Oxyaenidae

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Template:Short description Template:Automatic taxobox

Oxyaenidae ("sharp hyenas") is a family of extinct carnivorous placental mammals.[1] Traditionally classified in order Creodonta, this group is now classified in its own order Oxyaenodonta ("sharp tooth hyenas") within clade Pan-Carnivora in mirorder Ferae. The group contains four subfamilies comprising fourteen genera. Oxyaenids were the first to appear during the late Paleocene in North America, while smaller radiations of oxyaenids in Europe and Asia occurred during the Eocene.[2]

Etymology

The name of order Oxyaenodonta comes Template:Etymology, name of hyena genus Hyaena and Template:Etymology.

The name of family Oxyaenidae comes Template:Etymology, name of hyena genus Hyaena and taxonomic suffix "-idae".[3]

Description

They were superficially cat-like mammals that walked on flat feet, in contrast to modern cats, which walk and run on their toes. Anatomically, characteristic features include a short, broad skull, deep jaws, and teeth designed for crushing rather than shearing, as in the hyaenodonts or modern cats.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Oxyaenids were specialized carnivores that preyed on other terrestrial vertebrates, eggs and insects. They were capable of climbing trees, which is suggested by fossil evidence of their paws.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Classification and phylogeny

Taxonomy

Template:Tree list

  • Order: †Oxyaenodonta Van Valen, 1971Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Family: †Oxyaenidae Cope, 1877Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
      • Subfamily: †Machaeroidinae Matthew, 1909Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
        • Genus: †Apataelurus Scott, 1938Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
          • †Apataelurus kayi Scott, 1938Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
          • †Apataelurus pishigouensis Tong & Lei, 1986Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
        • Genus: †Diegoaelurus Zack, Poust & Wagner, 2022Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
          • Diegoaelurus vanvalkenburghae Zack, Poust & Wagner, 2022Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
        • Genus: †Isphanatherium Lavrov & Averianov, 1998Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
          • Isphanatherium ferganensis Lavrov & Averianov, 1998Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
        • Genus: †Machaeroides Matthew, 1909Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
          • †Machaeroides eothen Matthew, 1909Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
          • †Machaeroides simpsoni Dawson, 1986Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
        • Incertae sedis:
      • Subfamily: †Oxyaeninae Cope, 1877Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
        • Genus: †Argillotherium Davies, 1884Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
          • †Argillotherium toliapicum Davies, 1884Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
        • Genus: †Dipsalidictis (paraphyletic genus) Matthew & Granger, 1915Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
          • †Dipsalidictis aequidens Matthew & Granger, 1915Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
          • †Dipsalidictis krausei Gunnell & Gingerich, 1991Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
          • †Dipsalidictis platypus Matthew & Granger, 1915Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
          • †Dipsalidictis transiens Matthew & Granger, 1915Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
        • Genus: †Malfelis Stucky & Hardy, 2007Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
          • †Malfelis badwaterensis Stucky & Hardy, 2007Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
        • Genus: †Oxyaena Cope, 1874Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
          • †Oxyaena forcipata Cope, 1874Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
          • †Oxyaena gulo Matthew & Granger, 1915Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
          • †Oxyaena intermedia Denison, 1938Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
          • †Oxyaena lupina Cope, 1874Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
          • †Oxyaena pardalis Matthew & Granger, 1915Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
          • †Oxyaena simpsoni Van Valen, 1966Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
          • †Oxyaena woutersi Lange-Badré & Godinot, 1982Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
          • †Oxyaena sp. [Europe] Solé, 2011Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
        • Genus: †Patriofelis Leidy, 1870Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
          • †Patriofelis ferox Marsh, 1872Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
          • †Patriofelis ulta Leidy, 1870Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
        • Genus: †Protopsalis Cope, 1880Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
          • †Protopsalis tigrinus Cope, 1880Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
        • Genus: †Sarkastodon Granger, 1938Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
          • †Sarkastodon henanensis Tong & Lei, 1986Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
          • †Sarkastodon mongoliensis Granger, 1938Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
      • Subfamily: †Palaeonictinae Denison, 1938Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
        • Genus: †Ambloctonus Cope, 1875Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
          • †Ambloctonus major Denison, 1938Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
          • †Ambloctonus priscus Matthew & Granger, 1915Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
          • †Ambloctonus sinosus Cope, 1875Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
        • Genus: †Dipsalodon (paraphyletic genus) Jepsen, 193)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
          • †Dipsalodon churchillorum Rose, 1981Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
          • †Dipsalodon matthewi Jepsen, 1930Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
          • †Dipsalodon sp. [UM 71172] Rose, 1981Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
        • Genus: †Palaeonictis de Blainville, 1842Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
          • †Palaeonictis gigantea de Blainville, 1842Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
          • †Palaeonictis occidentalis Osborn, 1892Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
          • †Palaeonictis peloria Rose, 1981Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
          • †Palaeonictis wingi Chester, 2010Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
      • Subfamily: †Tytthaeninae Gunnell & Gingerich, 1991Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
        • Genus: †Tytthaena Gingerich, 1980Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
          • †Tytthaena lichna (Rose, 1981)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
          • †Tytthaena parrisi Gingerich, 1980Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

Template:Tree list/end

Phylogeny

Cladogram according to Gunnel in 1991:[4]

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Temporal distribution

Within clade Pan-Carnivora

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              from:-66.043 till:-61.2   color:orange  text:Danian
              from:-61.2   till:-59.2   color:orange  text:S.
              from:-59.2   till:-56.0   color:orange  text:Th.
              from:-56.0   till:-47.8   color:orange  text:Ypresian
              from:-47.8   till:-41.2   color:orange  text:Lutetian
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              from:-37.8   till:-33.9   color:orange  text:Pria.
              from:-33.9   till:-27.82  color:orange  text:Rupelian
              from:-27.82  till:-23.03  color:orange  text:Chatt.
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              from:-20.44  till:-15.97  color:yellow  text:Burdi.
              from:-15.97  till:-13.82  color:yellow  text:L.
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              from:-11.63  till:-7.246  color:yellow  text:Torto.
              from:-7.246  till:-5.333  color:yellow  text:M.
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              from:-33.9   till:-23.03  color:orange  text:Oligocene
              from:-23.03  till:-5.333  color:yellow  text:Miocene
              from:-5.333  till:-2.58   color:yellow  text:Pl.
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              from:-66.043 till:-23.03  color:orange  text:Paleogene
              from:-23.03  till:-2.58   color:yellow  text:Neogene
              from:-2.58   till:-0      color:white   text:Q.
          bar:era-erathem-top
              from:-76.0   till:-66.043 color:s-blue   text:Mesozoic
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          bar:NAM2 color:orange from:-61.6 till:-8.8    text:Hyaenodonta
          bar:NAM3 color:yellow from:-54.9 till:-50.5   text:Wyolestidae
          bar:NAM4 color:green  from:-47.0 till:-37.0   text:Simidectes
          bar:NAM5 color:l-blue from:-0    till:-66.043 text:Carnivoramorpha
          bar:NAM6 color:red    from:-58.9 till:-39.7   text:Oxyaenidae (Oxyaenodonta)

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Within family Oxyaenidae

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         bar:NAM13
         bar:NAM14
         bar:NAM15
         bar:NAM16
         bar:NAM17
         bar:NAM18
         bar:NAM19
         bar:NAM20
         bar:NAM21
         bar:NAM22
         bar:NAM23
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         bar:NAM25
         bar:NAM26
         bar:NAM27
         bar:NAM28
         bar:NAM29
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         bar:NAM32
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         bar:NAM34
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         bar:NAM37
         bar:NAM38
         bar:NAM39
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              from:-41.2 till:-37.8 color:orange text:Bartonian
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              from:-33.9 till:-31.0 color:orange text:==>
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          bar:NAM1  color:red    from:-58.9 till:-57.8 text:Tytthaena parrisi
          bar:NAM2  color:orange from:-56.2 till:-55.4 text:Tytthaena lichna
          bar:NAM3  color:yellow from:-57.4 till:-55.4 text:Dipsalodon churchillorum ***
          bar:NAM4  color:green  from:-56.2 till:-54.9 text:Dipsalodon sp. (UM 71172) ***
          bar:NAM5  color:blue   from:-55.8 till:-55.4 text:Dipsalodon matthewi ***
          bar:NAM6  color:red    from:-56.0 till:-55.2 text:Palaeonictis gigantea
          bar:NAM7  color:orange from:-54.9 till:-54.7 text:Palaeonictis wingi
          bar:NAM8  color:yellow from:-54.9 till:-53.0 text:Palaeonictis occidentalis
          bar:NAM9  color:green  from:-55.4 till:-54.9 text:Palaeonictis peloria
          bar:NAM10 color:blue   from:-53.0 till:-50.5 text:Ambloctonus priscus
          bar:NAM11 color:red    from:-53.0 till:-50.5 text:Ambloctonus major
          bar:NAM12 color:orange from:-53.0 till:-50.5 text:Ambloctonus sinosus
          bar:NAM13 color:yellow from:-52.4 till:-49.2 text:Machaeroides simpsoni
          bar:NAM14 color:green  from:-49.2 till:-46.2 text:Machaeroides eothen
          bar:NAM15 color:blue   from:-47.0 till:-46.2 text:Machaeroidinae sp. (USNM 173514)
          bar:NAM16 color:red    from:-46.2 till:-45.7 text:Machaeroidinae sp. (FMNH PM 1506)
          bar:NAM17 color:orange from:-45.7 till:-42.8 text:Apataelurus kayi
          bar:NAM18 color:yellow from:-45.0 till:-42.0 text:Apataelurus pishigouensis
          bar:NAM19 color:green  from:-42.8 till:-39.7 text:Diegoaelurus vanvalkenburghae
          bar:NAM20 color:blue   from:-42.8 till:-39.7 text:Machaeroidinae sp. (CM 2386)
          bar:NAM21 color:red    from:-45.0 till:-42.0 text:Isphanatherium ferganensis
          bar:NAM22 color:orange from:-56.2 till:-54.9 text:Dipsalidictis aequidens ***
          bar:NAM23 color:yellow from:-56.2 till:-54.9 text:Dipsalidictis krausei ***
          bar:NAM24 color:green  from:-55.8 till:-54.7 text:Dipsalidictis platypus ***
          bar:NAM25 color:blue   from:-54.7 till:-54.1 text:Dipsalidictis transiens ***
          bar:NAM26 color:red    from:-56.0 till:-55.2 text:Oxyaena woutersi
          bar:NAM27 color:orange from:-56.0 till:-50.8 text:Oxyaena sp. (Europe)
          bar:NAM28 color:yellow from:-54.7 till:-54.1 text:Oxyaena gulo
          bar:NAM29 color:green  from:-54.7 till:-53.0 text:Oxyaena intermedia
          bar:NAM30 color:blue   from:-54.1 till:-52.9 text:Oxyaena forcipata
          bar:NAM31 color:red    from:-53.0 till:-50.5 text:Oxyaena lupina
          bar:NAM32 color:orange from:-53.0 till:-50.5 text:Oxyaena pardalis
          bar:NAM33 color:yellow from:-53.0 till:-50.5 text:Oxyaena simpsoni
          bar:NAM34 color:green  from:-55.2 till:-50.8 text:Argillotherium toliapicum
          bar:NAM35 color:blue   from:-50.5 till:-49.2 text:Malfelis badwaterensis
          bar:NAM36 color:red    from:-50.5 till:-49.2 text:Protopsalis tigrinus
          bar:NAM37 color:orange from:-50.5 till:-46.2 text:Patriofelis ferox
          bar:NAM38 color:yellow from:-50.5 till:-46.2 text:Patriofelis ulta
          bar:NAM39 color:green  from:-45.0 till:-42.0 text:Sarkastodon henanensis
          bar:NAM40 color:blue   from:-45.0 till:-39.9 text:Sarkastodon mongoliensis

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See also

References

<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
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Further reading

  • David Lambert and the Diagram Group. The Field Guide to Prehistoric Life. New York: Facts on File Publications, 1985. Template:ISBN

Template:Pan-Carnivora Template:Taxonbar

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