Phrygian alphabet
Template:Short description Script error: No such module "Unsubst". The Phrygian alphabet is the script used in the earliest Phrygian texts.
It dates back to the 8th century BCE and was used until the fourth century BCE ("Old Phrygian" inscriptions), after which it was replaced by the common Greek alphabet ("New Phrygian" inscriptions, 1st to 3rd century CE). The Phrygian alphabet was derived from the Phoenician alphabet and is almost identical to the early West Greek alphabets.
The alphabet consists of 19 letters – 5 vowels (a, e, i, o, u) and 14 consonants (b, g, d, v, z, y, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, t).[1] A variant of the Phrygian alphabet was used in the inscriptions of the Mysian dialect. Words are often separated by spaces or by three or four vertically spaced points. It is usually written from left to right ("dextroverse"), but about one-sixth of the inscriptions were written from right to left ("sinistroverse").[2] In multi-line inscriptions there is usually a spelling of boustrophedon (a few dozen inscriptions).[3][4]
Alphabet
The nineteen characters of the Old Phrygian alphabet are:[5]
| Writing direction | Transcription | Phoneme | New Phrygian equivalent[6] | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ΑΒΓ⇒ | ΑΒΓ⇒ | |||
| File:PhrygianAlphaL2R.png | 𐤠 | a | Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA". | Α |
| Β, 8 | B | b | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Β |
| 𐊩 | 𐊩 | g | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Γ |
| 𐊅, 𐊍 | 𐊍, 𐊅 | d | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Δ |
| 𐊤, File:PhrygianEpsL2Rvariant.png | File:PhrygianEps R2L.png, File:PhrygianEpsR2Lvariant.png | e | Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA". | Ε, Η |
| F | F | v | Script error: No such module "IPA". | ΟΥ |
| Ι | Ι | i | Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA". | Ι, ΕΙ |
| Κ, File:PhrygianKappaVariant3 R2L.png, 𐊵, 𐊜, File:PhrygianKappaVariant2.png | 𐊜 ,𐊵 ,K | k | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Κ |
| 𐰃 | File:PhrygianLabdaR2L.png | l | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Λ |
| 𐌌 | File:PhrygianMu R2L.png | m | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Μ |
| 𐊪 | File:PhrygianNu R2L.png | n | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Ν |
| Ο | Ο | o | Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA". | Ο, Ω |
| 𐌐 | File:PhrygianPiR2L.png | p | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Π |
| 𐌛 | 𐌛 | r | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Ρ |
| File:PhrygianSigmaL2Rvariant.png, File:PhrygianSigmaL2R.png, File:PhrygianSigmaL2Rvariant2.png, File:PhrygianSigmaL2Rvariant1.png | 𐰩, File:PhrygianSigmaR2L.png | s | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Σ |
| Τ | Τ | t | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Τ |
| 𐊄 | 𐤰 | u | Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA". | ΟΥ, O |
| 𐰀, X | 𐰁,𐰀 | y | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Ι |
| 𐊁, 𐌘, File:PhrygianZetaVariant2.png, Ͳ | 𐊁 | z | Script error: No such module "IPA". (Script error: No such module "IPA".?) | Ζ |
Notes
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- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Claude Brixhe (2008), 'Phrygian', in: Roger D. Woodard (ed.), The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor (Cambridge etc.: Cambridge University Press), pp. 69-80: p. 73: "a little less than one-third" was written from right to left. On the contrary, Obrador Cursach (2018), p. 35, implies that the majority was sinistroverse: according to him only a small minority ("66 out of 395" Old Phrygian inscriptions) were "dextroverse". However, his comprehensive catalogue of inscriptions in the same book, pp. 349-420, shows that in fact 84 out of ca. 550 Old Phrygian inscriptions listed) are marked "←", and therefore the minority is "sinistroverse" (reading from right to left), so Brixhe is right. Apparently on p. 35 Obrador Cursach has inadvertently interchanged the words "dextroverse" and "sinistroverse".
- ↑ Obrador Cursach (2018), p. 35.
- ↑ Phonetic system in the Phrygian language (in Russian)
- ↑ Obrador Cursach (2018), p. 34.
- ↑ Obrador Cursach (2018), p. 55-58.
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