Paiwan language

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Paiwan (Template:Langx,Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Script error: No such module "IPA".) is a native language of southern Taiwan. It is spoken as a first language by the ethnic Paiwan, a Taiwanese indigenous people, and historically as a second language by most people in southern Taiwan. Paiwan is a Formosan language of the Austronesian language family.[2] It is also one of the national languages of Taiwan.[3]

Dialects

Paiwan variants are seen divided into the following dialect zones by Ferrell.Template:Sfn

  • A1 – southern and central
    • Kuɬaɬau (Kulalao) _ used in Ferrell's 1982 Paiwan Dictionary due to its widespread intelligibility and preservation of various phonemic distinctions; also spoken in Tjuabar Village, Taitung County, where Tjariḍik and "Tjuabar" (closely related to Tjavuaɬi) are also spoken.
    • Kapaiwanan (Su-Paiwan)
    • Tjuaqatsiɬay (Kachirai) – southernmost dialect
  • A2 – central
    • Ɬarəkrək (Riki-riki)
    • Patjavaɬ (Ta-niao-wan)
  • B1 – northernmost
    • Tjukuvuɬ (Tokubun)
    • Kaviangan (Kapiyan)
  • B2 – northwestern
    • Tjaɬakavus (Chalaabus, Lai-yi)
    • Makazayazaya (Ma-chia)
  • B3 – east-central
    • Tjariḍik (Charilik)
  • B4 – eastern
    • Tjavuaɬi (Taimali)
    • Tjakuvukuvuɬ (Naibon, Chaoboobol)

This classification were thought to be corrected by Cheng 2016 as below:Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Note: A village unnoted of Vuculj/Ravar is by default placed under Vuculj here. Script error: No such module "Lang".

Phonology

Kuljaljau Paiwan has 23–24 consonants (Script error: No such module "IPA". is found only in loanwords, and Script error: No such module "IPA". is uncommon) and 4 vowels.Template:Sfn Unlike many other Formosan languages that have merged many Proto-Austronesian phonemes, Paiwan preserves most Proto-Austronesian phonemes and is thus highly important for reconstruction purposes.

The four Paiwan vowels are Script error: No such module "IPA".. Script error: No such module "IPA". is written Template:Angbr in the literature.

Kuljaljau (Kuɬaɬau) Paiwan consonants
Labial Alveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
Nasal Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Plosive voiceless Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
voiced Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Affricate Template:IPA link
Fricative voiceless Template:IPA link (Template:IPA link)
voiced Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Trill Template:IPA link
Approximant Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Central Paiwan consonants[4]
Labial Alveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
Nasal Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:Angbr
Plosive voiceless Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:Angbr Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:Angbr Template:IPA link Template:Angbr
voiced Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:Angbr Template:IPA link Template:Angbr Template:IPA link
Affricate Template:IPA link ~ Template:IPA link Template:Angbr
Fricative voiceless Template:IPA link (Template:IPA link)
voiced Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Rhotic Template:IPA link ~ Template:IPA link Template:Angbr
Approximant Template:IPA link Template:Angbr Template:IPA link Template:Angbr Template:IPA link Template:Angbr Template:IPA link Template:Angbr

In Northern Paiwan the palatal consonants have been lost, though this is recent and a few conservative speakers maintain them as allophonic variants (not as distinct phonemes). Script error: No such module "IPA". is robust, unlike in other Paiwan dialects where its status is uncertain, as it derives from *q.

Northern Paiwan (Sandimen) consonants[4]
Labial Alveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Plosive voiceless Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
voiced Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Affricate Template:IPA link
Fricative voiceless Template:IPA link (Template:IPA link)
voiced Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Trill~
Fricative 		Template:IPA link
Approximant Template:IPA link Template:IPA link ~ Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Southern Paiwan (Mudan) consonants[4]
Labial Alveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
Nasal Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Plosive voiceless Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
voiced Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Affricate Template:IPA link
Fricative voiceless Template:IPA link (Template:IPA link)
voiced Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link ~ Template:IPA link
Approximant Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link

Younger speakers tend to pronounce Script error: No such module "IPA". as Script error: No such module "IPA".. Fricative Script error: No such module "IPA". is characteristic of Mudan village; elsewhere in Southern Paiwan it tends to be a trill Script error: No such module "IPA"., though it still varies Script error: No such module "IPA".. Word-initial *k has become Script error: No such module "IPA"..

Grammar

Pronouns

The Paiwan personal pronouns below are from Ferrell (1982).Template:Sfn

Paiwan Personal Pronouns
Gloss Equational Genitive Non-Eq., Non-Gen.
Template:Gcl Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".
Template:Gcl Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".
Template:Gcl Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".
Template:Gcl.Template:Gcl Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".
Template:Gcl.Template:Gcl Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".
Template:Gcl Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".
Template:Gcl Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".

Function words

Paiwan has three construction markers, which are also known as relational particles.Template:Sfn

  1. Script error: No such module "Lang". – shows equational relationship; personal sing. = Script error: No such module "Lang"., personal plural = Script error: No such module "Lang".
  2. Script error: No such module "Lang". – shows genitive / partitive relationship; personal sing. = Script error: No such module "Lang"., personal plural = Script error: No such module "Lang".
  3. Script error: No such module "Lang". – shows that the relationship is neither equational nor genitive; personal sing. = *Script error: No such module "Lang"., personal plural = Script error: No such module "Lang".

Other words include:

  • Script error: No such module "Lang". – be at, in (place)
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". – if when
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". – already (definitely) done/doing or have become
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". – definite future negative marker
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". – definite future marker
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". – emphasis, setting apart

Affixed adverbials include:Template:Sfn

  • Script error: No such module "Lang".
    • Script error: No such module "Lang".: tomorrow
    • Script error: No such module "Lang".: yesterday
  • Script error: No such module "Lang".
    • Script error: No such module "Lang".: soon, in a little while (future)
    • Script error: No such module "Lang".: a little while ago
  • Script error: No such module "Lang".
    • Script error: No such module "Lang".: when? (future)
    • Script error: No such module "Lang".: when? (past)

Interjections include the following:Template:Sfn

  • Script error: No such module "Lang". – yes
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". – no (not do)
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". – no, not (not exist)
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". – oh! (surprise, wonder)
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". – alas!
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". – oh! (surprise, taken aback)
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". – ouch! (pain)

Verbs

Paiwan verbs have 4 types of focus.Template:Sfn

  1. Agent/Actor
  2. Object/Goal/Patient
  3. Referent: spatial/temporal locus, indirect object, beneficiary
  4. Instrument/Cause/Motivation/Origin

The following verbal affixes are used to express varying degrees of volition or intent, and are arranged below from highest to lowest intention.Template:Sfn

  1. Script error: No such module "Lang". (intentional)
  2. Script error: No such module "Lang". (intentional)
  3. Script error: No such module "Lang". (volitionally ambiguous)
  4. Script error: No such module "Lang". (volitionally ambiguous)
  5. Script error: No such module "Lang". (non-intentional)
  6. Script error: No such module "Lang". (non-intentional)

Paiwan verbs can also take on the following non-derivational suffixes.Template:Sfn

  • Script error: No such module "Lang".: "certainly," "truly doing"
  • Script error: No such module "Lang".: "definitely" (emphatic)
  • Script error: No such module "Lang".: "still, yet, continuing to"

Affixes

The Paiwan affixes below are from the Kulalao dialect unless stated otherwise, and are sourced from Ferrell (1982).Template:Sfn

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Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Prefixes
  • Script error: No such module "Lang".: used as an inchoative marker with some stems; past marker
  • Script error: No such module "Lang".: principal, main
  • Script error: No such module "Lang".: time/place characterized by something
  • Script error: No such module "Lang".: go past, via; having finished
  • Script error: No such module "Lang".: go/cause to go by way of (something/place)
  • Script error: No such module "Lang".: come from
  • Script error: No such module "Lang".: eat, drink, consume
  • Script error: No such module "Lang".: get, obtain
  • Script error: No such module "Lang".: my; I (as agent of non-agent focus verb)
  • Script error: No such module "Lang".: belonging to a given [plant/animal] category
  • Script error: No such module "Lang".: to go in the direction of
  • Script error: No such module "Lang".: (have) come to be in/at
  • Script error: No such module "Lang".: have quality of
  • Script error: No such module "Lang".: be affected by, be in condition of (involuntary)
  • Script error: No such module "Lang".: having reciprocal relationship
  • Script error: No such module "Lang".: in some general category
  • Script error: No such module "Lang".: number of persons
  • Script error: No such module "Lang".: agent marker usually involving change of status (used with certain verbs)
  • Script error: No such module "Lang".: be gigantic, super-
  • Script error: No such module "Lang".: agent marker that is usually intransitive (used with certain verbs)
  • Script error: No such module "Lang".: pretend, claim
  • Script error: No such module "Lang".: agent marker (certain verbs)
  • Script error: No such module "Lang".: every
  • Script error: No such module "Lang".: to cause to be/occur
  • Script error: No such module "Lang".: emerge, come into view
  • Script error: No such module "Lang".: put in/on; do something to
  • Script error: No such module "Lang".: have or produce; acquire
  • Script error: No such module "Lang".: place where something is put or kept
  • Script error: No such module "Lang".: do nothing except ...
  • Script error: No such module "Lang".: having to do with
  • Script error: No such module "Lang".: do at/during
  • Script error: No such module "Lang".: do at/in
  • Script error: No such module "Lang".: wish to; go to, in direction of; have odor, quality, flavor of
  • Script error: No such module "Lang".: transfer something to; nearly, be on point of doing
  • Script error: No such module "Lang".: use, utilize, employ
  • Script error: No such module "Lang".: perhaps, most likely is
  • Script error: No such module "Lang".: construct, work on/in
  • Script error: No such module "Lang".: become/act as; one who acts as
  • Script error: No such module "Lang".: do frequently/habitually; have many of
  • Script error: No such module "Lang".: people of (village/nation); have quality of; occur suddenly/unexpectedly/unintentionally
  • Script error: No such module "Lang".: be in state/condition of (involuntary)
  • Script error: No such module "Lang".: be instrument/cause/beneficiary of; instrument focus marker; belonging to certain time in past
  • Script error: No such module "Lang".: carry, transport
  • Script error: No such module "Lang".: your; you (agent of non-agent focus verb); leave, remove, desist from
  • Script error: No such module "Lang".: remove or have removed from oneself
  • Script error: No such module "Lang".: past marker
  • Script error: No such module "Lang".: similar to, like
  • Script error: No such module "Lang".: be dissimilar but of same size
  • Script error: No such module "Lang".: our, we (inclusive); more, to a greater extent, further
  • Script error: No such module "Lang".: take along for use
  • Script error: No such module "Lang".: most, -est
  • Script error: No such module "Lang".: be definitely
  • Script error: No such module "Lang".: reach/extend as far as
  • Script error: No such module "Lang".: furthest, utmost
  • Script error: No such module "Lang".: to have just done
  • Script error: No such module "Lang".: choose to do at/from
  • Script error: No such module "Lang".: containing
  • Script error: No such module "Lang".: used mainly in plant/animal species names (non-Kulalao frozen affix)
  • Script error: No such module "Lang".: be/remain at
  • Script error: No such module "Lang".: do/use separately; be/do at certain place
  • Script error: No such module "Lang".: search for
Infixes
  • Script error: No such module "Lang".: having sound or quality of; involving use of; non-Kulalao
  • Script error: No such module "Lang".: do indiscriminately, on all sides; non-Kulalao
  • Script error: No such module "Lang".: agent or actor; -n- following /p/, /b/, /v/, /m/; m- before vowel-initial words
  • Script error: No such module "Lang".: perfective marker, action already begun or accomplished, object or product of past action; in- before vowel-initial words
Suffixes
  • Script error: No such module "Lang".: specific location in time/space; specific one/type; referent focus
  • Script error: No such module "Lang".: object/goal of action; object focus
  • Script error: No such module "Lang".: projected or intended action, referent focus
  • Script error: No such module "Lang".: agent focus (most subordinate clauses); most peremptory imperative
  • Script error: No such module "Lang".: object focus (most subordinate clauses); polite imperative
  • Script error: No such module "Lang".: things in sequence; groupings; durations of time

The following affixes are from the Tjuabar dialect of Paiwan, spoken in the northwest areas of Paiwan-occupied territory (Comparative Austronesian Dictionary 1995).

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Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Nouns
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". 'tiny things'
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". 'things made from plant roots'
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". 'place' (always used with another affix)
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". 'a pair of' (used for humans only)
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". 'rich'
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". 'vegetation'
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". 'inhabitants'
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". 'name of a tribe'
Verbs
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". 'already done'
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". 'to complete'
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". 'to do something oneself'
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". 'to do something to oneself'
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". 'to get rid of'
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". 'to do something separately'
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". 'to do something reciprocally' (where C indicates the initial consonant of the stem)
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". 'to experience, to be something'
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". 'to cause someone to do something'
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". 'to produce, to get something'
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". 'to be willing to do something'
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". 'to arrive at'
Adjectives
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". 'being'
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". 'with the quality of'
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". 'very'
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". 'more than'

Notes

<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ Template:Glottolog
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ a b c Template:Cite thesis

Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

References

<templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" />

  • Template:Cite thesis
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

External links

Template:Sister project Template:Languages of Taiwan Template:Formosan languages Template:Authority control

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