Pakistani diaspora

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Overseas Pakistanis (Template:Langx), or the Pakistani diaspora, refer to Pakistanis who live outside of Pakistan. These include citizens who have migrated to another country as well as people born abroad of Pakistani descent.

According to a December 2017 estimate by the Ministry of Overseas Pakistanis and Human Resource Development, approximately 8.8 million Pakistanis live abroad. Data released in 2023 by the Ministry of Emigration and Overseas Employment states that more than 10.80 million Pakistanis have moved abroad since 1990.[1]

The vast majority, over 4.7 million, reside in the Middle East.[2][3] The second-largest community, around 1.6 million, lives in the United Kingdom, followed by the United States (especially in New York City, Chicago, and New Jersey) in third place. Other European countries such as Italy, Germany, Spain and Norway also host large Pakistani communities, as does Canada (especially in Toronto) and Australia.

According to the UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Pakistan has the 6th largest diaspora in the world.[4]

In 2021, overseas Pakistanis sent record remittances with growth at 26 percent and levels reaching USD $33 billion.[5]

Terminology

The term Overseas Pakistani is officially recognised by the Government of Pakistan. It refers to Pakistani citizens who have not resided in Pakistan for a specified period (for the purpose of income tax) and to people born abroad who are of Pakistani descent.

National Identity Card for Overseas Pakistanis

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". The National Identity Card for Overseas Pakistanis, or NICOP, is a Computerised National Identity Card issued to workers, emigrants, citizens, or Pakistanis holding dual nationality. NICOP was conceived by NADRA in 2002 as a project of mutual resolve between the Overseas Pakistanis Foundation, the Ministry of Labour & Manpower, and the Ministry of Interior. All NICOP holders are registered in the NADRA database to provide authenticity of the individual and visa-free entry into Pakistan. Proof of family relationships is necessary for various legal and administrative purposes involving NICOP.[6]

Pakistan Origin Card

The Pakistan Origin Card, or POC, is issued by Pakistani embassies or high commissions to people of Pakistani origin living abroad.[7] POC are not issued to those with dual nationalities.[8]

Emigration from Pakistan

Emigration from the territories that now constitute Pakistan began as early as 3000 BC.

Prehistoric

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The presence of Harappan merchants in Mesopotamia from the Indus Valley civilisation is suggested by various forms of glyptic evidence. A recently discovered Mesopotamian cylinder seal inscription reveals that an interpreter from "Meluhha" (Harappa) was present. Several Indus-scripted seals have also been discovered in excavations.[9]

Middle Ages

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During the 10th century, Arabic chronicles mention tribes coming into contact with Baloch settlers.[10] The majority of Baloch settlers originated from the Makran coast and settled in what is today Oman, forming part of the Bedoon community.[11] Many of them worked in various trades, including barbers, fan operators, and shopkeepers. Some were even drafted as soldiers for the army of the Iman of Oman.[12] A small population of Muslim clergy from Punjab, Kashmir, and Sindh settled in Mecca by the 14th century to aid travellers from the region making the journey for Hajj and to help expand Islam throughout the Indus Valley and its tributaries. Bankers and merchants from southern Punjab (Multan) and northern Sindh (Shikarpur) were present in Safavid Persia during the 15th century, living alongside Jews and Armenians.[13][14] Pashtun traders arrived by boat in Batticaloa, Sri Lanka, as early as the 15th century.[15][16] The Mukkuvar locals established an alliance with the Pashtun traders, enlisting their help to fend off incursions from rivals in the north. The traders were rewarded through marriages and settled in Eravur.[15] Their settlement may have been deliberate, forming a buffer against future invasions from the north.[16] When Arab and Persian merchants expanded maritime trade routes in the 16th century, Sindh became fully integrated into the inter-Asian trade network. This led to increased trade and navigational interactions between Sindhi merchants and Arab/Persian merchants. Sindh also maintained independent commercial relations with East Asia and Southeast Asia, particularly with the Kedah Sultanate on the Malay Peninsula.[17]

Colonial era (1842–1947)

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After the fall of Sindh in 1842 and Punjab in 1849, a large part of the territory of today's Pakistan came under rule of the British Empire. From 1842 to 1857, a small number of immigrants from Punjab, Sindh, and Kashmir began arriving in the British Isles as employees of the British East India Company, typically as lashkars and sailors in British port cities.[18][19][20] After the establishment of the British Empire in 1857, Baloch and Pashtuns, along with Punjabis, Sindhis, and Kashmiris, continued coming to Britain as seamen, traders, students, domestic workers, cricketers, political officials, and visitors. A small number of them settled in the region.[21] Many influential members of the Pakistan Movement, including Muhammad Iqbal and Muhammad Ali Jinnah, spent a considerable amount of time in Britain and Europe, studying at major British institutions.[22] Between 1860 and 1930, camel caravans worked in Outback Australia, which included Pashtun, Punjabi, Baloch, and Sindhi men[23] as well as others from Kashmir.[24] By 1900, Punjabis and Pashtuns began migrating to other parts of the British Empire. Many were veterans of the British Army, but also included a small migrant population who were legally considered British subjects. Pashtun migrants opted for the British Trucial States, where the British used their subjects as a valuable human resource in running the administration.[25] British Columbia became a destination for many Punjabi migrants as agents of the Canadian Pacific Railway and the Hudson's Bay Company guaranteed jobs for them between 1902 and 1905. However, many Punjabi migrants returned due to racism and the curtailing of migration of non-whites by the Canadian government.[26] Others sought opportunities by moving to the United States, particularly Yuba City, California. Poor wages and working conditions convinced Punjabi workers to pool their resources, lease land, and grow their own crops, thereby establishing themselves in the newly budding farming economy of northern California.[27]

Many people from modern Pakistan migrated and settled in Malaysia, which was also part of the British Empire. The Malays and Pakistanis share a strong Muslim identity. At the time of Malaysia's independence under the Federation of Malaya Independence Act 1957, there were more than two hundred thousand Pakistanis residing in Malaysia. Rather than forming a separate group under the categorized system, at the suggestion of the Malays themselves, Pakistanis immersed themselves into the Malay group. Thus, they became part of the Bumiputra elite, enriched by social ties, intermarriage, and shared economic and political aspirations. They also took positions in the civil service administration and gradually rose to the upper echelons of government, becoming inextricably intermixed with the Malay majority.[28] Many elite Malay families have at least one grandparent who was Pakistani. Diplomats, judges, legislators, and other government cadres include people with recognized Pakistani-Malay bloodlines.

Post independence

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1947 to 1970

Emigration from Pakistan was relatively small between 1947 and 1970. The rapid industrialization of Pakistan during the 1950s and 1960s, coupled with the introduction of modern agricultural practices, pushed out surplus labor, leading to mass rural-to-urban migration, primarily to Karachi.[29] During this period, the majority of Pakistanis who went abroad considered themselves "sojourners", who left to earn money but did not intend to settle, or were students who planned to return to Pakistan after completing their degree programs. By 1971, no more than 900,000 Pakistanis lived abroad, with most residing in the United Kingdom and Saudi Arabia. In 1959, small numbers of Pakistanis were found working in Bahrain, Kuwait, and elsewhere in the Persian Gulf. By 1960, the Pakistani community in Bahrain numbered 2,200, while almost half of the population in Kuwait comprised non-nationals, including a small number from Pakistan. Pakistan was already the single most important source of non-Arab expatriate labor in the Kuwait Oil Company (representing about 19% of the workforce) and trailed only Americans among those working for Saudi Aramco in Saudi Arabia, representing 6% of the workforce.[30]

The first mass migration of Pakistanis began in 1965 during the construction of the Mangla Dam in Azad Jammu & Kashmir. Over 280 villages around Mirpur and Dadyal were submerged, which led to the displacement of over 110,000 people from the region. Pakistanis also emigrated from these areas and the regions of Attock and Nowshera due to high levels of unemployment and harsh terrain that made farming difficult.[31] During the same period, the British government actively sought workers from abroad for industrial towns in north-west England, which were suffering from labor shortages. Many Pakistani emigrants relocated to work in towns like Rochdale, Newcastle, Bristol, High Wycombe, Birmingham, Dewsbury, Huddersfield, and Bradford.[31] Consequently, many work permits for Britain were awarded to the displaced population of Mirpur.[32] Close to 50,000 Pakistanis from Mirpur emigrated to northern England between 1965 and 1970.[33][34] Those who emigrated during this time were aided by the 1948 British Nationality Act, which allowed people from British Commonwealth countries, such as Pakistan, to travel and settle in Britain as they were considered British citizens.[31]

1971 to present

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The availability of a large-scale labor force from Pakistan resulted from a combination of economic, social, and institutional factors at home. By 1970, Pakistan was passing through a serious economic and political crisis, which eventually led to the secession of East Pakistan in 1971. The rapid economic development of the 1950s and 1960s could not be sustained by 1970, and a wave of nationalization of business and industry was unfolding under Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto. This led to slower large-scale industrialization due to a new wave of industrial unrest and disaffection between industrialists and Bhutto's government, which favored the nationalization of banking, large-scale trading, and industry.

Rural-to-urban migration into Karachi slowed during the 1970s and 80s and was replaced by a rising wave of international migration to Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, or Libya. The profile of the workforce and their places of origin followed the established patterns of internal migration routes. These included people from NWFP, northern Punjab (Potohar Plateau), the Seraiki belt in southern Punjab, and the hill tracts of Azad Jammu & Kashmir. Institutionally, a network of information chains to seek work and the channels for remitting money to families back in Pakistan already existed. The majority of migrants were young males who sought work abroad while families remained in Pakistan. These channels soon expanded and adapted to new requirements and conditions.[35] During the 1960s and 1970s, the remaining Pakistani Jewish community of 2000 began emigrating to Israel and settled in Ramla.[36]

Today's Pakistani diaspora is substantial, with over 9 million Pakistanis residing abroad, including an estimated 4 million in the Persian Gulf region. This represents a significant portion of the population seeking opportunities beyond their homeland. Emigration trends indicate a continued outflow, with 325,142 individuals departing in the first half of 2024 alone. The year 2015 witnessed a peak in outbound migration, as 946,571 Pakistanis left the country primarily in pursuit of employment and enhanced career prospects.[37]

The expatriate labor force in the Persian Gulf has followed a "circulating work force" pattern. Workers come in, work for a few years, periodically visit Pakistan for short or long breaks, and then return permanently.

Ministry of Overseas Pakistanis and Human Resource Development

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Script error: No such module "labelled list hatnote". The Ministry of Overseas Pakistanis and Human Resource Development is a ministry of the Government of Pakistan that oversees matters concerning Overseas Pakistanis and human resource development in Pakistan. Aun Chaudhry is the current minister.[38] The ministry was created in June 2013 from a merger of the Ministry of Overseas Pakistanis[39][40] and the Ministry of Human Resource Development,[41] which was established in 2008. The Bureau of Emigration & Overseas Employment appoints Community Welfare Attachés (CWA) around the world to establish and maintain close contacts with foreign firms in need of manpower for their ventures in different countries, and to aid in the welfare of overseas Pakistanis. CWAs are currently located in:[42]

Overseas Pakistanis Foundation

The Overseas Pakistanis Foundation (OPF) was established in July 1979, with its head office in Islamabad and regional offices in all provincial capitals as well as Mirpur, Azad Jammu and Kashmir. The objective of the OPF is to advance the welfare of Pakistanis working or settled abroad and their families in Pakistan by identifying their problems and contributing to their solutions. These include health care, financial aid, foreign exchange remittance, and education.[43] The Overseas Pakistanis Foundation operates more than 24 schools in and across Pakistan, offering preschool, primary, secondary, and preparation for local SSC and the international GCE education. Most of its students opt to take the GCE O and AS/A Levels organized by the CIE of UCLES. It has also established international projects in the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, and the United Kingdom. The head office of the OPF schools is located in Islamabad, administering the system through six main regional offices:

Relations with Pakistan

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Millions of Pakistanis emigrated to various countries during the 1970s and 1980s. Unlike European immigrants who settled permanently in the new world, many Pakistanis who emigrated considered themselves "sojourners", who left to earn money abroad but not to settle, or were students who intended to return to Pakistan upon completing their degree programs.

Little Pakistan

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The New York City Metropolitan Area, including New York City, Central New Jersey, as well as Long Island in New York, is home to the largest Pakistani American population.

Little Pakistan is a general name for an ethnic enclave primarily populated by Pakistanis or people of Pakistani ancestry abroad, usually in an urban neighborhood all over the world

Pakistan International School

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Pakistan International Schools are schools based outside Pakistan that promote the national curriculum. These schools fall under the jurisdiction of the Federal Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education and mainly cater to students who are not nationals of the host country, such as children of the staff of international businesses, organizations, embassies, missions, or missionary programs.[44] For overseas Pakistani families, these schools provide continuity in education from Pakistan, as most prefer to stay within the same curriculum, especially for older children.[45] Pakistan International Schools typically use curricula based on the Federal Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education and offer both Urdu and English language classes. There are notable Pakistani International Schools in Oman, Saudi Arabia and Qatar

From the Middle East

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Since the independence of Pakistan in 1947, there has been a large population of Pakistanis in the Middle East, mainly in Saudi Arabia. However, since the 1990s, many have opted for countries like the United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, and Kuwait. Pakistanis who immigrated to these countries or were born there tended to stay close to Pakistani culture. Many "Pakistan International Schools" were opened to cater to the large population and allow them to study under the same boards as students in Pakistan. As a result, those returning to Pakistan from the Middle East have found it much easier to adjust. Pakistanis from the Middle East can be found throughout the country today, usually fluent in Urdu, English, and their regional language. They are mostly involved in trading, media, telecommunications, banking, and aviation.

From Europe

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Since the 1990s, a large number of Pakistanis who settled in Europe have been returning to Pakistan. Those born in Europe have also maintained close links to Pakistani culture. However, there are instances where children did not learn Urdu while growing up or were not accustomed to Pakistani culture. As a result, those returning from Europe experience "culture shocks". Returnees from Norway and Denmark are mostly settled around Kharian in Punjab province, whereas those from northern England (Bradford) can be found in Azad Kashmir (mainly Mirpur), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and upper Punjab (Jhelum, Chakwal, Attock, and Rawalpindi).

From America

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Historically, only a small number of Pakistanis from Canada and the United States have returned to Pakistan. While they frequently visit during the summer and winter vacations, permanent settlement was not popular among them until 2001. However, since the September 11 attacks and the 2008 financial crisis, many Pakistani Americans and Pakistani Canadians have begun to return. The population of returning expatriates from the Americas, who often have excellent credentials, has increased significantly due to new job opportunities in Pakistan.[46] Many of these returnees can be found in major cities such as Karachi, Lahore, Rawalpindi, Islamabad, Faisalabad, and Peshawar, as well as in smaller cities and towns like Sialkot. Those returning from North America generally find it easier to secure jobs in Pakistan and are involved in a wide range of fields, including healthcare, engineering, law, banking, information technology, mass media, and industry.

Remittances

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Population by country

File:Map of the Pakistani Diaspora in the World.svg
A map showing the distribution and population of Pakistan diaspora by country.
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Population of Pakistanis abroad, by country, according to the 2019-20 Ministry of Overseas Pakistanis and Human Resource Development Yearbook,[47] or other estimates (if indicated).

Template:Static row numbers

Country Article Overseas Pakistani population World Region Total population in the region
File:Flag of Indonesia.svg Indonesia Pakistanis in Indonesia 8,645 (2020 estimate)[48] Southeast Asia 110,488
File:Flag of Malaysia.svg Malaysia Pakistanis in Malaysia 85,013 (2020 estimate)[48][49]
File:Flag of Thailand.svg Thailand Pakistanis in Thailand 6,500
File:Flag of Singapore.svg Singapore Pakistanis in Singapore 4,562 (2012)[50]
File:Flag of Myanmar.svg Myanmar Pakistanis in Burma 3,101 (2020 estimate)[48]
File:Flag of Brunei.svg Brunei Pakistanis in Brunei 893 (2020 estimate)[48]
File:Flag of Vietnam.svg Vietnam Pakistanis in Vietnam 622 (2020 estimate)[48]
File:Flag of the Philippines.svg Philippines Pakistanis in Philippines 451 (2020 census)[51]
File:Flag of Cambodia.svg Cambodia Pakistanis in Cambodia 350
Template:Country data East Timor Pakistanis in East Timor 301 (2020 estimate)[48]
File:Flag of Laos.svg Laos Pakistanis in Laos 50
File:Flag of Japan.svg Japan Pakistanis in Japan 22,118 (2022 official)[52] East Asia 69,738
File:Flag of Hong Kong.svg Hong Kong Pakistanis in Hong Kong 18,178 (2021 census)[53]
File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China Pakistanis in China 15,000
File:Flag of the Republic of China.svg Taiwan Pakistanis in TaiwanTemplate:Efn 259 (2022 official)[54]
File:Flag of South Korea.svg South Korea Pakistanis in South Korea 13,990 (2019 official)[55]
File:Flag of North Korea.svg North Korea Pakistanis in North Korea 172 (2020 estimate)[48]
File:Flag of Mongolia.svg Mongolia Pakistanis in Mongolia 21 (2020 estimate)[48]
File:Flag of Bhutan.svg Bhutan Pakistanis in Bhutan 21 (2020 estimate)[48] South Asia 1,035,444
File:Flag of Bangladesh.svg Bangladesh Pakistanis in Bangladesh 11,196 (2011 census)[56]
File:Flag of India.svg India Pakistanis in India 918,982 (2011 census)[57]
File:Flag of Afghanistan (2013–2021).svg Afghanistan Pakistanis in Afghanistan 102,500 (2020 estimate)[48]
File:Flag of Nepal.svg   Nepal Pakistanis in Nepal 1,212 (2020 estimate)[48]
File:Flag of Sri Lanka.svg Sri Lanka Pakistanis in Sri Lanka 1,083 (2020 estimate)[48]
File:Flag of Maldives.svg Maldives Pakistanis in Maldives 450
File:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg Saudi Arabia Pakistanis in Saudi Arabia 2,714,684 West Asia 5,359,721
File:Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg United Arab Emirates Pakistanis in the United Arab Emirates 1,600,000
File:Flag of Kuwait.svg Kuwait Pakistanis in Kuwait 339,033 (2020 estimate)[48]
File:Flag of Oman.svg Oman Pakistanis in Oman 250,092 (2020 estimate)[48]
File:Flag of Qatar.svg Qatar Pakistanis in Qatar 235,505 (2020 estimate)[48][58]
File:Flag of Bahrain.svg Bahrain Pakistanis in Bahrain 117,000
File:Flag of Jordan.svg Jordan Pakistanis in Jordan 16,500
File:Flag of Iran.svg Iran Pakistanis in Iran 14,320 (2016 census)[59]
File:Flag of Libya.svg Libya Pakistanis in Libya 6,000
File:Flag of Cyprus.svg Cyprus Pakistanis in Cyprus 4,000
File:Flag of Yemen.svg Yemen Pakistanis in Yemen 3,024 (2017 estimate)[60]
File:Flag of the Syrian revolution.svg Syria Pakistanis in Syria 481
File:Flag of Lebanon.svg Lebanon Pakistanis in Lebanon 721 (2020 estimate)[48]
File:Flag of Iraq.svg Iraq Pakistanis in Iraq 688 (2020 estimate)[48]
Template:Country data Georgia Pakistanis in Georgia 27[47]
86 (2002 census)[61]
File:Flag of Azerbaijan.svg Azerbaijan Pakistanis in Azerbaijan 274 (2022 official)[62]
Template:Flagicon Türkiye Pakistanis in Türkiye 17,290 (2021 official)[63]
File:Flag of Uzbekistan.svg Uzbekistan Pakistanis in Uzbekistan 357 Central Asia 2,824
File:Flag of Kazakhstan.svg Kazakhstan Pakistanis in Kazakhstan 350
File:Flag of Kyrgyzstan.svg Kyrgyzstan Pakistanis in Kyrgyzstan 2000
File:Flag of Tajikistan.svg Tajikistan Pakistanis in Tajikistan 103 (2020 estimate)[48]
File:Flag of Turkmenistan.svg Turkmenistan Pakistanis in Turkmenistan 14
File:Flag of Sudan.svg Sudan Pakistanis in Sudan 2,000 Africa 49,467
File:Flag of Algeria.svg Algeria Pakistanis in Algeria 2,500
File:Flag of Mauritania.svg Mauritania Pakistanis in Mauritania 50
File:Flag of Morocco.svg Morocco Pakistanis in Morocco 176 (2017 estimate)[60]
File:Flag of Egypt.svg Egypt Pakistanis in Egypt 619 (2020 estimate)[48]
File:Flag of Tunisia.svg Tunisia Pakistanis in Tunisia 500
File:Flag of South Africa.svg South Africa Pakistanis in South Africa 11,157 (2016 official)[64][65]
File:Flag of Kenya.svg Kenya Pakistanis in Kenya 10,000
File:Flag of Uganda.svg Uganda Pakistanis in Uganda 5,000
File:Flag of Mozambique.svg Mozambique Pakistanis in Mozambique 4,423 (2020 estimate)[66]
File:Flag of Tanzania.svg Tanzania Pakistanis in Tanzania 3,050
File:Flag of Nigeria.svg Nigeria Pakistanis in Nigeria 2,050
File:Flag of Mali.svg Mali Pakistanis in Mali 1,500
File:Flag of Zimbabwe.svg Zimbabwe Pakistanis in Zimbabwe 700
File:Flag of Malawi.svg Malawi Pakistanis in Malawi 515
File:Flag of Burundi.svg Burundi Pakistanis in Burundi 500
File:Flag of Rwanda.svg Rwanda Pakistanis in Rwanda 500
File:Flag of Liberia.svg Liberia Pakistanis in Liberia 500
File:Flag of Botswana.svg Botswana Pakistanis in Botswana 464 (2020 estimate)[48]
File:Flag of Lesotho.svg Lesotho Pakistanis in Lesotho 419 (2020 estimate)[48]
File:Flag of Mauritius.svg Mauritius Pakistanis in Mauritius 378
File:Flag of Zambia.svg Zambia Pakistanis in Zambia 350
File:Flag of Djibouti.svg Djibouti Pakistanis in Djibouti 300
File:Flag of South Sudan.svg South Sudan Pakistanis in South Sudan 250
File:Flag of Ethiopia.svg Ethiopia Pakistanis in Ethiopia 240
File:Flag of Namibia.svg Namibia Pakistanis in Namibia 173 (2020 estimate)[48]
File:Flag of Madagascar.svg Madagascar Pakistanis in Madagascar 138
File:Flag of Senegal.svg Senegal Pakistanis in Senegal 122
File:Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg Congo DR Pakistanis in Democratic Republic of the Congo 115
File:Flag of The Gambia.svg Gambia Pakistanis in Gambia 109
File:Flag of Eritrea.svg Eritrea Pakistanis in Eritrea 100
File:Flag of Sierra Leone.svg Sierra Leone Pakistanis in Sierra Leone 86 (2020 estimate)[48]
File:Flag of Ghana.svg Ghana Pakistanis in Ghana 76 (2020 estimate)[48]
File:Flag of Angola.svg Angola Pakistanis in Angola 75
File:Flag of Somalia.svg Somalia Pakistanis in Somalia 72 (2017 estimate)[60]
File:Flag of Niger.svg Niger Pakistanis in Niger 68
File:Flag of Côte d'Ivoire.svg Ivory Coast Pakistanis in Ivory Coast 66
File:Flag of France.svg Réunion (France) Pakistanis in Réunion 45 (2015 census)[61]
File:Flag of Guinea.svg Guinea Pakistanis in Guinea 29 (2014 census)[61]
File:Flag of Seychelles.svg Seychelles Pakistanis in Seychelles 28
File:Flag of the Comoros.svg Comoros Pakistanis in Comoros 14
Template:Country data Guinea Bissau Pakistanis in Guinea Bissau 10
File:Flag of Brazil.svg Brazil Pakistanis in Brazil 2,348 (2022 official)[67] Latin America 4,220
File:Flag of Chile.svg Chile Pakistanis in Chile 653 (2017 census)[68]
File:Flag of Mexico.svg Mexico Pakistanis in Mexico 331 (2020 census)[69]
File:Flag of Ecuador.svg Ecuador Pakistanis in Ecuador 225
File:Flag of Peru.svg Peru Pakistanis in Peru 153 (2017 official)[70]
File:Flag of Panama.svg Panama Pakistanis in Panama 99 (2020 estimate)[48]
File:Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg Dominican Republic Pakistanis in Dominican Republic 75 (2010 census)[71]
File:Flag of Uruguay.svg Uruguay Pakistanis in Uruguay 75
File:Flag of Argentina.svg Argentina Pakistanis in Argentina 64 (2010 census)[61]
File:Flag of Bolivia.svg Bolivia Pakistanis in Bolivia 40
File:Flag of Venezuela.svg Venezuela Pakistanis in Venezuela 40
File:Flag of Colombia.svg Colombia Pakistanis in Colombia 37 (2018 census)[72]
File:Flag of Paraguay.svg Paraguay Pakistanis in Paraguay 30
File:Flag of Guatemala.svg Guatemala Pakistanis in Guatemala 26 (2020 estimate)[48]
File:Flag of Nicaragua.svg Nicaragua Pakistanis in Nicaragua 14
File:Flag of Puerto Rico.svg Puerto Rico (USA) Pakistanis in Puerto Rico 10 (2021 census)[73]
File:Flag of the United States.svg United States Pakistani Americans 684,438 (2023 American Community Survey)[74] Northern America 987,698
File:Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg Canada Pakistani Canadian 303,260 (2021 official census)[75]
File:Flag of Trinidad and Tobago.svg Trinidad and Tobago Pakistanis in Trinidad and Tobago 88 Caribbean 209
File:Flag of Bermuda.svg Bermuda (UK) Pakistanis in Bermuda 29 (2020 estimate)[48]
File:Flag of Guyana.svg Guyana Pakistanis in Guyana 25
File:Flag of Suriname.svg Suriname Pakistanis in Suriname 25
File:Flag of Grenada.svg Grenada Pakistanis in Grenada 21
File:Flag of the Cayman Islands.svg Cayman Islands (UK) Pakistanis in Cayman Islands 11 (2019 official)[76]
File:Flag of Barbados.svg Barbados Pakistanis in Barbados 10
File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom British Pakistanis,
Pakistanis in London		 United Kingdom: 1,662,286 (2011 official UK census)[77]Template:Efn
England: 1,570,287 (2021 census)[78]
Scotland: 49,381 (2011 census)[77]
Wales: 17,535 (2021 census)[78]
Northern Ireland: 1,596 (2021 census)[79] 		Europe 2,243,152
File:Flag of Italy.svg Italy Pakistanis in Italy 162,413 (2024 official)[80]
File:Flag of Germany.svg Germany Pakistanis in Germany 140,000 (2022 official)[81]
File:Flag of Spain.svg Spain Pakistanis in Spain 114,693 (2023 official)[82]
File:Flag of Norway.svg Norway Pakistanis in Norway 46,300 (2023 official)[83]
File:Flag of Greece.svg Greece Pakistanis in Greece 34,177 (2011 official census)[84]
File:Flag of Portugal.svg Portugal Pakistanis in Portugal 30,000 (2024 official Pakistani embassy estimate)[85][86]
File:Flag of France.svg France Pakistanis in France 29,387 (2019 official)[87]
File:Flag of Sweden.svg Sweden Pakistanis in Sweden 27,292 (2022 official)[88]
File:Flag of the Netherlands.svg Netherlands Pakistanis in the Netherlands 27,261 (2022 official)[89]
File:Flag of Denmark.svg Denmark Pakistanis in Denmark 26,714 (2023 official estimate)[90]
File:Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Belgium Pakistanis in Belgium 19,247 (2012 official estimate)[91]
File:Flag of Ireland.svg Republic of Ireland Pakistanis in Ireland 12,891 (2016 official census)[92]
File:Flag of Austria.svg Austria Pakistanis in Austria 5,914 (2021 census)[93]
File:Flag of Finland.svg Finland Pakistanis in Finland 4,726 (2022 official estimate)[94]
File:Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg  Switzerland Pakistanis in Switzerland 3,217 (2020 official estimate)[95]
File:Flag of Ukraine.svg Ukraine Pakistanis in Ukraine 2,000
File:Flag of Russia.svg Russia Pakistanis in Russia 1,878 (2015 official)[96]
File:Flag of Hungary.svg Hungary Pakistanis in Hungary 1,719 (2022 official)[87]
File:Flag of Poland.svg Poland Pakistanis in Poland 1,318
File:Flag of Romania.svg Romania Pakistanis in Romania 1,032 (2020 estimate)[87]
File:Flag of the Czech Republic.svg Czech Republic Pakistanis in Czech Republic 979 (2022 official)[97]
File:Flag of Estonia.svg Estonia Pakistanis in Estonia 555 (2021 census)[98]
File:Flag of Malta.svg Malta Pakistanis in Malta 549 (2020 estimate)[48]
File:Flag of Albania.svg Albania Pakistanis in Albania 491 (irregular foreigners) (2019 official)[99]
File:Flag of Bulgaria.svg Bulgaria Pakistanis in Bulgaria 456 (2022 official)[87]
File:Flag of Luxembourg.svg Luxembourg Pakistanis in Luxembourg 206 (2020 official)[100]
File:Flag of Latvia.svg Latvia Pakistanis in Latvia 144 (2023 official)[101]
File:Flag of Iceland.svg Iceland Pakistanis in Iceland 137 (2022 official)[102]
File:Flag of Slovakia.svg Slovakia Pakistanis in Slovakia 130 (2020 official)[87]
File:Flag of Belarus.svg Belarus Pakistanis in Belarus 120
File:Flag of Lithuania.svg Lithuania Pakistanis in Lithuania 51 (2021 census)[61]
File:Flag of Slovenia.svg Slovenia Pakistanis in Slovenia 41 (2022 official)[103]
File:Flag of Serbia.svg Serbia Pakistanis in Serbia 28
File:Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg Bosnia and Herzegovina Pakistanis in Bosnia and Herzegovina 25
File:Flag of Moldova.svg Moldova Pakistanis in Moldova 16 (2021 official)[104]
File:Flag of Croatia.svg Croatia Pakistanis in Croatia 10
File:Flag of Australia (converted).svg Australia Pakistani Australian 120,440 (2023 official census)[105] Oceania 130,401
File:Flag of New Zealand.svg New Zealand Pakistani New Zealander 8,094 (2023 census)[106]
File:Flag of Fiji.svg Fiji Pakistanis in Fiji 1,867 (2020 estimate)[48]
Total overseas Pakistani population 9,993,362 9,993,362


See also

Diasporas of Pakistani ethnic groups

Other

Notes

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References

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  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ POC NADRA Retrieved 23 January 2010.
  8. ↑ NICOP Pakistan High Commission, UK Retrieved 23 January 2010.
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ D. N. Panigrahi, India's Partition: The Story Of Imperialism In Retreat, 2004; Routledge, p. 16.
  23. ↑ Westrip, J. & Holroyde, P. (2010): Colonial Cousins: a surprising history of connections between India and Australia. Wakefield Press. Template:ISBN, p. 175.
  24. ↑ australia.gov.au > About Australia > Australian Stories > Afghan cameleers in Australia Template:Webarchive Accessed 8 May 2014.
  25. ↑ Jonathan S. Addelton, Undermining The Centre; The Gulf Migration and Pakistan, Oxford University Press,1992.
  26. ↑ Pg. 79. White Canada Forever. By W. Peter Ward. 2002. McGill, Quebec, Canada. Template:ISBN.
  27. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  28. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  29. ↑ Sir Rupert Hay, the Persian Gulf States, Middle East Institute, Washington DC, 1959; International Labour Organization, 1945-1957, Geneva, 1959; Quoted in Addleton, 1992.
  30. ↑ Albert Y. Badre and Simon G Siksek, Manpower and Oil in the Arab Countries, Economic Research Institute, American University of Beirut, 1960.
  31. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  32. ↑ Terminski, Bogumil "Development-Induced Displacement and Resettlement: Theoretical Frameworks and Current Challenges", Indiana University, 2013, available at: http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/dlc/handle/10535/8833?show=full.
  33. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  34. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  35. ↑ Roger Owen, Migrant Workers in the Gulf, London; Minority Rights Group Report Number 68, September 1985.
  36. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  37. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  38. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  39. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  40. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  41. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  42. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  43. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  44. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  45. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  46. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  47. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  48. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".
  49. ↑ Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".
  50. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  51. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  52. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  53. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  54. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  55. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  56. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  57. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  58. ↑ Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".
  59. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  60. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  61. ↑ a b c d e Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  62. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  63. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  64. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  65. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  66. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  67. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  68. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  69. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  70. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  71. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  72. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  73. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  74. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  75. ↑ Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".
  76. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  77. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  78. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  79. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  80. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  81. ↑ Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".
  82. ↑ Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".
  83. ↑ Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".
  84. ↑ Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".
  85. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  86. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  87. ↑ a b c d e Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  88. ↑ Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".
  89. ↑ Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".
  90. ↑ Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".
  91. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  92. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  93. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  94. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  95. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  96. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  97. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  98. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  99. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  100. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  101. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  102. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  103. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  104. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  105. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  106. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7174294.stm

Bibliography

  • Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

Script error: No such module "Side box".

External links

Script error: No such module "Navbox". Template:Overseas Asians Template:Ministry of Overseas Pakistanis and Human Resource Development Script error: No such module "Navbox with collapsible groups". Template:Authority control

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