Orpington chicken
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The Orpington is a British breed of chicken. It was bred in the late nineteenth century by William Cook of Orpington, at that time in Kent in south-east England.[1]Template:R/superscript It was intended to be a dual-purpose breed, to be reared both for eggs and for meat, but soon became exclusively a show bird.[2]Template:R/superscript[3]Template:R/superscript The Australorp of Australia derives from it.
History
The original Black Orpington was bred by William Cook in the 1880s in Orpington, which at that time was in Kent in south-east England.[1]Template:R/superscript He crossed Minorcas, Langshans and Plymouth Rocks to create a new hybrid bird. It was bred as a dual-purpose utility chicken, to be reared both for eggs and for meat; Cook chose black as a colour that would not show the soot and grime of London.[4]Template:R/superscript He was also the breeder of the Orpington Duck.[5]Template:R/superscript
Black Orpingtons were exhibited at the Dairy Show in Islington in 1886, and also at shows in The Crystal Palace in Sydenham and in Birmingham. A separate show class was created for them in 1888.[6]Template:R/superscript From the early 1890s, large black Langshan–Cochin crosses were being exhibited and marketed as Orpingtons by Joseph Partington of Lytham in Lancashire and other breeders. These birds were unrelated to Cook's and although similar in appearance, did not have the same productive qualities.[7]Template:R/superscript[8]Template:R/superscript They were larger and had fuller feathering, and won numerous prizes at poultry shows; some were sold for very large sums.[8]Template:R/superscript A bantam buff Orpington was bred by Herman Kuhn in Germany in about 1900.[4]Template:R/superscript
A breed society, the Orpington Club, was started in 1887. Several clubs were later formed for individual colour varieties; in 1975 many of these merged with the Orpington Bantam Club to form a second Orpington Club.[6]Template:R/superscript
The Australorp of Australia derives from – and resembles – Cook's original black stock, and preserves its productive qualities.[8]Template:R/superscript
In the United States four colours – black, blue, buff and white – were added to the Standard of Perfection of the American Poultry Association in 1960.[9]Template:R/superscript
Characteristics
Seven colour varieties are recognised by the Poultry Club of Great Britain: black, blue, buff, cuckoo, jubilee, spangled and white.[7]Template:R/superscript The Entente Européenne recognises thirteen colours, and lists two more.[10]Template:R/superscript In the bantam, only the colours black, blue, buff and white are recognised by the Poultry Club of Great Britain,[7]Template:R/superscript but several others have been bred;[4]Template:R/superscript the Entente Européenne lists sixteen, of which eleven are recognised.[10]Template:R/superscript The British poultry geneticist W.C. Carefoot bred a chocolate-coloured bantam in the 1990s, a colour previously unknown in chickens, caused by a sex-linked recessive gene.[8]Template:R/superscript[11]Template:R/superscript The bantam rarely takes flight.[4]Template:R/superscript
Body weights for large fowl are approximately Script error: No such module "val". for hens and Script error: No such module "val". for cocks;[12]Template:R/superscript average weights for bantams are Script error: No such module "val". and Script error: No such module "val". respectively.[13]Template:R/superscript
Use
Orpington hens lay about 180 light brown eggs per year, with an average weight of Script error: No such module "val".;[4]Template:R/superscript[12]Template:R/superscript bantam hens lay about 110 eggs, with a weight of some Script error: No such module "val"..[13]Template:R/superscript
It was said that at one time Orpingtons were capable of laying as many as 340[1]Template:R/superscript eggs per year. The decline in production was due to breeders selecting for looks over utility.[14]Template:R/superscript
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Buff cock
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White, barred and gold-laced hens
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Lavender cock
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Black bantam hen
References
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- ↑ a b c Pam Percy (2006). The Field Guide to Chickens. St. Paul, Minnesota: Voyageur Press. Template:ISBN.
- ↑ Chickens: Soft Feather: Heavy. Poultry Club of Great Britain. Archived 18 November 2018.
- ↑ Orpington. Poultry Club of Great Britain. Accessed October 2019.
- ↑ a b c d e Esther Verhoff (2003). The Complete Encyclopedia of Chickens. Lisse, Netherlands: Rebo International. Template:ISBN.
- ↑ Dave Holderread (2011). Storey's Guide to Raising Ducks, 2nd edition. North Adams, Massachusetts: Storey Publishing. Template:ISBN.
- ↑ a b Will Burnett ([n.d.]). Orpington History. The Orpington Club. Accessed 20 March 2013.
- ↑ a b c J. Ian H. Allonby, Philippe B. Wilson (editors) (2018). British Poultry Standards: complete specifications and judging points of all standardized breeds and varieties of poultry as compiled by the specialist breed clubs and recognised by the Poultry Club of Great Britain, seventh edition. Chichester; Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley Blackwell. Template:Isbn.
- ↑ a b c d David Scrivener (2014). Popular Poultry Breeds. Ramsbury: Crowood. Template:Isbn.
- ↑ APA Recognized Breeds and Varieties: As of January 1, 2012. American Poultry Association. Archived 4 November 2017.
- ↑ a b Liste des races et variétés homologuée dans les pays EE (28.04.2013). Entente Européenne d'Aviculture et de Cuniculture. Archived 16 June 2013.
- ↑ W.C. Carefoot (1996). Chocolate: A sex‐linked recessive plumage colour mutant of the domestic fowl. British Poultry Science. 37 (4): 867–868. Script error: No such module "CS1 identifiers"..
- ↑ a b Rassetafeln: Hühner (in German). Reichenbach, Haselbachtal: Bund Deutscher Rassegeflügelzüchter. Accessed September 2024.
- ↑ a b Rassetafeln: Zwerghühner (in German). Reichenbach, Haselbachtal: Bund Deutscher Rassegeflügelzüchter. Accessed September 2024.
- ↑ Carol Ekarius (2007). Storey's Illustrated Guide to Poultry Breeds. North Adams, Massachusetts: Storey Publishing. Template:Isbn.
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