Ottoman Turkish

Ottoman Turkish (Template:Langx, ; Template:Langx) was the standardized register of the Turkish language in the Ottoman Empire (14th to 20th centuries CE). It borrowed extensively, in all aspects, from Arabic and Persian. It was written in the Ottoman Turkish alphabet. Ottoman Turkish was largely unintelligible to the less-educated lower-class and to rural Turks, who continued to use ("raw/vulgar Turkish"; compare Vulgar Latin and Demotic Greek), which used far fewer foreign loanwords and is the basis of the modern standard. The Tanzimât era (1839–1876) saw the application of the term "Ottoman" when referring to the language ( Template:Translit or Template:Translit); Modern Turkish uses the same terms when referring to the language of that era ( and ). More generically, the Turkish language was called Template:Translit or Template:Translit "Turkish".

History

Historically, Ottoman Turkish was transformed in three eras:

• Template:Translit (Old Ottoman Turkish): the version of Ottoman Turkish used until the 16th century. It was almost identical with the Turkish used by Seljuk empire and Anatolian beyliks and was often regarded as part of Template:Translit (Old Anatolian Turkish).
• Template:Translit (Middle Ottoman Turkish) or Template:Translit (Classical Ottoman Turkish): the language of poetry and administration from the 16th century until Tanzimat.
• Template:Translit (New Ottoman Turkish): the version shaped from the 1850s to the 20th century under the influence of journalism and Western-oriented literature.

Language reform

In 1928, following the fall of the Ottoman Empire after World War I and the establishment of the Republic of Turkey, widespread language reforms (a part in the greater framework of Atatürk's reforms) instituted by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk saw the replacement of many Persian and Arabic origin loanwords in the language with their Turkish equivalents. One of the main supporters of the reform was the Turkish nationalist Ziya Gökalp. It also saw the replacement of the Perso-Arabic script with the extended Latin alphabet. The changes were meant to encourage the growth of a new variety of written Turkish that more closely reflected the spoken vernacular and to foster a new variety of spoken Turkish that reinforced Turkey's new national identity as being a post-Ottoman state.

See the list of replaced loanwords in Turkish for more examples of Ottoman Turkish words and their modern Turkish counterparts. Two examples of Arabic and two of Persian loanwords are found below.

English	Ottoman	Modern Turkish
obligatory	Template:Translit
hardship	Template:Translit
city	Template:Translit	(also )
province	Template:Translit
war	Template:Translit

Legacy

Historically speaking, Ottoman Turkish is the predecessor of modern Turkish. However, the standard Turkish of today is essentially (Turkish of Turkey) as written in the Latin alphabet and with an abundance of neologisms added, which means there are now far fewer loan words from other languages, and Ottoman Turkish was not instantly transformed into the Turkish of today. At first, it was only the script that was changed, and while some households continued to use the Arabic system in private, most of the Turkish population was illiterate at the time, making the switch to the Latin alphabet much easier. Then, loan words were taken out, and new words fitting the growing amount of technology were introduced. Until the 1960s, Ottoman Turkish was at least partially intelligible with the Turkish of that day. One major difference between Ottoman Turkish and modern Turkish is the latter's abandonment of compound word formation according to Arabic and Persian grammar rules. The usage of such phrases still exists in modern Turkish but only to a very limited extent and usually in specialist contexts; for example, the Persian-derived genitive construction (Template:Translit) (which reads literally as "the preordaining of the divine" and translates as "divine dispensation" or "destiny") is used, as opposed to the normative modern Turkish construction, (literally, "divine preordaining").

In 2014, Turkey's Education Council decided that Ottoman Turkish should be taught in Islamic high schools and as an elective in other schools, a decision backed by President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, who said the language should be taught in schools so younger generations do not lose touch with their cultural heritage.

Writing system

File:Calendar Thessaloniki 1896.jpg

Calendar in Thessaloniki 1896, a cosmopolitan city; the first three lines in Ottoman script

Most Ottoman Turkish was written in the Ottoman Turkish alphabet (Template:Langx), a variant of the Perso-Arabic script. The Armenian, Greek and Rashi script of Hebrew were sometimes used by Armenians, Greeks and Jews. (See Karamanli Turkish, a dialect of Ottoman written in the Greek script; Armeno-Turkish alphabet)

Grammar

The actual grammar of Ottoman Turkish is not different from the grammar of modern Turkish.The focus of this section is on the Ottoman orthography; the conventions surrounding how the orthography interacted and dealt with grammatical morphemes related to conjugations, cases, pronouns, etc.

Cases

• Nominative and Indefinite accusative/objective: -∅, no suffix. 'the lake' 'a lake', Template:Translit 'soup', Template:Translit 'night'; Template:Translit 'he/she brought a rabbit'.
• Genitive: suffix Template:Translit. Template:Translit 'of the pasha'; Template:Translit 'of the book'.
• Definite accusative: suffix Template:Translit: Template:Translit 'he/she brought the rabbit'. The variant suffix Template:Translit does not occur in Ottoman Turkish orthography (unlike in Modern Turkish), although it's pronounced with the vowel harmony. Thus, Template:Translit 'the lake' vs. Modern Turkish .
• Dative: suffix Template:Translit: Template:Translit 'to the house'.
• Locative: suffix Template:Translit: Template:Translit 'at school', Template:Translit 'in (the/a) cage', Template:Translit 'at a/the start', Template:Translit 'in town'. The variant suffix used in Modern Turkish (, ) does not occur.
• Ablative: suffix Template:Translit: Template:Translit 'from the man'.
• Instrumental: suffix or postposition Template:Translit. Generally not counted as a grammatical case in modern grammars.

The table below lists nouns with a variety of phonological features that come into play when taking case suffixes; it includes a typical singular and plural noun, containing back and front vowels, words that end with the letter (Template:Translit or Template:Translit) (back and front vowels), words that end in a (Template:Translit) sound, and words that end in either or (Template:Translit). These words are to serve as references, to observe orthographic conventions:

• Which vowels are written using the 4 letters: , , , and , and which are not.
• When words or morphemes are connected to each other, and when they are separated with the use of Zero-width non-joiner.
• When a final letter is softened when followed by a vowel sound, and when not; both in Ottoman orthography and in modern Latin orthography.
• When harmony of vowel roundness exists in spoken pronunciation and modern Latin orthography, but not in Ottoman orthography.
• When the letters { (Template:Translit) and (Template:Translit) are used.

Declension of nouns for case

Case	Morpheme
		Template:Gloss		Template:Gloss		Template:Gloss		Template:Gloss		Template:Gloss		Template:Gloss		Template:Gloss		Template:Gloss		Template:Gloss		Template:Gloss
Nom	—		ok		oklar		ev		evler		kurt		çartak		ipek		para		pide		köprü
Acc			oku		okları		evi		evleri		kurdu		çartağı		ipeği		parayı		pideyi		köprüyü
	-ı -i -u -ü
Dat			oka		oklara		eve		evlere		kurda		çartağa		ipeğe		paraya		pideye		köprüye
	-a -e
Loc			okta		oklarda		evde		evlerde		kurt'ta		çartakta		ipekde		parada		pidede		köprüde
	-da -de -ta -te
Abl			oktan		oklardan		evden		evlerden		kurttan		çartaktan		ipekden		paradan		pideden		köprüden
	-dan -den -tan -ten
Gen			okun		okların		evin		evlerin		kurdun		çartağın		ipeğin		paranın		pidenin		köprünün
	-ın -in -un -ün
Inst			okla		oklarla		evle		evlerle		kurtla		çartakla		ipekle		parala		pidele		köprülü
	-la -le -lu -lü

Possessives

Table below shows the suffixes for creating possessed nouns. Each of these possessed nouns, in turn, take case suffixes as shown above.

Declension of nouns for possession

Person	Morpheme
		Template:Gloss		Template:Gloss		Template:Gloss		Template:Gloss		Template:Gloss		Template:Gloss		Template:Gloss		Template:Gloss		Template:Gloss		Template:Gloss
—	—		ok		oklar		ev		evler		kurt		çartak		ipek		para		pide		köprü
1st Person Sg.			okum		oklarım		evim		evlerim		kurdum		çartağım		ipeğim		param		pidem		köprüm
	-m -ım -im -um -üm
2nd Person Sg.			okun		okların		evin		evlerin		kurdun		çartağın		ipeğin		paran		piden		köprün
	-n -ın -in -un -ün
3rd Person Sg.			oku		okları		evi		evleri		kurdu		çartağı		ipeği		parası		pidesi		köprüsü
	-(s)ı -(s)i -(s)u -(s)ü
1st Person Pl.			okumuz		oklarımız		evimiz		evlerimiz		kurdumuz		çartağımız		ipeğimiz		paramız		pidemiz		köprümüz
	-(ı)mız -(i)miz -(u)muz -(ü)müz
2nd Person Pl.			okunuz		oklarınız		eviniz		evleriniz		kurdunuz		çartağınız		ipeğiniz		paranız		pideniz		köprünüz
	-(ı)nız -(i)niz -(u)nuz -(ü)nüz
3rd Person Pl.			okları		okları		evleri		evleri		kurtları		çartakleri		ipekleri		paraları		pideleri		köprüleri
	-ları -leri

For third person (singular and plural) possessed nouns, that end in a vowel, when it comes to taking case suffixes, a letter (Template:Translit) comes after the possessive suffix. For singular endings, the final vowel (Template:Translit or Template:Translit) is removed in all instances. For plural endings, if the letter succeeding the additional (Template:Translit) is a vowel, the final vowel (Template:Translit or Template:Translit) is kept; otherwise it is removed (note the respective examples for and ).

	Nom	Acc	Dat	Loc	Abl	Gen
his/her book
	kitabı	kitabını	kitabına	kitabında	kitabından	kitabının
his/her books
	kitapları	kitaplarını	kitaplarına	kitaplarında	kitaplarından	kitaplarının
his/her maternal aunt
	teyzesi	teyzesini	teyzesine	teyzesinde	teyzesinden	teyzesinin
his/her maternal aunts
	teyzeleri	teyzelerini	teyzelerine	teyzelerinde	teyzelerinden	teyzelerinin

Verbs

Below table shows the positive conjugation for two sample verbs açmak (to open) and sevilmek (to be loved). The first verb is the active verb, and the other has been modified to form a passive verb. The first contains back vowels, the second front vowels; both containing non-rounded vowels (which also impacts pronunciation and modern Latin orthography).

		rowspan=2 Template:Vert header	açmak 'to open'				sevilmek 'to be loved'
		Singular		Plural		Singular		Plural
rowspan=15 Template:Vert header	Present Imperfect am/is/are opening am/is/are being loved	1		açıyorum		açıyoruz		seviliyorum		seviliyoruz
2			açıyorsun		açıyorsunuz		seviliyorsun		seviliyorsunuz
3			açıyor		açıyorlar		seviliyor		seviliyorlar
Past Imperfect was/were opening was/were being loved	1		açıyordum		açıyorduk		seviliyordum		seviliyorduk
	2		açıyordun		açıyordunuz		seviliyordun		seviliyordunuz
	3		açıyordu		açıyordular		seviliyordu		seviliyordular
Present Aorist shall habitually open shall habitually be loved	1		açarım		açarız		sevilirim		seviliriz
	2		açarsın		açarsınız		sevilirsin		sevilirsiniz
	3		açar		açarlar		sevilir		sevilirler
Past Perfect opened was loved	1		açtım		açtık		sevildim		sevildik
	2		açtın		açtınız		sevildin		sevildiniz
	3		açtı		açtılar		sevildi		sevildiler
Future will open will be loved	1		açacağım		açacağız		sevileceğim		sevileceğiz
	2		açacaksın		açacaksınız		sevileceksin		sevileceksiniz
	3		açacak		açacaklar		sevilecek		sevilecekler
rowspan=4 Template:Vert header	Perfect have/has opened, I believe was/were loved, I believe	1		açmışım		açmışız		sevilmişim		sevilmişiz
2			açmışsın		açmışsınız		sevilmişsin		sevilmişsiniz
3			açmış		açmışlar		sevilmiş		sevilmişler
			açmışdır				sevilmişdir
rowspan=6 Template:Vert header	Aorist must open must be loved	1		açmalıyım		açmalıyız		sevilmeliyim		sevilmeliyiz
2			açmalısın		açmalısınız		sevilmelisin		sevilmelisiniz
3			açmalı		açmalılar		sevilmeli		sevilmeliler
Past must've open must've been loved	1		açmalıydım		açmalıydık		sevilmeliydim		sevilmeliydik
	2		açmalıydın		açmalıydınız		sevilmeliydin		sevilmeliydiniz
	3		açmalıydı		açmalıydılar		sevilmeliydi		sevilmeliydiler
rowspan=4 Template:Vert header	Present that may open that may be loved	1		açayım		açayız		sevileyim		sevileyiz
					açalım				sevilelim
2			açasın		açasınız		sevilesin		sevilesiniz
3			aça		açalar		sevile		sevileler
rowspan=6 Template:Vert header	Aorist if open if be loved	1		açsam		açsak		sevilsem		sevilsek
2			açsan		açsanız		sevilsen		sevilseniz
3			açsa		açsalar		sevilse		sevilseler
Past if opened if were loved	1		açsaydım		açsaydık		sevilseydim		sevilseydik
	2		açsaydın		açsaydınız		sevilseydin		sevilseydiniz
	3		açsaydı		açsaydılar		sevilseydi		sevilseydiler
Imperative		1	—			açalım	—			sevilelim
		2		aç		açınız		sevil		seviliniz
				açın				sevilin
		3		açsın		açsınlar		sevilsin		sevilsinler

Negation and complex verbs

Below table shows the conjugation of a negative verb, and a positive complex verb expressing ability. In Turkish, complex verbs can be constructed by adding a variety of suffixes to the base root of a verb. The two verbs are yazmamaq (not to write) and sevebilmek (to be able to love).

		rowspan=2 Template:Vert header	yazmamaq 'not to write'				sevebilmek 'to be able to love'
		Singular		Plural		Singular		Plural
rowspan=15 Template:Vert header	Present Imperfect am/is/are not writing can love	1		yazmayorum		yazmayoruz		sevebiliyorum		sevebiliyoruz
2			yazmayorsun		yazmayorsunuz		sevebiliyorsun		sevebiliyorsunuz
3			yazmayor		yazmayorlar		sevebiliyor		sevebiliyorlar
Past Imperfect was/were not writing was/were able to love	1		yazmıyordum		yazmıyorduk		sevebiliyordum		sevebiliyorduk
	2		yazmıyordun		yazmıyordunuz		sevebiliyordun		sevebiliyordunuz
	3		yazmıyordu		yazmıyordular		sevebiliyordu		sevebiliyordular
Present Aorist do not write shall be able to love	1		yazmam		yazmayız		sevebilirim		sevebiliriz
	2		yazmazsın		yazmazsınız		sevebilirsin		sevebilirsiniz
	3		yazmaz		yazmazlar		sevebilir		sevebilirler
Past Perfect used not to write could love	1		yazmadım		yazmadık		sevebildim		sevebildik
	2		yazmadın		yazmadınız		sevebildin		sevebildiniz
	3		yazmadı		yazmadılar		sevebildi		sevebildiler
Future shall not write will be able to love	1		yazmayacağım		yazmayacağız		sevibileceğim		sevibileceğiz
	2		yazmayacaksın		yazmayacaksınız		sevibileceksin		sevibileceksiniz
	3		yazmayacak		yazmayacaklar		sevibilecek		sevibilecekler
rowspan=3 Template:Vert header	Aorist must open must be loved	1		yazmamalıyım		yazmamalıyız		sevibilmeliyim		sevibilmeliyiz
2			yazmamalısın		yazmamalısınız		sevibilmelisin		sevibilmelisiniz
3			yazmamalı		yazmamalılar		sevibilmeli		sevibilmeliler
rowspan=4 Template:Vert header	Present that may not open that may not be able to love	1		yazmayayım		yazmayayız		sevibileyim		sevibileyiz
					yazmayalım				sevibilelim
2			yazmayasın		yazmayasınız		sevibilesin		sevibilesiniz
3			yazmaya		yazmayalar		sevibile		sevibileler
Imperative		1	—			yazmayalım	—			sevibilelim
		2		yazma		yazmayınız		sevibil		sevibiliniz
				yazmayın				sevibilin
		3		yazmasın		yazmasınlar		sevibilsin		sevibilsinler

Compound verbs

Another common category of verbs in Turkish (more common in Ottoman Turkish than in modern Turkish), is compound verbs. This consists of adding a Persian or Arabic active or passive participle to a neuter verb, to do ( etmek) or to become ( olmaq). For example, note the following two verbs:

• razı olmaq (to consent);
• katletmek (to slaughter); teşekkür etmek (to thank);
• iyi olunmak (to get better).

Below table shows some sample conjugations of these two verbs. The conjugation of the verb "etmek" isn't straightforward, because the root of the verb ends in a [t]. This sound transforms into a [d] when followed by a vowel sound. This is reflected in conventions of Ottoman orthography as well.

		rowspan=2 Template:Vert header	olmaq 'to become'				etmek 'to do'
		Singular		Plural		Singular		Plural
rowspan=15 Template:Vert header	Present Imperfect	1		oluyorum		oluyoruz		ediyorum		ediyoruz
2			oluyorsun		oluyorsunuz		ediyorsun		ediyorsunuz
3			oluyor		oluyorlar		ediyor		ediyorlar
Past Imperfect	1		oluyordum		oluyorduk		ediyordum		ediyorduk
	2		oluyordun		oluyordunuz		ediyordun		ediyordunuz
	3		oluyordu		oluyordular		ediyordu		ediyordular
Present Aorist	1		olurum		oluruz		ederim		ederiz
	2		olursun		olursunuz		edersin		edersiniz
	3		olur		olurlar		eder		ederler
Past Perfect	1		oldum		olduk		ettim		ettik
	2		oldun		oldunuz		ettin		ettiniz
	3		oldu		oldular		etti		ettiler
Future	1		olacağım		olacağız		edeceğim		edeceğiz
	2		olacaksın		olacaksınız		edeceksin		edeceksiniz
	3		olacak		olacaklar		edecek		edecekler
rowspan=6 Template:Vert header	Aorist	1		olmalıyım		olmalıyız		etmeliyim		etmeliyiz
2			olmalısın		olmalısınız		etmelisin		etmelisiniz
3			olmalı		olmalılar		etmeli		etmeliler
Past	1		olmalıydım		olmalıydık		etmeliydim		etmeliydik
	2		olmalıydın		olmalıydınız		etmeliydin		etmeliydiniz
	3		olmalıydı		olmalıydılar		etmeliydi		etmeliydiler
rowspan=4 Template:Vert header	Present	1		olayım		olayız		edeyim		edeeyiz
					olalım				edelim
2			olasın		olasınız		edesin		edesiniz
3			ola		olalar		ede		edeler
Imperative		1	—			olalım	—			edelim
		2		ol		olunuz		et		ediniz
				olun				edin
		3		olsun		olsunlar		etsin		etsinler

'to be' and 'not to be' Verbs

In Turkish, there is a verb representing to be, but it is a defective verb. It does not have an infinitive or several other tenses. It is usually a suffix.

		rowspan=2 Template:Vert header	'to be'
		Singular		Plural
rowspan=10 Template:Vert header	Present	1		-ım, -im, -um, -üm		-ız, -iz, -uz, -üz
			-yım, -yim, -yum, -yüm		-yız, -yiz, -yuz, -yüz
2			-sın, -sin, -sun, -sün		-sınız, -siniz, -sunuz, -sünüz
3			-dır, -dir, -dur, -dür -tır, -tir, -tur, -tür		-dırlar, -dirler, -durlar, -dürler -tırlar, -tirler, -turlar, -türler
Past	1		-dım, -dim, -dum, -düm -tım, -tim, -tum, -tüm		-dık, -dik, -duk, -dük -tık, -tik, -tuk, -tük
			-ydım, -ydim, -ydum, -ydüm		-ydık, -ydik, -yduk, -ydük
	2		-dın, -din, -dun, -dün -tın, -tin, -tun, -tün		-dınız, -diniz, -dunuz, -dünüz -tınız, -tiniz, -tunuz, -tünüz
			-ydın, -ydin, -ydun, -ydün		-ydınız, -ydiniz, -ydunuz, -ydünüz
	3		-dı, -di, -du, -dü -tı, -ti, -tu, -tü		-dılar, -diler, -dular, -düler -tılar, -tiler, -tular, -tüler
			-ydı, -ydi, -ydu, -ydü		-ydılar, -ydiler, -ydular, -ydüler
rowspan=12 Template:Vert header	Aorist	1		-sam, -sem		-sak, -sek
			-ysam, -ysem		-ysak, -ysek
2			-san, -sen		-sanız, -seniz, -sanuz, -senüz
			-ysan, -ysen		-ysanız, -yseniz, -ysanuz, -ysenüz
3			-sa, -se		-salar, -seler
			-ysa, -yse		-ysalar, -yseler
Past	1		-saydım, -seydim, -saydum, -seydüm		-saydık, -seydik, -sayduk, -seydük
			-ysaydım, -yseydim, -ysaydum, -yseydüm		-ysaydık, -yseydik, -ysayduk, -yseydük
	2		-saydın, -seydin, -saydun, -seydün		-saydınız, -seydiniz, -saydunuz, -seydünüz
			-ysaydın, -yseydin, -ysaydun, -yseydün		-ysaydınız, -yseydiniz, -ysaydunuz, -yseydünüz
	3		-saydı, -seydi, -saydu, -seydü		-saydılar, -seydiler, -saydular, -seydüler
			-ysaydı, -yseydi, -ysaydu, -yseydü		-ysaydılar, -yseydiler, -ysaydular, -yseydüler

Negative verb to be is created with the use of the word değil, followed by the appropriate conjugation of the to be verb; or optionally used as a standalone for 3rd person.

• / ben işçi değilim: 'I am not a worker'
• / o çiftçi değildir: 'he is not a farmer'
• / o çiftçi değil: 'he is not a farmer'
• / eğer kendim için hazır değilseydim.: 'if I'm not ready for myself'

'to exist/have' and 'not to exist/have' Verbs

Generally, the verbs 'to exist' and 'to have' are expressed using what's called an existential copula, the word var.

• / ev var: 'there is a house'

The verb 'to have' is expressed in the same way, except that the object noun will take a possessive pronoun, producing sentences that will literally mean "there exists house of mine".

• / evim var: 'I have a house'

The verbs 'to exist' and 'to have' conjugated for other tenses, are expressed in the same way, with a possessive pronoun if needed, and copula var, followed by the 3rd person singular form of the verb 'to do: etmek attached as a suffix (or separate as a stanadalone verb); as conjugated in the above section.

• / evin vardı: 'you had a house'
• / bina varmalıydı: 'there had to be a building'

The verbs 'not to exist' and 'not to have' are created in the exact same manner and conjugation, except that the copula yok is used.

• / ev yok: 'there isn't a house'
• / evim yok: 'I don't have a house'
• / evin yoktu: 'you didn't have a house'
• / bina yokmalıydı: 'there must not have been a building'

Verb Construction

Turkish being an agglutinative language as opposed to an analytical one (generally), means that from a single root verb, with the addition of a variety of morphemes and suffixes, multiple new and different verbs meanings can be expressed in single but larger words.

Below table is a sample from the verb (Template:Translit, "to kick"), whose root (which is also 2nd person imperative) is (Template:Translit). Each of the produced new verbs below can be made into an infinitive with the addition of (Template:Translit) at the end.

Classes		Active
		Transitive or Intransitive	Transitive or Intransitive	Intransitive
		Determinate	Indeterminate	Reciprocal
rowspan=2 Template:Vert header	Simple	(tep) kick	(tepin) kick about, dance	(tepiş) mutually kick one another
Causative (Permissive)	(teptir) make/let s.o. kick/be kicked	(tepindir) make s.o. kick about	(tepiştir) make s.o.s kick one another mutually
rowspan=2 Template:Vert header	Simple	(tepme) don't kick	(tepinme) don't kick about, don't dance	(tepişme) don't mutually kick one another
Causative (Permissive)	(teptirme) make/let not s.o. kick/be kicked	(tepindirme) make not s.o. kick about	(tepiştirme) make not s.o.s kick one another mutually
rowspan=2 Template:Vert header	Simple	(tepeme) be unable to kick	(tepineme) be unable to kick about, dance	(tepişeme) be unable to mutually kick one another
Causative (Permissive)	(teptireme) be unable to make/let s.o. kick/be kicked	(tepindireme) be unable to make s.o. kick about	(tepiştireme) be unable to make s.o.s kick one another mutually
Classes		Passive
		Transitive or Intransitive	Transitive or Intransitive	Intransitive
		Determinate	Indeterminate	Reciprocal
rowspan=2 Template:Vert header	Simple	(tepil) be kicked	(tepinil) be kicked about	(tepişil) be mutually kick in
Causative (Permissive)	(teptiril) be mad to be kicked	(tepindiril) be made to be kicked about	(tepiştiril) be made to kick one another mutually
rowspan=2 Template:Vert header	Simple	(tepilme) not be kicked	(tepinilme) not be kicked about	(tepişilme) not be mutually kicked
Causative (Permissive)	(teptirilme) be not made to be kicked	(tepindirilme) be not made to be kicked about	(tepiştirilme) be not made to be one another mutually kicked
rowspan=2 Template:Vert header	Simple	(tepilme) be unable to be kicked	(tepinileme) be unable to be kicked about	(tepişileme) be unable to be mutually kicked
Causative (Permissive)	(teptirileme) be unable to be made to be kicked	(tepindirileme) be unable to be made to be kicked about	(tepiştirileme) be unable to be made to be mutually kicked

Structure

File:Redhouse's Turkish Dictionary.pdf

page=7

Ottoman Turkish was highly influenced by Arabic and Persian. Arabic and Persian words in the language accounted for up to 88% of its vocabulary. As in most other Turkic and foreign languages of Islamic communities, the Arabic borrowings were borrowed through Persian, not through direct exposure of Ottoman Turkish to Arabic, a fact that is evidenced by the typically Persian phonological mutation of the words of Arabic origin.

The conservation of archaic phonological features of the Arabic borrowings furthermore suggests that Arabic-incorporated Persian was absorbed into pre-Ottoman Turkic at an early stage, when the speakers were still located to the north-east of Persia, prior to the westward migration of the Islamic Turkic tribes. An additional argument for this is that Ottoman Turkish shares the Persian character of its Arabic borrowings with other Turkic languages that had even less interaction with Arabic, such as Tatar, Bashkir, and Uyghur. From the early ages of the Ottoman Empire, borrowings from Arabic and Persian were so abundant that original Turkish words were hard to find. In Ottoman, one may find whole passages in Arabic and Persian incorporated into the text. It was however not only extensive loaning of words, but along with them much of the grammatical systems of Persian and Arabic.

In a social and pragmatic sense, there were (at least) three variants of Ottoman Turkish:

• Template:Translit (Eloquent Turkish): the language of poetry and administration, Ottoman Turkish in its strict sense;
• Template:Translit (Middle Turkish): the language of higher classes and trade;
• Template:Translit (Rough Turkish): the language of lower classes.

A person would use each of the varieties above for different purposes, with the Template:Translit variant being the most heavily suffused with Arabic and Persian words and Template:Translit the least. For example, a scribe would use the Arabic Template:Translit () to refer to honey when writing a document but would use the native Turkish word () when buying it.

Numbers

Cardinal numbers

0			Template:Translit
1			Template:Translit
2			Template:Translit
3			Template:Translit
4			Template:Translit
5			Template:Translit
6			Template:Translit
7			Template:Translit
8			Template:Translit
9			Template:Translit
10			Template:Translit
11			Template:Translit
12			Template:Translit

Transliterations

The transliteration system of the has become a de facto standard in Oriental studies for the transliteration of Ottoman Turkish texts. In transcription, the New Redhouse, Karl Steuerwald, and Ferit Devellioğlu dictionaries have become standard. Another transliteration system is the (DMG), which provides a transliteration system for any Turkic language written in Arabic script. There are few differences between the İA and the DMG systems.

İA-Transliteration

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See also

• Old Anatolian Turkish language
• Culture of the Ottoman Empire
• List of Persian loanwords in Turkish

Further reading

English

• Online copies: [1], [2], [3]
• Online copies from Google Books: [4], [5], [6]
• Lewis, Geoffrey. The Jarring Lecture 2002. "The Turkish Language Reform: A Catastrophic Success".

Other languages

• Mehmet Hakkı Suçin. Qawâ'id al-Lugha al-Turkiyya li Ghair al-Natiqeen Biha (Turkish Grammar for Arabs; adapted from Mehmet Hengirmen's Yabancılara Türkçe Dilbilgisi), Engin Yayınevi, (2003).
• Mehmet Hakkı Suçin. Atatürk'ün Okuduğu Kitaplar: Endülüs Tarihi (Books That Atatürk Read: History of Andalucia; purification from the Ottoman Turkish, published by Anıtkabir Vakfı, 2001).

External links

• Latin to Ottoman Turkish transliteration
• Michael Talbot. 2021. Central Europe in 1910 as Seen Through the Lens of Ottoman Turkish (pp. 68-71). In: Tomasz Kamusella. Words in Space and Time: A Historical Atlas of Language Politics in Modern Central Europe. Budapest and Vienna: Central European University Press.
• Ottoman Text Archive Project
• Ottoman Turkish Language: Resources – University of Michigan
• Ottoman Turkish Language Texts
• Ottoman-Turkish-English Open Dictionary
• Ottoman<->Turkish Dictionary – University of Pamukkale You can use ? character instead of an unknown letter. It provides results from Arabic and Persian dictionaries, too.
• Ottoman<->Turkish Dictionary – ihya.org
• Kubbealtı Lugatı