Pinus massoniana
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Pinus massoniana (English: Masson's pine, Chinese red pine, horsetail pine; Chinese: 馬尾松) is a species of pine, native to Taiwan, a wide area of central and southern China, and northern Vietnam.
Description
It is an evergreen tree reaching Script error: No such module "convert". in height, with a broad, rounded crown of long branches. The bark is thick, grayish-brown, and scaly plated at the base of the trunk, and orange-red, thin, and flaking higher on the trunk. The leaves are needle-like, dark green, with two per fascicle, Script error: No such module "convert". long and Script error: No such module "convert". wide, the persistent fascicle sheath Script error: No such module "convert". long. The cones are ovoid, Script error: No such module "convert". long, chestnut-brown, opening when mature in late winter to Script error: No such module "convert". broad. The seeds are winged, Script error: No such module "convert". long with a Script error: No such module "convert". wing. Pollination occurs in mid-spring, with the cones maturing 18–20 months after.[1][2][3]
Distribution and habitat
It is native to Taiwan, a wide area of central and southern China including Hong Kong, and northern Vietnam, growing at low to moderate altitudes, mostly below Script error: No such module "convert". but rarely up to Script error: No such module "convert". above sea level.[4]
Ecology
In the 1970s and 80s, the Pinewood nematode from North America and pine-needle scale insect from Taiwan, together virtually eliminated the native Pinus massoniana in Hong Kong.[5]
Fossil record
A fossil seed cone and several needles of Pinus massoniana have been described from the upper Miocene Wenshan flora, Yunnan, SW China. The fossils most resemble the variety P. massoniana var. hainanensis, which is a tropical montane thermophilic tree restricted to Hainan Island in southern China.[6]
Uses
The species is a common tree used in plantation forestry for replacing or compensating for the loss of the natural forest in southern China.[7] Chinese rosin is obtained mainly from the turpentine of P. massoniana and slash pine (P. elliottii).Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
Logs are mainly used to make pulp for paper industry.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
Leaves are used to give special smoke flavor to a local black tea, such as Lapsang souchong of Fujian.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
Habit
Notes
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- ↑ Farjon, A. (2005). Pines, ed. 2. Brill, Leiden. Template:ISBN.
- ↑ Richardson, D. M. (1998). Ecology and Biogeography of Pinus. Cambridge. Template:ISBN.
- ↑ Gymnosperm Database: Pinus massoniana
- ↑ Mirov, N. T. (1967). The Genus Pinus. Ronald Press.
- ↑ Porcupine! 23 - Hong Kong's Bad Biodiversity
- ↑ The occurrence of Pinus massoniana Lambert (Pinaceae) from the upper Miocene of Yunnan, SW China and its implications for paleogeography and paleoclimate by Jian-Wei Zhang, Ashalata D'Rozario, Jonathan M. Adams, Xiao-Qing Liang, Frédéric M.B. Jacquesa, Tao Su and Zhe-Kun Zhoua, Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology Volume 215, April 2015, Pages 57-67
- ↑ Ecosystem services of various types of artificial forest in South China – a provisional summary
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References
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- Pinus massoniana - Plants For A Future database report
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