Palace of Justice, Brussels

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The Palace of Justice of BrusselsTemplate:Efn or Law Courts of BrusselsTemplate:Efn is a courthouse in Brussels, Belgium. It is the country's most important court building, seat of the judicial arrondissement of Brussels, as well as of several courts and tribunals, including the Court of Cassation (Belgian supreme court), the Court of Assizes (highest criminal court), the Court of Appeal of Brussels (appellate court), the Tribunal of First Instance of Brussels (general jurisdiction), and the Bar Association of Brussels.

Designed by the architect Joseph Poelaert, in an eclectic style of Greco-Roman inspiration, to replace an older courthouse,Template:Sfn the current building was erected between 1866 and 1883. With a ground surface of Script error: No such module "convert"., the edifice is reputed to be the largest constructed in the 19th century and remains one of the largest of its kind.[1] The total cost of the construction, land, and furnishings approximated 50 million Belgian francs.Template:SfnTemplate:Efn The building suffered heavy damage during World War II, when the cupola was destroyed and later rebuilt higher than the original. The structure has been under renovation since 1984 and scaffolding from that era still hangs on the building, though it is set to come down by 2030.[2]

The Palace of Justice is located on the Script error: No such module "Lang"./Script error: No such module "Lang". in the Marolles/Marollen district (southern part of Brussels' city centre). A notable landmark of Brussels, this site is served by Louise/Louiza metro station (on lines 2 and 6 of the Brussels Metro), as well as the homonymous tram stop (on lines 8 and 92).[3][4] From the lower part of town, it is also possible to take the public Poelaert Elevators up to the square.[5]

History

First courthouse (1818–1892)

The current Palace of Justice is located on the Galgenberg hill (Template:Langx; "Gallows Mount"), between Brussels' upper and lower town, where in the Middle Ages convicted criminals were hanged, hence its name.[6] A first courthouse had been erected, at a different location, in the Sablon/Zavel district, on the Script error: No such module "Lang"./Script error: No such module "Lang". (today's Script error: No such module "Lang"./Script error: No such module "Lang".), between the Script error: No such module "Lang"./Script error: No such module "Lang". (today's Script error: No such module "Lang"./Script error: No such module "Lang".) and the (now-disappeared) Script error: No such module "Lang"./Script error: No such module "Lang"..[7]

Built between 1818 and 1823 by the French architect Template:Ill on the site of a former Jesuit church,Template:Sfn this first neoclassical structure had quickly deteriorated, and the question of building a new and larger courthouse arose as early as 1837. The condition was that the building could accommodate all civil and military jurisdictions under one roof.Template:Sfn The choice of location, however, gave rise to heated controversies. It was indeed initially planned to rebuild it in the same place, but this project, the cost of which was estimated at 3 million Belgian francs,Template:Efn quickly aborted.Template:Sfn The idea of building it in the newly developed Leopold Quarter in the eastern part of town was no more successful. In 1846–47, another reconstruction project was also buried.

Inception of the project (1858–1866)

In 1858, the then-Minister of Justice, Victor Tesch, suggested for the first time the gardens of the House of Merode, where the extension of the Script error: No such module "Lang"./Script error: No such module "Lang". would be constructed. The governor of the Province of Brabant suggested that it would be possible at the same time to link the new Louise/Louiza district to the city centre. Following a proposal from the advisor to the Court of Appeal, Template:Ill, aiming at installing the building perpendicular to the Rue de la Régence rather than to the right of this extension,Template:Sfn a study was entrusted to the Chief Engineer Groetaers. In his report, Groetaers recommended to erect a building of Script error: No such module "convert"., with a Script error: No such module "convert". fronting facing a 100 m square. Disagreements having arisen between Groetaers and the city's mayor, the latter called for a competition for the building's design.Template:Sfn

File:Joseph POELAERT architecte.jpg
The Palace of Justice's architect, Joseph Poelaert

On 27 March 1860, an international architectural competition, endowed with three prizes, was therefore organised by royal decree.Template:Sfn After several failed proposals, Tesch appointed the city's municipal architect, Joseph Poelaert, to draw plans of the building in 1861.Template:Sfn The architect already enjoyed an excellent reputation, having to his credit a series of very prestigious projects in the capital, such as the commemorative Congress Column (1850), the Church of St. Catherine (1854) and the restoration of the Royal Theatre of La Monnaie (1855).Template:Sfn

In April 1862, Poelaert submitted a preliminary draft, which was approved by Tesch. It was then in Paris, far from the pressures and influences of Brussels, that Poelaert withdrew to put the final touches to his plans. There, he gathered a team of designers including Template:Ill and Édouard Corroyer. Given the prominent place that the Palace of Justice was called upon to occupy in the urban landscape, Poelaert opted for an eclectic style of Greco-Roman inspiration. Although he was inspired by classicism, he created a totally personal and original work.Template:Sfn

Construction (1866–1883)

The first stone was laid on 31 October 1866.Template:Sfn At Poelaert's request, the management of the works was entrusted to the engineer Template:Ill, Inspector General of the Ministry of Public Works and President of the Royal Commission of Monuments between 1865 and 1897.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn After Poelaert's death on 3 November 1879, the construction was taken over by the architect Joseph Joachim Benoît.Template:Sfn The building was inaugurated on 15 October 1883 by King Leopold II in the presence of his wife Queen Marie-Henriette, his daughter Princess Clémentine, and members of the Belgian royal family.Template:Sfn[1] As for the old courthouse, it was demolished in 1892 for the construction of the Script error: No such module "Lang"./Script error: No such module "Lang"., which leads into the Place de la Justice.Template:Sfn

For the Palace of Justice's construction, a section of the Marolles/Marollen neighbourhood was demolished, while most of the garden belonging to the House of Merode was also expropriated.Template:Sfn The 75 landlords belonging to the nobility and the high bourgeoisie, many of whom lived in their homes,Template:Sfn received large indemnities, while the other more modest inhabitants, about a hundred, were also forced to move by the Belgian Government, though they were compensated with houses in the Tillens-Roosendael garden city (Template:Langx) in the Quartier du Chat in the Uccle municipality.Template:Sfn

Poelaert himself resided in the Marolles, only a few hundred metres from the building, on the Script error: No such module "Lang"./Script error: No such module "Lang"., in a house adjoining his vast offices and workshops and communicating with them.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn It is thus unlikely he saw himself as ruining the neighbourhood. Nonetheless, many angry citizens personally blamed Poelaert for the forced relocations, and the expression schieven architect (meaning "shameful architect") became one of the most serious insults in the dialect of the Marolles.[6] Although the construction took place during the reign of Leopold II, the king showed little interest in the building, and it is not considered part of his extensive architectural programme in Brussels nor his legacy as the "Builder-King".Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

Damage and renovation (1945–present)

File:Bruxelles. Palais de Justice LCCN2017659130.jpg
The Palace of Justice on a pre-1944 postcard. Note the lower dome.

At the end of the Second World War, on the eve of the liberation of Brussels, the retreating German forces started a fire in the Palace of Justice in order to destroy it, as well as the legal records it contained. As a result, the cupola collapsed and part of the building was heavily damaged. The explosion of a V-1 rocket in the Rue des Minimes two months later caused additional damage.Template:Sfn In 1947, the restoration work was entrusted to the architect-engineer and custodian of the Palace, Template:Ill.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn By 1948, most of the building was repaired, and the cupola was rebuilt Script error: No such module "convert". higher than the original, whose somewhat flat shape had previously been criticised.Template:Sfn

Renovations on the building have been in progress since 1984.[8] These renovations pertain to the repair and strengthening of the roof structure and the walls, as well as putting a new layer on the gilded cupola. In 2002–03, the roofing was renewed and the structural structure was repaired and reinforced. On 1 September 2003, the protective foil was removed from the dome, thus becoming once again an eye-catcher in the skyline of Brussels.[9] Progress is slow, however, and in 2013, it was reported that the decade-old scaffolding was so rusted and unsafe that the scaffolding itself was in need of renovation.[10]

Since the end of the 20th century, many jurisdictions have successively left the Palace of Justice on the grounds that it no longer meets the criteria required for the exercise of contemporary justice, particularly in terms of the required workspace. The Government of the Brussels-Capital Region ended up issuing two designations orders, on 3 May 2001 and on 28 February 2008, "Because of its historical, artistic and technical interest". In 2008, a proposal was made for the building's recognition as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.[1] In 2016, the World Monuments Fund placed the courthouse on its list of endangered monuments.[11] In 2018, following the collapse of part of the ceiling, Jean de Codt, first president of the Court of Cassation and highest magistrate in the country, spoke openly in the media to demand additional financial resources to ensure the building's sustainability and the safety of those who work there.[12] Several plans have followed to find solutions to the dilapidated rooms and to security problems, but the work is expected to last for many more years, leaving the building's future uncertain. As of 2022, additional renovation plans have been announced, with completion expected for "2024 or 2025".[13][14] In November 2024, the Federal Government announced that the first scaffolding on the building would be removed by the end of the year, with remaining scaffolding to be dismantled by 2030.[2]

Dimensions

Brussels' Palace of Justice was, at the time of its construction, the largest building in the world, and remains today one of the largest courthouses.[1]Template:Efn The edifice is currently Script error: No such module "convert".,[1] and has a total built ground surface of Script error: No such module "convert".,Template:Sfn bigger than St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. The Script error: No such module "convert". dome weighs Script error: No such module "convert"..Template:Sfn The building has 8 courtyards with a surface of Script error: No such module "convert"., 27 large court rooms and 245 smaller court rooms and other rooms. Situated on a hill with a steep incline, there is a level difference of Script error: No such module "convert". between the upper and lower town,Template:Sfn which results in multiple entrances to the building at different levels.

The building includes huge interior statues of Demosthenes and Lycurgus by the sculptor Template:Ill, and figures of the Roman jurists Cicero and Ulpian by Antoine-Félix Bouré.Template:Sfn The central portico, Script error: No such module "convert". high, is surmounted by a helmeted bust of the ancient Greek Titaness Themis, personification of divine law and order, by Template:Ill.Template:Sfn Moreover, the impressive main hall or salle des pas perdus (Template:Literal) is around Script error: No such module "convert". including the first floor gallery: Script error: No such module "convert". long and Script error: No such module "convert". wide. A compass rose with sixteen rays marks the centre of the room.Template:Sfn

Many questions remain on this project, which saw its budget exceed 50 million Belgian francsTemplate:SfnTemplate:Efn (which was equivalent to an entire year of public works in the country at the time) for an initial estimate of barely 4 million.Template:Efn The excessiveness of the site, and the freedom left to the architect to override almost all the rules initially imposed, remain a great mystery.

Usage

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The Palace of Justice is the most important court building in Belgium, seat of the country's different courts and tribunals, most notably the Court of Cassation, its supreme court. The Court of Cassation handles cases in the two main languages of Belgium, being Dutch and French, and provides certain facilities for cases in German. The Court of Assizes (criminal court that tries the most serious crimes), the Court of Appeal of Brussels (appellate court), as well as the Tribunal of First Instance of Brussels (general jurisdiction), also seat there. The Palace of Justice also includes within it the prosecution services adjoining these jurisdictions, as well as various libraries.[15]

Courts and tribunals

  • Court of Cassation: 1st president, Griffie-Clerck and Prosecution
  • Court of Assizes
  • Court of Appeal of Brussels: 1st president, Griffie-Clerck and Prosecution
  • Tribunal of First Instance of Brussels

Libraries

  • Library of the Magistrate
  • Library of the Bar Association of Brussels
  • Library of the Lawyers

Arrondissement of Brussels

Moreover, the Palace of Justice is the seat of the judicial arrondissement of Brussels (covering the entire Brussels-Capital Region), having split from the Flemish part of the former bilingual arrondissement of Brussels-Halle-Vilvoorde (BHV) in mid-2012 (which made Halle-Vilvoorde a monolingual Flemish electoral and judicial district).[15]

Bar Association of Brussels

Finally, the Palace of Justice is also home to the Bar Association of Brussels (Template:Langx, Template:Langx), a professional order of 7,000 Brussels lawyers, founded on 14 December 1810. Since 1984, the Bar Association of Brussels has been split into two, the French-speaking order (Script error: No such module "Lang".)[16] and the Dutch-speaking order (Script error: No such module "Lang".).[17]

Surroundings

The Script error: No such module "Lang"./Script error: No such module "Lang"., in front of the Palace of Justice, is the largest square in Brussels, measuring Script error: No such module "convert".. The initial development project, which provided for a large square in a semicircle (1862), could not be implemented due to Poelaert's sudden death. Consequently, this square does not have an architectural unity in the buildings that surrounds it, nor the belvedere coming from the original plan, and instead constitutes a vast transit space unsuitable for pedestrians, not functioning as an urban square but as a roundabout for cars preventing the appropriation of the place by walkers. In 1905, it was the scene of prestigious commemorations for the 75th anniversary of Belgian independence.Template:Sfn Nowadays, it offers one of Brussels' finest views. From the elevated vantage point, the famous tower of Brussels' Town Hall on the Grand-Place/Grote Markt is clearly visible. On a sunny day, the Koekelberg Basilica and even the Atomium can be seen.

Next to the Palace of Justice, on the Place Poelaert, stand two war memorials: the Belgian Infantry Memorial by Edouard Vereycken (1935) and the Anglo-Belgian Memorial by Charles Sargeant Jagger (1923). In addition, the Poelaert Elevators,[18] in popular language the Elevators of the Marolles,[19][20][21] are a set of two public lifts that connects the upper and lower town between the Place Poelaert and the Script error: No such module "Lang"./Script error: No such module "Lang".. They were executed by the AVA Architects office, under the coordination of the architect Patrice Neirinck, and were inaugurated in June 2002.

Influence

File:Palacio de Justicia. Lima, Perú.jpg
The Palace of Justice of Lima, Peru, is inspired by that of Brussels.

There is a well-known story that Adolf Hitler was reportedly fond of the building. Albert Speer, the Minister of Armaments and War Production in Nazi Germany, stated in his book Inside the Third Reich that he had been dispatched to Brussels in 1940 to study the building.Template:Sfn

Although lacking the dome and being much smaller, the Palace of Justice in Lima, Peru, which houses the Supreme Court of Peru, is based upon Brussels' Palace of Justice.[22]

In popular culture

Books

  • The Palace of Justice is represented in the album The Last Pharaoh, published in 2019, from the comic strip series Blake and Mortimer, in which it plays a central place of the plot.[23]
  • The W. G. Sebald novel Austerlitz portrays the Palace of Justice as a "mountain range of stone" and "forest of columns", full of endless corridors, stairways to nowhere, and rooms with no exits or entrances. The titular character mentions rumours of local citizens turning unused rooms into restaurants, bookie firms, pay toilets, shops, and other business venues and describes how he went into the building trying to find a labyrinth used for inducting Freemasons.[24]

Films

  • In the 1967 comedy film The Departure, directed by Jerzy Skolimowski, the lead character, Marc, played by Jean-Pierre Léaud, swaps his 2CV for a Porsche and drives at breakneck speed past the Palace of Justice. In another scene, desperate and in a last-ditch attempt, he lays down on the tram tracks in the Rue de la Régence, with the building in the background, as a tram approaches.[25]

See also

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References

Footnotes

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Citations

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Bibliography

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External links

Template:Brussels topics Template:Tallest buildings and structures in Belgium Template:Authority control

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