Operations Manna and Chowhound

File:Voedseldropping op Ypenburg.jpg

An Avro Lancaster with a food drop over Ypenburg during Operation Manna

Operation Manna and Operation Chowhound were humanitarian food drops to relieve the Dutch famine of 1944–45 in the German-occupied Netherlands undertaken by Allied bomber crews during the last 10 days of the official war in Europe. Manna (29 April – 7 May 1945), which dropped 7,000 tonnes of food into the still Nazi-occupied western part of the Netherlands, was carried out by British Royal Air Force (RAF) units and squadrons from the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF), Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF), Royal New Zealand Air Force (RNZAF) and Polish Air Force squadrons in the RAF. Chowhound (1–8 May 1945) dropped 4,000 tonnes and was undertaken by the United States Army Air Forces. In total, over 11,000 tonnes of food were dropped over the 10 days, with the acquiescence of the occupying German forces, to help feed Dutch civilians in danger of starvation. Fighting ended in the Netherlands with the 8 May overall surrender of Nazi Germany, though sporadic fighting continued elsewhere in Europe until remnants of the last of the German army groups had surrendered on 25 May.

After it was realised that Manna and Chowhound would be insufficient, a ground-based relief operation named Operation Faust was launched. On 2 May, 200 Allied trucks began delivering food to the city of Rhenen, behind German lines.

Negotiations

By early 1945, the situation was growing desperate for the three million or more Dutch still under German control. Prince Bernhard appealed directly to Allied Supreme Commander Dwight D. Eisenhower, but Eisenhower did not have the authority to negotiate a truce with the Germans. While the prince got permission from British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Eisenhower had Air Commodore Andrew Geddes begin planning immediately. On 23 April, authorisation was given by the Chief of Staff, George Marshall.

Allied agents negotiated with the Nazi Reichskommissar of the Netherlands, Arthur Seyss-Inquart, and a team of German officers. Among the participants were the Canadian (soon to be) author Farley Mowat and General Johannes Blaskowitz, the German commander-in-chief of Army Group H occupying the Netherlands. It was agreed that the participating aircraft would not be fired upon within specified air corridors.

Operation Manna

File:Loading Lancaster at RAF Waterbeach for Operation Manna 1945 IWM CH 15159.jpg

RAF ground crew loading food supplies into slings for hoisting into the bomb bay of an Avro Lancaster heavy bomber of 514 Squadron (1945).

The British operation started first. It was named after the food which was miraculously provided to the Israelites in the Book of Exodus. The planning of the operation was initially done by the Royal Air Force.

The first of the two RAF Avro Lancasters chosen for the test flight, the morning of 29 April 1945, was nicknamed Bad Penny, as in the expression "a bad penny always turns up". This bomber, with a crew of seven young men (five from Ontario, Canada, including pilot Robert Upcott of Windsor, Ontario), took off in bad weather despite the fact that the Germans had not yet agreed to a ceasefire. (Seyss-Inquart would do so the next day.) Bad Penny had to fly low, down to , over German guns, but succeeded in dropping her cargo and returning to her airfield.

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Many Thanks spelt-out on the ground in tulips after Operation Manna

Operation Manna then began in earnest. British aircraft from 1 Group, 3 Group, and 8 Group took part, with 145 sorties by Mosquitoes and 3,156 by Lancaster bombers.

The bomber crews were experienced with bomb drops from Template:Cvt but this operation was performed at a height of Template:Cvt, some even flying as low as Template:Cvt, as the cargo did not have parachutes. The drop zones, marked by Mosquitoes from 105 and 109 Squadrons using Oboe, were: Katwijk (Valkenburg airfield), The Hague (Duindigt horse race course and Ypenburg airfield), Rotterdam (Waalhaven airfield and Kralingse Plas) and Gouda. Bomber Command delivered a total of 6,680 tons of food.

John Funnell, a navigator on the operation, says the food dropped was tinned food, dried food and chocolate. Template:Quote

The idea was for people to gather and redistribute the food, but some could not resist eating immediately. This led to instances of illness, vomiting, and, in some cases, death. These outcomes are due to refeeding syndrome, a condition that occurs when an individual suffering from starvation eats high-fat foods too quickly. On the other hand, distribution sometimes took as long as ten days, resulting in some getting the food only after the liberation. Many lives were saved, and it gave hope and the feeling that the war would soon be over.

Operation Chowhound

On the American side, ten bomb groups of the US Third Air Division flew 2,268 sorties beginning 1 May, delivering a total of 4,000 tons. Four hundred B-17 Flying Fortress bombers of the United States Army Air Forces dropped 800 tons of K-rations during 1 to 3 May on Amsterdam Schiphol Airport.

On 1 May 1945, Valkenburg airfield near Leiden was the drop zone for one of many other food drop sites. Gunner Bernie Behrman of the 390th Bomb Group described how his experience of the flight:

The purpose of the mission was Valkenburg airbase. We had no trouble finding the field. There was no anti-aircraft resistance. As I turned for the drop, I could see German soldiers on watch. We dropped the food. Some packages got stuck on the attachment points, but that was no problem. We closed the bomb doors and returned home with a good feeling. The crew on board was a war crew who had a part in blowing things up. After all those destruction flights, we had a very good feeling about this mission. I think the bombers flying low over the drop zones at 150 to 175 knots must have boosted the morale of the people on the ground.

At least one B-17 crew, that of the Stork Club from the 550th Squadron, received battle recognition despite having no guns for their humanitarian mission, as a result of receiving fire from German flak.

Losses

Three aircraft were lost: two in a collision and one due to engine fire. Bullet holes were discovered in several aircraft upon their return, presumably the result of being fired upon by German soldiers who were unaware of, or violating, the ceasefire.

Myths

Earlier, before the start of the airdrops, there had been a distribution of white "Swedish bread" made from Swedish flour that was shipped in and baked locally. A popular myth holds that this bread was dropped from aircraft, but that is a mix-up between the air operations and another humanitarian assistance whereby flour from Sweden was allowed to enter Dutch harbours by ship. Also, no food was dropped using parachutes during operations Manna and Chowhound, as is often wrongfully claimed.

Recognition

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Operation Manna Commemoration Plaque

A commemorative plaque to thank the Royal Air Force for their help in mounting Operation Manna was presented in May 1980 by Dr. Willem Scholten, Minister of Defence of the Netherlands and is displayed in the Royal Air Force Museum, Hendon, England. On 28 April 2007, British Air Commodore Andrew Geddes was honoured when a hiking trail in the Rotterdam district of Terbregge, the Air Commodore Geddespath, was named after him. This path goes past the Manna/Chowhound monument in the noise barrier of the northern highway ring road around Rotterdam. The official unveiling of the plaque was performed by Lieutenant-Commander Angus Geddes RN (Geddes's son) from England and Warrant Officer David Chiverton from Australia (Geddes's grandson).

In popular culture

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Manna/Chowhound monument ("Monument voor operatie Manna")

Operation Chowhound was featured in episode 9 of Masters of the Air, a television miniseries for Apple TV+ from Steven Spielberg and Tom Hanks.

References

Bibliography

• uncredited. "They Fell Right In The Larder" Aeroplane Monthly, May 1985.
• Hawkins, Ian. B-17s over Berlin: Personal Stories from the 95th Bomb Group (H). Washington, DC: Brassey's, Inc., 1995. Template:ISBN.
• Onderwater, Hans. Operatie "Manna": De Gealieerde Voedseldroppings April/Mei 1945 (in Dutch). Weesp, Netherlands: Romen Luchtvaart, 1985. Template:ISBN.
• Ridder, Willem. Countdown To Freedom. Authorhouse, 2007. Template:ISBN.
• Vos MacDonald, Joan. Our Mornings May Never Be. General Store Publishing House, 2002. Template:ISBN.

External links

• Lancaster Museum page
• Royal British Legion page
• Operation Manna/Chowhound website
• 8mm movie of Operation Manna in Rotterdam
• Operation Manna at the International Bomber Command Centre Digital Archive.