Panaeolus cinctulus
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Panaeolus cinctulus, syn. P. subbalteatus, commonly known as the belted panaeolus,[1] banded mottlegill, or Template:Not a typo, is a very common, widely distributed psilocybin mushroom.
Etymology
The descriptor subbalteatus comes from the Latin words sub ('somewhat') and balteat ('girdled'), a reference to the dark outer band of the cap.[2]
Description
The cap is Script error: No such module "convert". wide,[1] hemispherical to convex when young to broadly umbonate or plane in age,[2] smooth, hygrophanous, striking cinnamon-brown when moist, soot-black when wet which disappears as the mushroom completely dries out. The outer band is usually darker.[2] The flesh is thin and brownish.[1]
The gills are close, adnate to adnexed, cream-colored when young, later mottled dingy brown then to soot-black.[1] The gill edges are white and slightly fringed, but turn blackish when fully mature.[3] The spore print is black.[4]
The stipe is 4–10 cm long, 1–10 mm thick, equal or tapered at the ends, reddish brown or covered by whitish powder, hollow,[1] no veil remnants, longitudinally white-fibrillose, striate at the apex or twisting vertically down the entire length of the stipe. The stem base and mycelium occasionally stain blue.[1]
The taste is farinaceous (like flour) when fresh, saliferous (salty) when dried. The odor is slightly farinaceous.
Microscopic features
The spores are 11–16 x 7.5–10 x 6–9 μm, smooth, elliptical to rhomboid in face view, thick-walled, elliptical in side view.
Similar species
Morphologically, P. cinctulus can be easily confused with other species of psilocybin mushrooms.[1] They have a resemblance to P. fimicola and prefer the same habitats, but the latter species has sulphidia on the gill faces.
It can also resemble P. foenisecii and P. olivaceus.[4]
Habitat and formation
Panaeolus cinctulus is a cosmopolitan species that grows solitary to gregarious to cespitose (densely clumped) on compost piles, well-fertilized lawns and gardens, and, rarely, directly on horse dung.[5] It grows from spring to fall, abundantly after rain. It can be found in many regions, including: Africa[6] (South Africa),[6] Austria,[6][7] Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia),[6] Denmark,[7] Finland,[8] France,[6] Germany,[6][7] Great Britain,[6] Guadeloupe,[7] Estonia,[6] Iceland,[6] India,[6] Ireland,[6] Italy,[6] South Korea,[6] Japan,[6] Mexico,[8] New Guinea,[6] New Zealand,[6] Norway,[7] Philippines,[6] Russia,[6] Slovenia,[7] South America (Argentina, Chile, Brazil)[6] and the United States (common in Oregon, Alaska, Washington, and both northern and southern California, but known to occur in all 50 states).Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
According to American mycologist David Arora, P. cinctulus is the most common psilocybin mushroom in California. [1]
It has also been sighted in Melbourne, Australia, Central Queensland, Australia Belgium and the Czech Republic.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
Legality
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". The legal status of psilocybin mushrooms varies worldwide. Psilocybin and psilocin are listed as Class A (United Kingdom) or Schedule I (US) drugs under the United Nations 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances.[9] The possession and use of psilocybin mushrooms, including P. cinctulus, is therefore prohibited by extension. However, in many national, state, and provincial drug laws, there is a great deal of ambiguity about the legal status of psilocybin mushrooms and the spores of these mushrooms. Panaeolus cinctulus is mildly psychoactive.[2]
In culture
During the early 1900s, these species were referred to as the "weed Panaeolus" because they were commonly found in beds of the commercially grown, grocery-store mushroom Agaricus bisporus. Mushroom farmers had to weed it out from the edible mushrooms because of the psilocybin content.[10]
Gallery
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See also
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References
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- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1". (on Fondazione Museo Civico di Rovereto)
- ↑ a b c d e f [1] Panaeolus Specimens in Various Countries (data.gbif.org)
- ↑ a b Panaeolus cinctulus Mushroom Observer (mushroomobserver.org)
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Singer and Smith (1958).
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Sources:
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External links
- "Guide to Hunting and Identifying Panaeolus subbalteatus" at shroomery.org
- "Erowid Psilocybin Mushroom Vault : Observations Regarding the Suspected Psychoactive Properties of Panaeolus foenisecii Maire" at Erowid.org
- A Worldwide Geographical Distribution of the Neurotropic Fungi
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