonch and Uri in Indian-administered Kashmir. Despite taking the pass twice in military operations (in 1948 and 1965), India left the pass under Pakistani control.

The Pir Panjal Pass (also called Peer Ki Gali) connects the Kashmir valley with Rajouri and Poonch via the Mughal Road. It is the highest point of the Mughal Road at Template:Convert and lies to the southwest of the Kashmir Valley. The nearest town to the pass in the Kashmir valley is Shopian.

The Munawar Pass (altitude Template:Convert) is a pass north of Peer Ki Gali, overlooking Rajouri.

The Banihal pass (Template:Convert) lies at the head of the Jhelum River at the southern end of the Kashmir Valley. Banihal and Qazigund lie on either side of the pass.

The Sinthan pass connects the Kashmir valley with Kishtwar in the Jammu region.

The Saach Pass, a Template:Convert mountain pass in the Chamba district connecting Chamba with the Pangi valley of Himachal Pradesh, India.

Rohtang La (altitude Template:Convert) is a mountain pass on the eastern Pir Panjal range connecting Manali in the Kullu Valley to Keylong in the Lahaul Valley.

Tunnels

Jawahar Tunnel

The Jawahar Tunnel is a Template:Convert long tunnel through Pir Panjal mountain under the Banihal pass that connects Banihal with Qazigund on the other side of the mountain. The Jawahar Tunnel, named after the first Prime Minister of India, was constructed in the early 1950s and commissioned in December 1956 to ensure snow-free passage throughout the year. It is at an elevation of about Template:Convert. It was designed for 150 vehicles per day but is now used by more than 7,000 vehicles per day. Therefore, a new tunnel, wider and longer, has been constructed at a lower elevation.

Banihal Qazigund Road Tunnel

Construction of a new Template:Convert long twin-tube Banihal Qazigund Road Tunnel started in 2011 and the tunnel was commissioned in 2021. It is at a lower elevation than the existing Jawahar tunnel and has reduced the road distance between Banihal and Qazigund by Template:Convert. It is also less prone to snow avalanches as it is at a lower elevation.

Atal Tunnel

The Atal Tunnel has been built under the Rohtang Pass in the eastern Pir Panjal range of the Himalayas on the Leh-Manali Highway. With Template:Convert length, the tunnel is the second longest road tunnel in India and has reduced the distance between Manali and Keylong by about Template:Convert. The tunnel is at Template:Convert elevation whereas the Rohtang pass is at Template:Convert elevation. Lying on the Manali-Leh axis, this is one of the two routes to Ladakh.

Banihal Railway Tunnel

The Pir Panjal Railway Tunnel, an Template:Convert railway tunnel, passes through the Pir Panjal Range in Jammu and Kashmir. It connects Quazigund and Banihal and is a part of the Udhampur-Srinagar-Baramulla railway project. The tunnel was commissioned on 26 June 2013 for regular service. It is India's longest railway tunnel.

See also

• Ganga Choti
• Banni Mata Temple