Philipp Bouhler

Philipp Bouhler (11 September 1899 – 19 May 1945) was a German senior Nazi Party functionary who was both a (National Leader) and Chief of the Chancellery of the Führer of the NSDAP. He was also the SS official responsible for the euthanasia program that killed more than 250,000 disabled adults and children in Nazi Germany, as well as co-initiator of , also called ('special treatment'), that killed 15,000–20,000 concentration camp prisoners.

Bouhler was arrested on 10 May 1945 by American troops. He took his own life nine days later in the U.S. internment camp at Zell am See in Austria.Template:Sfn

Early life

Bouhler was born in Munich, to a retired colonel,Template:Sfn and spent five years in the Royal Bavarian Cadet Corps. He entered the 1st Royal Bavarian Foot Artillery Regiment in 1916 during the First World War, was commissioned as a Leutnant in July 1917, and was badly wounded the next month. He was awarded the Iron Cross, 2nd class, and was hospitalized through the end of the war.Template:Sfn In 1922, he left the University of Munich's philosophy department and became a contributor to the Völkischer Beobachter, the Nazi Party's newspaper.Template:Sfn

Nazi functionary

File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-H13039, Münchener Abkommen, Rückkehr Hitler.jpg

Bouhler with Adolf Hitler, Baldur von Schirach, Hermann Göring, Joseph Goebbels, and Martin Bormann; Munich, October 1938

Bouhler joined the Nazi Party (NSDAP) in July 1922 with membership number 12. By late 1922 he had become deputy business manager of the NSDAP under Max Amann.Template:Sfn He took part in the failed Beer Hall Putsch in Munich and when the Party was banned, became the Business Manager for the Nazi front organization, the Greater German People's Community, based in Munich.Template:Sfn

Upon the refounding of the party on 27 February 1925, he immediately rejoined and was made National Business Manager of the NSDAP, holding this post until November 1934.Template:Sfn Historian Ian Kershaw avows that because Hitler paid "little attention to administration and organization", he relied on the "indefatigable and subservient" yet "inwardly ambitious" Bouhler and other Party bosses like him.Template:Sfn According to historian Klaus Fischer, the "owlish looking" Bouhler was part of Adolf Hitler's early inner circle and as a "diffident and punctilious bureaucrat", the Führer could trust him to "carry out any order, no matter how outlandish".Template:Sfn

After the seizure of power in January 1933, Bouhler was elected as a member of the Reichstag from the Nazi Party electoral list at the March 1933 parliamentary election. At the November election, he was returned as a deputy from electoral constituency 18, Westphalia South, and continued to hold this seat until the fall of the Nazi regime. In June 1933, Hitler appointed him a Reichsleiter, the second highest political rank in the Nazi Party.Template:Sfn He joined the SS in the rank of SS-Gruppenführer on 20 April 1933 with membership number 54,932.Template:Sfn On 30 January 1936, Bouhler was promoted to the rank of SS-Obergruppenführer.Template:Sfn

From the end of August to the end of October 1934, Bouhler was police president of Munich.Template:Sfn In September he was made a member of the Academy for German Law. He was next appointed chief of Adolf Hitler's Chancellery, a post specially created on 17 November 1934 that was first and foremost set aside for party business. He held that position until 23 April 1945.Template:Sfn In this job, for instance, secret decrees might be prepared, or internal business managed, before being brought before Hitler. An example of such interactions occurred when Bouhler obtained Hitler's written authorization (a rare occurrence) for the expropriation of the villa that became the center of administrative operations for T4, an act veiled in the bureaucracy that characterized Hitler's leadership style.Template:SfnTemplate:Efn Meanwhile, Bouhler was also able to get Hitler to sign the document authorizing the euthanasia program itself and while not possessing the force of law, it provided the necessary protection to get once reluctant physicians to participate.Template:SfnTemplate:Efn Printed on white stationery bearing the German eagle and swastika with Hitler's name embossed,Template:Efn it read:

Reich Leader Bouhler and Dr. med. Brandt are charged with the responsibility of enlarging the competence of certain physicians, designated by name, so that patients who, on the basis of human judgment, are considered incurable, can be granted mercy death after a discerning diagnosis. (signed) A. HitlerTemplate:Sfn

The euthanasia program's first victims were children registered with conditions like "Down's syndrome, micro- and hydrocephaly, serious physical deformities...and cerebral palsy"; these children were examined by three decision makers (Werner Catel, Hans Heinze, and Ernst Wentzler), who after conferral and agreement,Template:Efn put the child to death.Template:Sfn For adults destined for euthanasia, Bouhler and Brandt established "secret-service-style" operations at the Tiergartenstrasse 4 (from whence the program acquired its name) location in Berlin, disguising the murders as medical procedures.Template:Sfn

File:Karl Freiherr Michel von Tüßling.jpg

(from left) Bouhler, Karl Freiherr Michel von Tüßling, Robert Ley with his wife Inge; Munich, July 1939

Aside from securing the authorization for the T4 Program and overseeing it, when the plans to ship all of Europe's Jewish population to Madagascar was being proposed during the summer of 1940, Bouhler was designated as the East African colony's future governor.Template:SfnTemplate:Efn

Another of Bouhler's additional duties was to act as chairman of the "Official Party Inspection Commission for the Protection of National Socialist Literature" (Der Chef der Kanzlei des Führers und Vorsitzender der Parteiamtlichen Prüfungskommission zum Schutze des NS-Schrifttums), which determined what writings were and were not suitable for Nazi society.Template:Sfn Propaganda minister, Joseph Goebbels was opposed to this writ-large authority granted to Bouhler over all books, a concern he expressed in a personal diary entry from June 1941.Template:Sfn

Bouhler's office was responsible for Hitler's correspondence, which included private and internal communications as well as responding to public inquiries (for example, requests for material help, godfathership, jobs, clemency, NSDAP business, and birthday wishes). These types of responsibility and his direct access to Hitler made Bouhler one of the "major players in Hitler's propaganda system".Template:Sfn Bouhler's personal adjutant was SS-Sturmbannführer Karl Freiherr Michel von Tüßling. By 1944, many of the Kanzlei des Führers office functions were absorbed by the Party Chancellery (Parteikanzlei) under Martin Bormann, who tried his best to limit all access to Hitler by other party leaders.Template:Sfn

Authored work

Bouhler produced a history of the Nazi movement entitled, Kampf um Deutschland (Fight for Germany) in 1938.Template:Sfn Then in 1942, he also published the book "Napoleon – Kometenbahn eines Genies" (Napoleon – A Genius's Cometary Path), which became a favorite of Hitler's.Template:SfnTemplate:Efn

War crimes

File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-B01718, Ausstellung "Planung und Aufbau im Osten".jpg

Rudolf Heß, Heinrich Himmler, Bouhler, Fritz Todt and Reinhard Heydrich (from left), listening to Konrad Meyer at a Generalplan Ost exhibition, 20 March 1941

Bouhler was responsible for the killing of disabled German citizens. By order of Hitler (backdated to 1 September 1939), Bouhler and Karl Brandt developed the Nazis' early euthanasia program, Aktion T4 in which mentally ill, developmentally, and physically disabled people were killed.Template:SfnTemplate:Efn The actual implementation was supervised by Bouhler. Various methods of killing were tried out. The first killing facility was Schloss Hartheim in Upper Austria.Template:Sfn Additional euthanasia facilities were established at Bernburg, Grafeneck, Brandenburg, Sonnenstein, and Hadamar between 1940 and 1941,Template:Sfn where approximately 70,000 people were murdered in gas chambers using carbon-monoxide.Template:SfnTemplate:Efn The knowledge gained from the euthanasia program was later applied to the industrialized annihilation of other groups of people, especially the Jews.Template:Sfn

In 1941, Bouhler and Heinrich Himmler initiated Aktion 14f13.Template:Sfn They instructed the head of the Hauptamt II ("main office ll") of Hitler's Chancellery, the Oberdienstleiter Viktor Brack to implement this order.Template:Sfn Brack was already in charge of various front operations for the T4 program.Template:Sfn The scheme operated under the Concentration Camps Inspector and the Reichsführer-SS under the name "Special Treatment 14f13".Template:SfnTemplate:Efn The combination of numbers and letters was derived from the SS record-keeping system and consists of the number "14" for the Concentration Camps Inspector, the letter "f" for the German word "deaths" (Todesfälle), and the number "13" for the means of killing, in this case, for gassing in the T4 killing centers.Template:Efn

After the war, Brack claimed that in order to keep the euthanasia program personnel employed after it was halted, Bouhler—in conference with Himmler—ordered him "to send the personnel to Lublin...under the supervision of SS-Brigadeführer Globocnik";Template:Efn thereafter, the use of gas chambers for the "specially constructed" Reinhard extermination camps began.Template:Sfn During the Nuremberg trials, Brack denied that both his and Bouhler's involvement through the KdF—despite the fact that the two of them visited Globocnik in Lublin—had anything to do with the Final Solution.Template:Sfn

Capture and suicide

Bouhler and his wife, Helene, were arrested by American troops at Schloss Fischhorn in Bruck near Zell-am-See on 10 May 1945. Helene jumped to her death from a window at Schloss Fischhorn. On 19 May, Bouhler committed suicide using a cyanide capsule while in the US internment camp at Zell-am-See. The couple had no children.Template:Sfn

Awards and Nazi Party decorations

• Iron Cross 2nd Class (Eisernes Kreuz 2. Klasse) 1914Template:Sfn
• Wound Badge (World War I) in BlackTemplate:Sfn
• Blood OrderTemplate:Sfn
• War Merit Cross 2nd and 1st ClassTemplate:Sfn
• Honour Chevron for the Old GuardTemplate:Sfn

See also

• Action Reinhard

External links

• Template:ReichstagDB
• Phillipp Bouhler Papers at the Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library, Princeton University
• Adolf Hitler: A Short Sketch of His Life by Bouhler
• Template:PM20