Peruvian retablo

File:Retablo ayacuchano (38621536495).jpg

A retablo ayacuchano

A Peruvian , in the context of Peruvian folk art, is a home altar with figures of saints or religious scenes, arranged on shelves inside a portable box altar, made to be shuttered closed with hinged doors to protect the content.

It is also called in Spanish-language scholarship, referring to its origins in the Ayacucho region of the Central Peruvian highlands, though it is now manufactured in the peripheral departments or elsewhere in Peru.

Terminology

The original Spanish word retablo (cognate of "retable") has a rather different meaning, and denotes some sort of structure to house and image behind the altar table, deriving from Latin .Template:Sfnp Such a piece in a church is better termed and altarpiece if it features a panel painting, and reredos if consisting of sculptures or relief. But in the context of the folk art of the Americas, it carries a different meaning,Template:Refn and "in Peruvian usage, has also come to mean a whole set of differentiated objects".Template:Sfnp

Thus "Peruvian retablo" refers to a "portable altar", populated with figures of saints or other people, animals, beings, and objects, and English-language literature mainly discuss the works of Peruvian-born émigrés based in the U.S. as their craftsmen. However, the "" is the shorthand used for this genre of artwork in Spanish-language literature.Template:Sfnp

The product still being created into the 1940s was generically called San Marcos Box (), until collector and art dealer Template:Illm decided to start calling them "retablo".Template:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp

Ignacio López Quispe (son of master Template:Illm), stated c. 1979 that the term sculptor () was still used as the term for the artist in Ayacucho, but he had been called one of the retableros in 1977, and later they came up with the term retablista. But in the former days, a makers of sanmarcos (mostly saint type retablos) was referred to as a santero, ("painter") or ("sculptor").Template:Sfnp

Origins and history

It is generally conceded that the retablo of this style originated in the Ayacucho region, more particularly around Ayacucho city and its Huamanga province, though artists in other parts of Peru now create them.Template:Sfnp It has been dubbed by some as .Template:Sfnp but it is implicit the manufacture of a "retablo ayacuchano" could occur in the departments of Huancavelica (to the west), Apurímac (to the east), and parts of Arequipa (to the south).Template:Sfnp

There are both church and indigenous traits in the artwork and composition (Christian good vs. evil and Andean three world or pachas concept), and ultimately can be traced back to both Spanish and pre-Columbian origins.Template:Sfnp Template:Sfnp The Template:Linktext was a portable, sacred piece of rock (struck by lightning) which could crafted to hold offerings, and transported to the huaca.Template:Sfnp

The precursors of the retablo ayacuchano bore such names as , , or ("St. Mark's box or drawer").Template:Sfnp Although the "St. Mark's box" name has been used as shorthand to denote all the precursors,Template:Sfnp the name used in Colonial times was the demanda, carried by itinerant priests and s.Template:Sfnp The priests may have initially brought the prop from Spain, perhaps using the portable shrines or "boxes" () of the Template:Illm, a person who solicits alms in the name of a saint.　(Confusingly santero is also one of the obsolete names for a retablo (sanmarco) maker.Template:SfnpTemplate:Refn

But the oldest (homespun) Peruvian portable shrines contained cult idols carved on a piece of Template:Illm (type of alabasterTemplate:Refn), placed in an altar box,Template:SfnpTemplate:Efn or so it is contended. But images of the virgin molded from the fiber of maguey (agave) is known from the 17th century, made in the Southern end of Peru.Template:Refn The portable altars that traveled with the proselytizers would typically depict the Virgin, surrounded by the images of saints and smaller images of the Virgin in stages of her life; the altar would be no taller than three feet; the Christian missionary would pack an altar or two on an ass or a mule and go from place to place.Template:Refn It is noted in this connection that in the age when loaded Template:Linktexts of mules were the means of commerce between regions, Ayacucho served as the hub going from Lima to inland.Template:Sfnp

The missionaries had abandoned using these altars by the end of the 18th century, and the props fell into the hands of people called the demanderos, but this came to be employed as cause for celebration, dance, drunkenness, which degenerated even to violence (though alms were being paid), and the municipality of Lima in 1831 moved to revoke their permit.

The cajón San Marcos '(cf. Template:Section link below) apparently started in the 19th century might be considered the most immediate precursor of the modern retablo ayacuchano. The cajón San Marcos is an object that remains a popular crafted and merchandised genre of folk art to this day, while other craftsTemplate:Refn have languished.Template:Sfnp Some scholar choose to refer to the San Marcos Box as a classic form of retablo,Template:Sfnp even though retablo was a tag that wasn't applied to the artwork until the 1940s by curator Bustamante, as aforementioned.Template:Sfnp

It was master maker Template:Illm whom Bustamante had discovered as early as 1940–1943 or as late as 1949.Template:RefnTemplate:Refn Bustamante helped groom the style incorporating European art influence,Template:Sfnp and it is López Antay sometimes billed as the "father of retablo ayacuchano". López is certainly the only one distinguished with the Template:Illm,Template:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp and one of three masters most discussed in literature, the others being Florentino Jiménez Toma (father of Nicario Jiménez Quispe, cf. section below) and Template:Illm.Template:Sfnp Several members of the Jiménez family are engaged in the retablo-making trade, going back to Nicario's great-grandfather according to them.

Make and materials

These Peruvian retablo are made portable, equipped with hinged doors to protect the contents. Traditionally, the maguey (agave) was used as source material, its mashed pulp could be molded to make the figurines, and it could be split into planks from which the boxes were made.Template:Sfnp

Other sources say in vintage San Marco Boxes, the saint figures were alabaster carvings using piedra de Huamanga also called in Quechua,Template:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp meaning 'baby rock'.Template:Refn It has been noted alabaster carving used to be a once thriving craft industry unto its own.Template:Sfnp

The modern retablo ayacuchano figures have been made of a paste made from mashed boiled potatoes, with plaster or gypsum powder added.Template:RefnTemplate:Refn A "blue potato from Huanta", peculiarly favored by master Jesús Urbano, got boiled, ground, mixed with gypsum into a dough of desired consistency, then painted.Template:Sfnp

Classic San Marco figurines were painted using aniline (aniline black), cut with glue for glossy look, to draw the lines, plus variously colored natural dyes like cochineal.Template:Sfnp The red bordering on a San Marcos was symbolic of the blood of livestock, and the flora-based decoration symbolic of the power of nature, from what Fujii had heard.Template:Sfnp San Marcos are capped by a triangular crown,Template:Sfnp symbolizing the mountain godTemplate:Sfnp (wamani).

San Marcos Box

File:Retablo4-Patron.jpeg

A retablo with St. Mark, patron of animals

The classic retablos of St. Mark or San Marcos Box (, also styled just "sanmarcos")Template:Refn was a portable boxed altar for livestock rituals.Template:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp

The box-making tradition recognized the evangelist St. Mark as a patron saint of sheep and cattle husbandry, thus closely associated with herding.Template:Sfnp The retablo in the past days were crafted for the private ownership of herdsmen and merchants, and the box was placed on a ceremonial table (mesa) to be present for the rituals involving farm animals.Template:Sfnp Other saints are associated with animals among scholars of Peruvian art: John the Baptist with sheep, Saint Agnes with goats, Saint Anthony with horses.Template:Sfnp

Whoever the specific saint was, the name cajón San Marcos was the generic term that was used (though St. Anthony's box could be a "",Template:Sfnp or one might refer to a Template:Sfnp); that is, until Bustamante decided to label them as retablos in the 1940sTemplate:Sfnp (cf. Template:Section link for precise dating).

There are typically two levels or floors on the San Marcos, with top level occupied by the main saint in the center, so that the lower level can depict other scenes such as the herraza ritual.

One old name for a San Marcos Box was , having to do with the Catholic mass.Template:RefnTemplate:Sfnp Perhaps not so old, since according to Edilberto Jiménez (artist, 1966) the box was called in towns he is familiar with. Depending on the livestock type, it would be called if for a cowherd, for a shepherd, for a goatherd, or whatever animal the client specifies it is for when asked, and mounts the appropriate saint accordingly (or customized according to customer order).Template:Sfnp

It was the ritual of cattle branding () and also the healing ceremony of the mountain god wamani that called for the presence of the San Marcos Box.Template:Sfnp The herranza ritual involves not just adorning the livestock's ear with colored ribbons, but clipping a piece of ear and the end of the tail and these would be placed on the ritual table near (underneath) the Box, until the buried as offerings to the deities, alongside chicha, coca, etc.

Adam and Eve

File:Retablo3-Adam&Eve.jpeg

Adam and Eve

There is a story of how a Catholic priest effectively used a retablo to hold the attention of his Indigenous audience. He began with a closed retablo, and told a long story about what was hidden inside: a naked man meets naked woman, the serpent, temptation, and punishment. Then he would open the box and reveal the figures, disclosing the story to be about Adam and Eve.

Daily life and identity

File:Retablo5-Corn.harvest.jpeg

Corn harvest

Later, retablos evolved to include daily scenes in the lives of the Andean people, such as harvests, processions, feasts, and tableaux depicting shops and homes.

In the period from the 1940s onwards, Template:Linktexts began to introduce slice of life scenes and elements of the indigenous people of the Andean region. The works of this style being dubbed "" (after the costumbrismo school of artistic movement). The reason López Antay started making items that was as strictly traditional was that his clientele crave some sort of novelty on new themes while still demanding authenticity.

The master maker Florentino Jiménez stated in retrospect in 2001 that he and sons were the first to start using reeds or canes to make the retablos, which were meant for quantity over quality, and also matchbox sized ones, but inserting the everyday scene paintings (). These were copied by the others. These diverse media experiments, also using eggshells, gourds, (clay toasters for grain) etc. but it is again emphasized that these did not always produce aesthetically successful results.Template:Sfnp

Joaquín López Antay

Joaquín López Antay in workshop

Joaquín López Antay in workshopTemplate:Refn

Joaquín López Antay is considered by some the first retablista,Template:Sfnp and one of the preeminent masters, decorated with the Culture Prize in 1975, as aforementioned.Template:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp

López Antay's San Marco boxes (billed as "retablos"), would feature scenes incorporating indigenous culture, in what was part of the indigenista movement.Template:Sfnp The artist incorporated such scenes as suggested by his clientele circle: the collector Bustamunte, her brother-in-law anthropologist-novelist José María Arguedas, and painter José Sabogal Diéguez who were strongly influencing and help shaping the emerging retablo style.Template:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp There is thus the image of marketplace-driven art. Using Huancavelica jail as backdrop for a passion scene was purportedly suggested by the painter Sabogal,Template:Sfnp but López himself recalls such piece as verbally requested by Bustamunte; the bullfight was another request; he also made threshing scenes, cockfighting, and tuna gathering scenes that entered her collection.Template:Refn

As for the composition of López Antay's San Marco Box or retablo, the lower level could feature a wide range of scenery from the lives of the indigenous people, from animal herding, to crop harvest, dance, cockfight, etc.,Template:Sfnp as already touched upon earlier. Further artistic analysis explains that in López Antay's new style, the left half was reserved for human suffering scenes dubbed the "passion" (), and the right half for happy scenes dubbed "reunion" ().Template:RefnTemplate:Sfnp In the analysis of a particular San Marco retablo by Arguedas, the passion half shows an indigenous peasant flogged by a mestizo overseer, and the "reunion" half people enjoying dance and music. The condor in the middle symbolizes the wamani mountain god or by extension, the indigenous people's resolve and spiritual invincibility despite the social difficulties. The characterization from the opposite camp, critic Jürgen GolteTemplate:Efn, wrote that an indigenous emblem such as the condor representing wamani (which Golte claims foreign buyers cared nothing about) was López Antay's way of asserting his own artistic expression in otherwise commission-ordered art.Template:Refn

Jiménez family

File:Retablo7-NicarioJ.jpeg

Nicario Jiménez Quispe in workshop

Florentino also credits his family for pioneering the giant-sized retablo, such as the one commemorating the Battle of Ayacucho in the Peruvian War of Independence.Template:Sfnp

The story goes that Florentino Jiménez was making San Marcos on barter (or paltry sums) while residing in Alcamenca, Department of AyacuchoTemplate:Refn and it wasn't until he moved to Huamanga (in 1968 or 1969Template:Sfnp) that he learned the sanmarcos were being called retablos and being sold for real money.Template:Sfnp

Florentino's eldest son Nicario Jiménez was born 1957 in a village in Alcamenca, near Ayacucho city. The artist has produced traditional pieces in the past, but has shifted his emphasis to innovative unique themes, such as cityscapes of New York or Miami. He also features culturally iconic items familiar to Peruvians such as the coca leaf in a crucifix piece, or the pet and cuisine ingredient guinea pig (cuy) in a shaman retablo. His Pishtaco (Pistaku) scenes, while part of traditional Peruvian lore, is not standard theme for a devotional retablo.Template:Sfnp

Florentino's third son Edilberto JiménezTemplate:Refn has produced an acclaimed work entitled Sueño de la mujer huamanguina en los ocho años de la violencia ("The Dream of the Woman from Huamanga in the eight years of violence", 1988).Template:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp Here, the woman's husband accused by soldiers of Shining Path involvement is attacked, jailed, killed, and the body is eaten by dogs; the overwatching Christian God and the mountain god sympathize and salvages his soul. Gold gleams in the mountain god's cavern, but under the sleeping mother and child the blood flows.Template:Sfnp A replica of this work was commissioned in 2017 by the Museum of International Folk Art of Santa Fe, New Mexico.

Comisión de la Verdad y Reconciliación

On 29 August 2003, the Comisión de la Verdad y Reconciliación (CVR, Truth and Reconciliation Commission) announced its findings in the public square of Huamanga, Ayacucho. Of the 70,000 death toll in the bloodsheds, 40% were from the department of Ayacucho. A giant two-storey retablo with the doors flying open was built to serve as stage for this announcement.Template:RefnTemplate:Sfnp

Gallery

• Three retablos
  Three retablos
• Santiago (St James)
  Santiago (St James)
• Retablo with Ayacucho, Peru as theme
  Retablo with Ayacucho, Peru as theme

See also

• Diorama
• Nativity scene

References

Bibliography

• reprinted in Arguedas, Formación de una cultura nacional indoamericana, pp. 148–172

• • Reprinted in:

• • Template:In lang