Operation Sportpalast

Operation Sportpalast (German: Sports Palace), also known as Unternehmen Nordmeer (German: Northern Sea), was a German naval raid between 6 and 13 March 1942 against two of the Allied Arctic convoys of the Second World War as they passed through the Norwegian Sea. It was conducted by the battleship , three destroyers and eight submarines. The German ships were unable to locate either of the convoys but sank a merchant vessel that was sailing independently. The Allies attempted to intercept the German force, also without success.

The operation was the first big German attack on the Arctic convoys to and from the Soviet Union and used warships that had been transferred to occupied Norway in early 1942. Tirpitz and her escorts sailed on 6 March. The Allies learned of this from decoded German radio signals, and the British Home Fleet attempted to locate and destroy the German force. This intelligence was also used to re-route the convoys to evade Tirpitz. The British located the German battleship on the morning of 9 March, by which time she was returning to Norway. An attack against Tirpitz by torpedo bombers flying from the aircraft carrier failed and two British aircraft were shot down. The German ships returned to their base on 13 March.

The British were disappointed with their failure to damage or sink Tirpitz. This was attributed to shortcomings with the aircraft and tactics used. They believed that the battleship posed a significant threat to the convoys, leading to strong escorts being assigned to them. The German Navy was chastened by how close Tirpitz came to disaster and decided to be more cautious. The battleship was only dispatched against Convoy PQ 17 in June 1942 and was recalled before attacking it. She was subjected to many attacks at her anchorages in Norway and finally sunk in November 1944.

Background

Before the outbreak of the Second World War the (German Navy) developed plans to attack Allied merchant shipping in the event of war. The commander of the navy, Grand Admiral Erich Raeder, believed that battleships and cruisers were a key part of this strategy. As a result, the s and s that were constructed in the late 1930s and early 1940s were designed to be capable of making long-distance anti-shipping raids into the Atlantic Ocean.Template:Sfn was the second of the two Bismarck-class vessels and was launched in April 1939 and commissioned on 25 February 1941.Template:Sfn

The made two battleship raids against Allied convoys in the Atlantic Ocean during early 1941. The battleships and conducted Operation Berlin between January and March 1941. During this raid they sailed from Germany, attacked Allied shipping and returned to occupied France. A second raid, Operation Rheinübung, was attempted in May and involved the battleship and the heavy cruiser . While the German ships destroyed the British battlecruiser on 24 May, Bismarck was crippled by Fairey Swordfish torpedo bombers from the British aircraft carrier and sank on 27 May after being bombarded by several British battleships from the Home Fleet. Admiral Sir John Tovey was the commander in chief of this fleet, and led it from the battleship during the battle.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn The loss of Bismarck left Tirpitz as Germany's only remaining full-sized battleship. At the time her crew were still being trained.Template:Sfn

A black and white artwork depicting a warship with four large twin-gun turrets

A recognition drawing of Tirpitz as she appeared in 1942

After the German invasion of the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 the Allies began sending convoys loaded with supplies through the Norwegian Sea and Arctic Ocean to ports in northern Russia. The Arctic convoys that were dispatched during 1941 and early 1942 were lightly opposed, with only a single Allied merchant ship and the destroyer being sunk by German submarines prior to March 1942.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Harsh weather conditions, including extreme cold, heavy seas and gales, made air and naval operations in the area difficult for all of the combatants.

In December 1941 the Germans began to transfer substantial naval and air forces to northern Norway, which they had occupied since early 1940. The forces sent to Norway were for attacks on the Arctic convoys as well as defending the area from an invasion. At this time the German dictator, Adolf Hitler, wrongly believed the Allies intended to invade Norway.Template:Sfn On 12 January 1942 Hitler ordered Tirpitz to be transferred from Germany to Trondheim in Norway. The battleship and two escorting destroyers departed Wilhelmshaven in Germany on 14 January and arrived in Trondheim on 16 January.Template:Sfn She was to form the main element of a battle group once other German warships arrived in the area.Template:Sfn Karl Topp commanded Tirpitz.Template:Sfn

The Allies learned of TirpitzTemplate:'s arrival at Trondheim on 17 January from Ultra intelligence obtained by decrypting intercepted German radio signals.Template:Sfn British photo reconnaissance aircraft located the battleship there on 23 January, and regular sorties were flown over the Trondheim area to monitor her.Template:Sfn Due to the threat Tirpitz posed to Allied convoys in the Atlantic Ocean and Norwegian Sea, the Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, directed on 25 January that "the destruction or even crippling of this ship is the greatest event at sea at the present time. No other target is comparable to it".Template:Sfn The Royal Air Force (RAF) dispatched 16 heavy bombers to attack Tirpitz at its anchorage at on the night of 29/30 January, but no damage was inflicted.Template:Sfn In February, 217 Squadron was ordered to prepare for a one-way mission against the battleship. This would have involved its Bristol Beaufort aircraft making an attack and the crews then parachuting over neutral Sweden or ditching into the sea. The raid was not attempted, and 217 Squadron returned to normal duties in mid-March 1942.Template:Sfn

Allied intelligence learned that Tirpitz was undertaking training in Trondheim Fjord on 19 February. Tovey sailed that day with most of the Home Fleet to either raid the Norwegian port of Tromsø or attack Tirpitz if she put to sea.Template:Sfn He cancelled the raid on Tromsø after the Admiralty passed on intelligence that another group of German ships was being transferred to Trondheim; these were the heavy cruisers and Prinz Eugen with three destroyers. The aircraft carrier , escorted by the heavy cruiser and four destroyers, was detached to attack these ships and four submarines took up positions near Trondheim. The carrier aircraft were unable to find the German force, due to bad weather but the submarine torpedoed and badly damaged Prinz Eugen near the entrance to Trondheim Fjord on 23 February. Admiral Scheer was undamaged, and anchored near Tirpitz.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn The Admiral Commanding Battleships, Vice-Admiral Otto Ciliax, assumed command of this battle group and used Tirpitz as his flagship.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Ciliax had led the German forces in the Channel Dash between 11 and 13 February, during which Gneisenau, Scharnhorst and Prinz Eugen returned to Germany from Brest, France, via the English Channel. Both battleships were damaged by mines during this operation, and could not be dispatched to Norway as intended. While the failure to prevent the battleships from passing through the English Channel was embarrassing to the British, the German move ended the threat which the warships at Brest had posed to Allied shipping in the Atlantic.Template:Sfn

Prelude

Allied convoys

Black and white photograph of a warship in rough seas

HMS King George V viewed from HMS Victorious during Operation Sportpalast

Due to the presence of the battle group at Trondheim, the Home Fleet was directed to provide a powerful distant covering force for the next Arctic convoys; this was the first time that this had been done. The British also stepped up their air patrols of the Trondheim area and Norwegian Sea to monitor German naval movements. Two Arctic convoys sailed simultaneously on 1 March 1942. PQ 12 left Iceland bound for the Soviet Union, and QP 8 departed Murmansk in northern Russia to return ships to the Atlantic. PQ 12 was made up of 17 merchant ships and was escorted by a heavy cruiser, 2 destroyers and several armed Norwegian whalers.Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn QP 8 comprised 15 merchant vessels and had a weak escort of 2 corvettes and 2 minesweepers.Template:Sfn Tovey had requested that the convoys sail simultaneously to make it easier for the Home Fleet to protect them while they passed through the waters between Jan Mayen and Bear Islands where they would be at greatest risk of attack by German surface ships.Template:Sfn

On 3 March a force under the Home Fleet's deputy commander Vice-Admiral Alban Curteis departed Iceland to protect the convoys. It comprised the battleship , battlecruiser and six destroyers.Template:Sfn Tovey was on board King George V at the fleet's main base at Scapa Flow. He preferred to remain there with the battleship and Victorious to remain in contact by telephone with his sources of intelligence and intercept Tirpitz if she attempted to break out into the Atlantic.Template:Sfn Retaining part of the fleet at Scapa Flow would also help to keep ships and their crews ready over what was anticipated to be a lengthy campaign, with Tovey believing that Gneisenau and Scharnhorst would join Tirpitz over the summer after they were repaired.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn The Admiralty disagreed with this analysis and ordered Tovey to put to sea on 3 March so that the full force of the Home Fleet could be brought to bear against Tirpitz if she sailed.Template:Sfn In doing so it accepted responsibility for the consequences if the German battleship entered the Atlantic.Template:Sfn Tovey sailed shortly afterwards with King George V, Victorious, Berwick and six destroyers.Template:Sfn The two main elements of the Home Fleet met up to the east of Jan Mayen on 6 June.Template:Sfn Tovey was under orders to give precedence to protecting the convoys over destroying Tirpitz. He was unhappy with this, and regarded the sinking of the battleship as being of "incomparably greater importance to the conduct of the war than the safety of any convoy".Template:Sfn The forces under Tovey's command were considerably more powerful than those available to Ciliax.Template:Sfn

VictoriousTemplate:'s air wing included two squadrons equipped with Fairey Albacore torpedo bombers, 817 and 832 Naval Air Squadrons.Template:Sfn The number of Albacores assigned to the squadrons differed; 817 Squadron had nine and 832 Squadron twelve.Template:Sfn These obsolescent biplanes could be armed with a single torpedo and were slow and unmanoeuvrable. The crews of the two Albacore squadrons were experienced, but had received little training in attacking enemy warships.Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn The other element of the carrier's air wing was the Fairey Fulmar fighter-equipped 809 Naval Air Squadron.Template:Sfn The Fulmars were inferior to German fighters due to their lack of speed and manoeuvrability, but were capable of intercepting bombers.Template:Sfn Tovey regarded the amount of air support available to his fleet as inadequate.Template:Sfn

German plans

The crew of a German Focke-Wulf Fw 200 Condor maritime patrol aircraft sighted ships of PQ 12 near Jan Mayen at around noon on 5 March. The commander of the German Naval Group North, General Admiral Rolf Carls, requested permission to attack the convoy using Ciliax's force. This was granted by Raeder after he consulted with Hitler.Template:Sfn Raeder's orders for Ciliax specified that he was to avoid Allied naval forces to the extent possible, and only attack convoys if they were protected by an equal or lesser force than his own.Template:Sfn The raid is usually called Operation Sportpalast by historians, but was designated Operation Nordmeer by Ciliax and his staff.Template:Sfn

Ciliax was aware that two Allied convoys were at sea. While he believed that they would be protected by the Home Fleet, he did not know its strength or whether it had sailed. His plan for the operation was to intercept one or both of the convoys in the area between Jan Mayen and Bear Island.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Once a convoy was encountered, Tirpitz was to destroy its escorts and then she and the destroyers would attack the cargo ships.Template:Sfn Due to fuel shortages, Ciliax was unable to sail with his entire force. He departed Trondheim at noon on 6 March with Tirpitz and the destroyers Friedrich Ihn, Hermann Schoemann and Z25.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

Eight German submarines based in Norway were assigned to support Tirpitz. The four submarines with the most experienced crews were positioned in locations where it was hoped they could attack the Home Fleet if it intervened. The other four submarines operated near Murmansk to attack any ships from PQ 12 that escaped the battleship.Template:Sfn

Battle

6–7 March

A map showing the movements of naval forces between 5 and 8 March 1942 as described in the article

A map of the first phase of the battle between noon on 5 March and 4 am on 8 March 1942

The German ships were not spotted by Norwegian resistance agents as they departed.Template:Sfn The scheduled British photo reconnaissance flight over Trondheim was unable to be conducted on 6 March due to bad weather, and the additional air patrols over the Norwegian Sea that were meant to be conducted in this eventuality were not flown due to a shortage of aircraft. Contact was first made by the submarine at 6:01 pm on 6 March, with its crew spotting a single large warship while patrolling north of the exit to Trondheim Fjord. SeawolfTemplate:'s commanding officer Lieutenant Dick Raikes assumed this was Tirpitz. He attempted to attack the German force, but was outpaced and broke off. SeawolfTemplate:'s crew then sent a radio report of this contact, which indicated that the ship was either a cruiser or a battleship.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn The German battle group sailed north-east along the coast of Norway at for the remainder of 6 March and turned north at midnight.Template:Sfn

During 6 March PQ 12 passed through areas of loose pack ice. This forced it to take a south-easterly course for much of the day, and resulted in serious damage to the destroyer .Template:Sfn QP 8 was also behind schedule, as it had been scattered by gales on 4 and 6 March. The Soviet cargo ship Izhora and the American vessel Larranga fell behind the convoy on 4 March and were unable to rejoin it.Template:Sfn

Tovey received Raikes's report shortly after midnight on the night of 6/7 March, and judged that Tirpitz was at sea. He believed that the battleship was probably being used to protect northern Norway from a landing, but was unable to discount the possibility that she would attack the convoys.Template:Sfn Tovey wanted to use Curteis's force to protect the convoys while the ships under his direct command intercepted Tirpitz. The Admiralty refused to permit this and directed the Home Fleet to remain concentrated so that VictoriousTemplate:'s fighters could protect it from air attack.Template:Sfn Tovey ordered the fleet to sail to the north to reach a position from which Victorious could launch search aircraft at 10 am. Icy conditions at that time made flying impossible, however. This was a missed opportunity for the British, as the planned search was highly likely to have located Tirpitz at a time when the Home Fleet was less than from her.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

The Germans lacked information on the location of PQ 12, as their aircraft and submarines had failed to spot the convoy again. Ciliax was still unaware that the Home Fleet was operating near his ships.Template:Sfn Tirpitz flew off two Arado Ar 196 float planes on the morning of 7 March, but they did not find PQ 12. Ciliax also detached the three destroyers to undertake independent searches.Template:Sfn Weather conditions remained bad throughout the day, with frequent squalls and blizzards. The two convoys passed one another in the afternoon. Z25 came within of QP 8 but did not sight it.Template:Sfn During the afternoon of 7 March the Admiralty warned PQ 12 that German ships might be operating in its vicinity. In response, the convoy temporarily altered its course to the north before turning east again to avoid an area of sea ice.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

At around 4:30 pm Friedrich Ihn spotted the Izhora. Tirpitz changed course to join the destroyer. Friedrich Ihn attacked and hit Izhora with a torpedo, but the cargo ship's radio operator managed to send a sighting report before it sank. This was received by the Home Fleet, giving Tovey an approximate location for the German force.Template:Sfn The British also intercepted a radio transmission from a German submarine at 4:40 pm which was wrongly identified as having been sent by Tirpitz. Radio direction finding indicated that this transmission had been sent from near PQ 12, and Tovey issued orders for six of his destroyers to detach and search the route that the German ships might be using to return to Norway from IzhoraTemplate:'s position while the main battle fleet proceeded to the north-east to protect the convoy. Tovey received Ultra intelligence that afternoon which confirmed that the Germans were hunting the convoys rather than seeking to prevent an Allied landing.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Another radio signal from a German submarine that was intercepted at 7:40 pm led Tovey and his staff to wrongly believe that Tirpitz was rapidly sailing south.Template:Sfn

Ciliax continued to search for the convoys during the afternoon of 7 March. His destroyers ran low on fuel, and Friedrich Ihn was detached to refuel in Narvik and then rejoin the battle group. Two attempts to refuel the other destroyers from Tirpitz failed due to bad weather, and they were sent to Tromsø instead.Template:Sfn The battleship suffered mechanical problems on 7 March that could not be repaired at sea. This limited her speed to .Template:Sfn

8 March

The six British destroyers proceeded to the south-east, before turning north at 2 am on 8 March. They failed to spot any of the German ships. At this time Tirpitz was searching for the convoys independently and was approximately north-east of the Home Fleet.Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn The British destroyers were low on fuel after their search, and headed for Iceland to refuel. This left the Home Fleet with only a single destroyer, as two had been detached to refuel in Iceland the previous night.Template:Sfn Tovey judged that the German battleship had evaded his destroyers, and turned to the south-west to meet up with other destroyers that were needed to protect the capital ships from submarines.Template:Sfn He received further Ultra intelligence about German aircraft operations and appreciations of British radio activity during the morning and shortly after noon, but in a blunder this advice failed to note that the intercepted radio signals were addressed to Ciliax. Had Tovey been informed of this, it is likely that he would have concluded that Tirpitz was not headed to Norway and turned the Home Fleet around.Template:Sfn

During the morning of 8 March, Tirpitz headed north towards Bear Island in an attempt to get ahead of PQ 12. The battleship then turned to the south-west on a course which Ciliax believed would intercept the convoy and her crew were called to action stations ahead of the expected battle. Ciliax was mistaken, as PQ 12 had changed its course at dawn after being warned of the attempted interception by intelligence sourced from Ultra. It passed to the north of Tirpitz. The battleship and a patrolling Condor did not spot any of the Allied ships.Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn Naval Group North sent Ciliax a signal at 6:20 pm that suggested that PQ 12 might have abandoned its voyage after being spotted on 5 March and gave him permission to break off the operation if he wished. Ciliax decided to do so, and at 8:25 pm turned south bound for Norway.Template:Sfn

Tovey received further Ultra intelligence during afternoon of 8 March that confirmed that Ciliax was operating in the Bear Island area. In response, he reversed the Home Fleet's course at 6:20 pm to head for Bear Island. It was taking only two or three hours at this time for intercepted German naval radio signals to be decoded, which allowed the forces at sea to rapidly respond to this intelligence.Template:Sfn

After changing course, Tovey broke radio silence to report to the Admiralty that he was heading north with the main body of the fleet and lacked protection against submarines. He also requested that the Admiralty assume direct control of the Home Fleet's separate forces of cruisers and destroyers given that it had a better understanding of their locations and could more easily communicate with them. Two cruisers had been sent into the Norwegian Sea, where they were operating near Jan Mayen. Another pair of cruisers and three of destroyers that had conducted the search on the morning of 8 March subsequently sailed from Iceland to patrol the same area. Groups of destroyers were also readied at bases in Iceland and Scotland to join the Home Fleet.Template:Sfn Tovey was hopeful that the Germans would intercept his radio signal and recall Tirpitz as this would guarantee the safety of PQ 12 and possibly bring the battleship within range of VictoriousTemplate:'s aircraft.Template:Sfn

Morning of 9 March

A map showing the movements of naval forces between 4 am 8 March and 13 March 1942 as described in the article

A map of the second phase of the battle between noon on 4 am on 8 March and 13 March 1942

At 1:37 am on 9 March the Admiralty directed Tovey to "steer 120 degrees maximum speed". This was in response to an intercepted German radio message which revealed that Ciliax was headed to the Lofoten islands to meet up with destroyers there at 7 am that day. The Home Fleet adjusted its course to head for the Lofoten islands at 2:42 am at a speed of .Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn At this time the British ships were about west of the German battleship.Template:Sfn Tovey received further Ultra intelligence during the early hours of the morning that confirmed the Germans were returning to Trondheim and provided TirpitzTemplate:'s expected position at 1 pm that day.Template:Sfn A detachment of signals intelligence personnel on board Tirpitz intercepted radio signals from the Home Fleet, and warned Ciliax that a British force that included an aircraft carrier was in the area.Template:Sfn

By this time it was too late for the Home Fleet's battleships and battlecruiser to intercept the German force before it reached the Norwegian coast. There was a possibility though that VictoriousTemplate:'s torpedo bombers could damage Tirpitz and slow the battleship down sufficiently to allow the Home Fleet to destroy her.Template:Sfn At 3:16 am Tovey requested that the aircraft carrier's commanding officer, Captain Henry Bovell, provide him with proposals for such an attack. Bovell responded with a plan to fly off six Albacores at 6:30 am to search for the Germans, followed by a strike force of twelve torpedo-armed Albacores an hour later.Template:Sfn

The six search aircraft were launched at 6:40 am; three were drawn from each of the two Albacore squadrons. At this time the Home Fleet was to the north-west of Tirpitz, which had rendezvoused with Friedrich Ihn.Template:Sfn Weather conditions were good.Template:Sfn The German force was spotted by the pilot of an Albacore at 8:03 am. As soon as the sighting report was received, the twelve strike aircraft were ordered to take off. Tovey sent a message to their crews stating that they had "a wonderful chance which may achieve the most valuable results".Template:Sfn The search aircraft maintained contact with Tirpitz. After they were spotted, Ciliax judged that a torpedo bomber attack was imminent. He ordered the battleship to full speed, directed that the crew take up their action stations and had her floatplanes launched. Only one of the float planes could be launched, and once it was in the air Ciliax changed the battleship's course to proceed to Vestfjorden so that she should shelter at Narvik.Template:Sfn At this time the battleship was only from the Norwegian coast.Template:Sfn TirpitzTemplate:'s anti-aircraft guns fired on the search aircraft without success, but the float plane damaged one of them and wounded a crewman. The other search aircraft were not deterred, and continued to track the German ships.Template:Sfn Ciliax requested that the (German air force) units in Norway provide fighter aircraft to protect his force, but it took several hours for any to be dispatched from nearby airfields.Template:Sfn

Black and white aerial photo of a ship taken from a long distance

A photo taken from an Albacore showing Tirpitz turning to evade torpedoes during the attack on 9 March

The British strike force was organised into four sub-flights, each with three Albacores, and was led by Lieutenant Commander Bill Lucas from 832 Squadron. Lucas had only recently joined the squadron and had no training in attacking enemy warships.Template:Sfn He spotted the German ships at 8:40 am, and ordered his command to approach them at an altitude of where scattered cloud might hide the aircraft from sight. Due to a strong easterly wind and the German ships' fast speed, the Albacores' closing speed was only . British torpedo bomber doctrine called for strike forces to overtake their targets, and then have half the aircraft attack from the port and the others from the starboard with the torpedoes being released simultaneously between and from the enemy ships. Such an attack would be difficult for large warships to evade. Due to the slow closing speed, Lucas instead ordered each sub-flight to attack independently.Template:Sfn

The first attack was made by the sub-flight under Lucas's personal control. The aircraft approached Tirpitz from her port side and released their torpedoes at 9:18 am from a very low altitude and a distance that was probably greater than 1,000 yards from the battleship. Tirpitz turned sharply to port, and evaded these torpedoes. A sub-flight from 817 Squadron then made a similar attack from the port side of the battleship, with their torpedoes also missing.Template:Sfn

TirpitzTemplate:'s manoeuvring forced the other two sub-flights to attack from astern rather than from starboard as their commanders had intended.Template:Sfn This required their crews to fly into heavy gunfire. They released their torpedoes at extreme range,Template:Sfn and two Albacores were shot down by Tirpitz's anti-aircraft gunners;Template:Sfn all six airmen aboard the aircraft were killed. No hits were achieved, though a torpedo came within of the battleship. Following this attack the British aircraft returned to Victorious, and landed at around 11:00 am.Template:Sfn

Black and white photograph of men carrying another man from an aircraft

An Albacore observer who was wounded when his aircraft was fired upon by TirpitzTemplate:'s float plane being removed from the aircraft on board HMS Victorious

The German sailors were relieved to have escaped the British attack without any damage being inflicted on Tirpitz. Their only casualties were three men who had been wounded by gunfire from the British aircraft. Ciliax awarded Topp the Iron Cross on the spot for his skill in evading the British torpedoes.Template:Sfn The surviving British airmen were berated by VictoriousTemplate:'s senior officers when they were debriefed.Template:Sfn In his report, Bovell criticised Lucas for beginning the attack before his aircraft were in the proper position and judged that the other pilots had released their torpedoes at too great a distance from the battleship.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Tovey did not attempt a second torpedo bomber attack on Tirpitz as VictoriousTemplate:'s aircraft were unable to operate in the defended airspace around Narvik with any prospect of success.Template:Sfn

9–13 March

The failure of the torpedo bomber attack meant that the Home Fleet was unable to bring Tirpitz to battle before she reached safety.Template:Sfn The German battleship anchored near Narvik at 8 pm on 9 March.Template:Sfn In the late afternoon of 9 March the Home Fleet turned to the west to evade possible German air attacks. German reconnaissance aircraft began shadowing the fleet, but none of VictoriousTemplate:'s Fulmar fighters were flown off as it was thought that they would be unable to intercept them. At 3:45 pm three German Junkers Ju 88 aircraft unsuccessfully attacked the Home Fleet with bombs. Four destroyers joined the Home Fleet at around 7 pm. Tovey considered raiding German positions in Norway, but decided against this and instead set course for Scapa Flow. The Home Fleet, which had been reinforced with a further eight destroyers, arrived at Scapa Flow at night on 10 March.Template:Sfn

On 9 March , one of two armed Norwegian whalers that had been dispatched from Iceland to strengthen PQ 12's escort, capsized while searching for the convoy. Only three members of her crew were rescued by the other whaler, which then proceeded directly to Murmansk.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

TirpitzTemplate:'s crew completed repairs to the battleship's engines 48 hours after her arrival at Narvik.Template:Sfn She departed the port with an escort of five destroyers just before midnight on 12 March. Guided by Ultra intelligence and reports from resistance agents in Norway, a force of eight British destroyers under the command of Captain Alan Scott-Moncrieff attempted to intercept the German force between Trondheim and Bodø that night. They did not make contact, and were forced to turn away from the coast at 3:30 am to avoid being attacked by German aircraft once dawn broke. Four British submarines stationed along the route between Narvik and Trondheim were also unable to attack the German ships. Tirpitz anchored near Trondheim at 9 pm on 13 March.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn The British received reports of her arrival there from Norwegian agents and these were confirmed by a photo reconnaissance aircraft on 18 March.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

Both convoys reached their destinations without further loss.Template:Sfn QP 8 arrived at Reykjavík in Iceland on 11 March.Template:Sfn Most vessels of PQ 12 reached Murmansk on 12 March, but several that had become separated from the convoy arrived in Russian ports on other dates. One of the Norwegian whalers assigned to PQ 12 shot down a German aircraft while it was attempting to bomb a merchant ship on 13 March. This was the only attack on the convoy during its voyage.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Two of the four German submarines that were operating off Murmansk spotted ships from PQ 12 as they approached the port, but neither was able to attack.Template:Sfn

Aftermath

Assessments

The British were disappointed by their failure to sink or damage Tirpitz.Template:Sfn Following the operation Tovey was critical of the instructions he had received from the Admiralty. He believed that the order to prioritise the defence of the convoys over attacking the battleship had hindered his operations and that the fleet should not have been sent into waters where large numbers of submarines were operating as it lacked enough destroyers to protect its capital ships. He was also frustrated by the Admiralty's attempts to closely manage his command during the battle. The Admiralty conceded the first two of Tovey's criticisms, agreeing that sinking Tirpitz would be the Home Fleet's main priority when it covered convoys in the future and that the fleet should not proceed beyond 14 degrees east if it lacked destroyers. His other criticism was thought to be unfair as the Admiralty had better access to Ultra intelligence than Tovey did while at sea.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

On 13 March Churchill asked the First Sea Lord, Admiral of the Fleet Sir Dudley Pound, to provide "a report on the air attack on TIRPITZ, explaining how it was that 12 of our machines managed to get no hits as compared to the extraordinary efficiency of the Japanese attack on PRINCE OF WALES and REPULSE". The reason was that Japanese had enough highly effective aircraft with well trained crews while the Fleet Air Arm did not.Template:Sfn Pound attempted to explain this to Churchill, but the Prime Minister was not fully convinced and it contributed to him becoming sceptical about the value of the Fleet Air Arm.Template:Sfn Nevertheless, the failure of the attack on 9 March led to a decision to accelerate improvements to the Royal Navy's aviation force.Template:Sfn

Operation Sportpalast also demonstrated the threat which the German warships in Norway posed to the Arctic convoys, and it was also decided that the Home Fleet would cover them all in the future. This prevented ships being transferred from the fleet to other theatres of the war.Template:Sfn Pound was so concerned about the risk of Tirpitz attacking an Arctic convoy that he sought Churchill's agreement to not dispatch any of them during the period of summer in which there would be almost continuous daylight in the Arctic. The Prime Minister did not agree.Template:Sfn In contrast, Tovey believed that the Germans would be cautious with how Tirpitz was used as a result of their experiences during Operation Sportpalast. He expected that they would not assign her to attack convoys while they were passing through the Barents Sea.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

The Germans were chastised by Operation Sportpalast. Both Ciliax and Raeder believed that good luck was the only reason that Tirpitz had escaped damage or destruction.Template:Sfn As a result, Raeder and Hitler decided to only dispatch the battleship against convoys again if victory was considered certain.Template:Sfn Hitler also directed that she could only be used to attack convoys if it was first confirmed that no aircraft carriers were present.Template:Sfn Tirpitz was thereafter mainly held in reserve to attack Allied forces that attempted to make a landing in Norway. The other warships, as well as submarines and aircraft, were used against the convoys.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn As a result, the Allies had no opportunities to attack Tirpitz at sea after Operation Sportpalast.Template:Sfn RAF heavy bombers made further attacks against the battleship at Trondheim on 31 March and 28 and 29 April 1942, but did not inflict any damage.Template:Sfn

Subsequent operations

In June 1942 Raeder decided to dispatch Tirpitz and three heavy cruisers against the next Arctic convoy in Operation Rösselsprung.Template:Sfn This force sailed on 2 July after Convoy PQ 17 was detected bound for the Soviet Union, and put in at Altafjord in the far north of Norway on 4 July to await Hitler's permission to attack.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn After learning that Tirpitz had sailed, Pound ordered the convoy to scatter and its escort to withdraw on the evening of 4 July. Tovey strongly disagreed with this decision. Many losses from German submarines and aircraft were incurred.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn The battleship departed Altafjord on 5 July to attack the convoy but was recalled by Raeder that night after it was learned that Victorious was at sea.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

Allied forces attacked Tirpitz at her anchorages in Norway during 1943 and 1944. The battleship was badly damaged on 22 September 1943 during Operation Source which used midget submarines, and was never fully combat worthy again. The Fleet Air Arm inflicted further damage during Operation Tungsten on 3 April 1944, but several later carrier attacks failed due to bad weather and the shortcomings of British naval aircraft. RAF heavy bombers crippled Tirpitz on 15 September 1944 during Operation Paravane, and in Operation Catechism sank her with considerable loss of life on 12 November that year.Template:Sfn