Oligodon
Template:Short description Template:Automatic taxobox
Oligodon is genus of colubrid snakes that was first described by Austrian zoologist Leopold Fitzinger in 1826.[1] This genus is widespread throughout central and tropical Asia. The snakes of this genus are commonly known as kukri snakes.[2]
Description
The species in the genus Oligodon are egg eaters and are usually under 90 cm (35 in) in total length (including tail). Different species display widely variable patterns and colorations. They subsist mostly by scavenging the eggs of birds and reptiles. Besides eggs, species of this genus also feeds on lizards, frogs, and small rodents.
Oligodon is a rear-fanged snake genus. All member species have a set of enlarged teeth placed in the back of the upper jaws, as well as functional Duvernoy's glands. They are not dangerous to humans, though. Bites by some species have been reported to bleed excessively, suggesting presence of anticoagulants in the Duvernoy's gland secretions.[3] Species of Oligodon are mostly nocturnal, and live on the floor of mature forests.
The common name of the genus comes from the kukri, a distinctively shaped Nepalese knife, which is similar in shape to the broad, flattened, curved hind teeth of Oligodon species. These teeth are specially adapted for their main diet of eggs; the teeth cut open eggs as they are being swallowed by the snake, allowing for easier digestion.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
At least three species (O. fasciolatus, O. formosanus and O. ocellatus) will slice open the abdomens of frogs and toads and devour their internal organs, before finally swallowing the prey whole (if the prey is not too large to be swallowed). That toads can be swallowed whole suggests that at least some species are immune to toad bufotoxin.[4]
-
O. fasciolatus eating Asian common toad
-
O. ocellatus eating an Asian common toad.
-
O. formosanus eating a banded bullfrog
Species
There are 84 recognized species in the genus Oligodon according to Reptile Database as of April 2023.[5]
The source column gives direct links to the sources used:
- IUCN description of species at International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN Red List categories are:
- Template:IUCN status - Extinct, Template:IUCN status - Extinct in the Wild
- Template:IUCN status - Critically Endangered, Template:IUCN status - Endangered, Template:IUCN status - Vulnerable
- Template:IUCN status - Near Threatened, Template:IUCN status - Least Concern
- Template:IUCN status - Data Deficient, Template:IUCN status - Not Evaluated
- RDB description of species at Reptile Database.
Nota bene: A binomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than Oligodon.
| Image | Common name | Species | Geographic range | Status | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| File:Western Kukri WG.jpg | Western kukri snake, Malabar brown kukri snake | O. affinis
Günther, 1862 |
India (Kerala, Tamil Nadu) | Template:IUCN status | IUCN RDB |
| File:Oligodon albocinctus.jpg | Light-barred kukri snake | O. albocinctus | Nepal, Bangladesh, India (Assam, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh), Myanmar, Vietnam, China (Tibet, Yunnan) | RDB | |
| Northern short-headed snake | O. ancorus
(Girard, 1858) |
Philippines (Mindoro, Luzon) | Template:IUCN status | IUCN RDB | |
| Annam kukri snake | O. annamensis
Leviton, 1953 |
Vietnam (Lam Dang Province) | Template:IUCN status | IUCN RDB | |
| Spotted kukri snake, ringed kukri snake | O. annulifer
(Boulenger, 1893) |
Brunei, Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) | Template:IUCN status | IUCN RDB | |
| File:BandedKukriSnake-June2015-01.JPG | Russet kukri snake, common kukri snake, banded kukri | O. arnensis
(Shaw, 1802) |
Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, India (West Bengal, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Maharashtra, Punjab), Pakistan, Nepal | RDB | |
| File:Oligodon barroni, Barron's kukri snake - Tha Yang District, Phetchaburi (28042483455).jpg | Barron's kukri snake | O. barroni
(M.A. Smith, 1916) |
Thailand, Southern Vietnam, Cambodia, South Laos | Template:IUCN status | IUCN RDB |
| Javanese mountain kukri snake, Boie's kukri snake | O. bitorquatus
F. Boie, 1827 |
Indonesia (Java, possibly South Sumatra and Sumbawa) | Template:IUCN status | IUCN RDB | |
| Double-striped kukri snake | O. bivirgatus
T. Qian, S. Qi, J. Shi, Y. Lu, R.W. Jenkins, Y. Mo & P. Li, 2021 |
China (Hainan) | RDB | ||
| Boo-Liat's kukri snake | O. booliati [7] Leong & Grismer, 2004 | Malaysia (Tioman island) | Template:IUCN status | IUCN RDB | |
| File:Oligodon brevicauda by Sandeep Das.jpg | Short-tailed kukri snake, shorthead kukri snake | O. brevicauda
Günther, 1862 |
India (Tamil Nadu, Kerala) | Template:IUCN status | IUCN RDB |
| Templeton's kukri snake | O. calamarius
(Linnaeus, 1758) |
Sri Lanka | Template:IUCN status | RDB | |
| File:Oligodon catenatus Hardwicke.jpg | Assam kukri snake | O. catenatus
(Blyth, 1854) |
India, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia, South China (Guangdong, Guangxi) | RDB | |
| Chinese kukri snake | O. chinensis
(Günther, 1888) |
southern China, northern Vietnam | Template:IUCN status | IUCN RDB | |
| File:Oligodon churahensis (10.3897-evolsyst.5.72564) Figure 6 (cropped).jpg | Churah Valley kukri snake | O. churahensis | India (Himachal Pradesh) | [8] | |
| File:Black cross-barred Kukri snake Oligodon cinereus.jpg | Black cross-barred kukri snake, ashy kukri snake, golden kukri snake, Günther's kukri snake | O. cinereus
(Günther, 1864) |
India (Assam, Arunachal Pradesh), Bangladesh, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Myanmar, Thailand, peninsular Malaysia, China (Yunnan, Hong Kong, Hainan, Guangxi, Fujian, Guangdong) | Template:IUCN status | IUCN RDB |
| O. condaoensis
S.N. Nguyen, V.D.H. Nguyen, S.H. Le & R. Murphy, 2016 |
S Vietnam (Hon Ba Island) | RDB | |||
| Pegu kukri snake | O. cruentatus
(Günther, 1868) |
Myanmar | Template:IUCN status | IUCN RDB | |
| O. culaochamensis
S.N. Nguyen et al., 2017 |
Vietnam | RDB | |||
| North-east Indian kukri snake, Cantor's kukri snake | O. cyclurus
(Cantor, 1839)[9] |
India (Assam), Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, China (Yunnan), Nepal, Bangladesh | Template:IUCN status | IUCN RDB | |
| File:Oligodon deuvei, Deuve's kukri snake - Mueang Loei District, Loei Province (40930180123).jpg | O. deuvei [10] David, G. Vogel & van Rooijen, 2008 |
Cambodia, southern Vietnam, Laos, North East Thailand | Template:IUCN status | IUCN RDB | |
| File:Oligodon dorsalis Hardwicke.jpg | Gray's kukri snake, Bengalese kukri snake | O. dorsalis
(Gray & Hardwicke, 1835) |
India (Assam), Bhutan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand | RDB | |
| Eberhardt's kukri snake | O. eberhardti
Pellegrin, 1910 |
Vietnam, China (Guangxi, Fujian), possibly Laos, Cambodia and Myanmar | Template:IUCN status | IUCN RDB | |
| Nagarkot kukri snake | O. erythrogaster
Boulenger, 1907 |
Central and East Nepal, India (Sikkim) | RDB | ||
| Red-striped kukri snake, Namsang kukri snake | O. erythrorhachis
Wall, 1910 |
India (Arunachal Pradesh) | Template:IUCN status | IUCN RDB | |
| Jewelled kukri snake, Everett's kukri snake[11] | O. everetti
Boulenger, 1893 |
Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sabah) | Template:IUCN status | IUCN RDB | |
| File:Banded Kukri Snake (Oligodon fasciolatus) (7783163348).jpg | Small-banded kukri snake, fasciolated kukri snake | O. fasciolatus
(Günther, 1864) |
Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam | Template:IUCN status | IUCN RDB |
| Forbes' kukri snake[12] | O. forbesi
(Boulenger, 1883) |
Indonesia (Selaru and Yamdena in Tanimbar Islands) | Template:IUCN status | IUCN RDB | |
| File:Oligodon formosanus.jpg | Taiwan kukri snake, Formosa kukri snake | O. formosanus
(Günther, 1872) |
Vietnam, Taiwan, South Japan (Ryukyu Islands, primarily Okinawa, Miyako and Yaeyama Islands), South China (Chekiang, Jiangxi, Fujian, Guangdong, Nan Ao Island, Hainan, Guangxi, Hong Kong, Zhejiang, Yunnan) | RDB | |
| Hampton's kukri snake | O. hamptoni
Boulenger, 1918 |
Myanmar | Template:IUCN status | IUCN RDB | |
| File:Oligodon huahin, Hua Hin kukri snake - Kaeng Krachan National Park (32625377028).jpg | Hua Hin Kukri Snake | O. huahin[13] Pauwels, Larsen, Suthanthangjai, David & Sumontha, 2017 | Thailand (Hua Hin) | Template:IUCN status | |
| Inornate kukri snake, unicolored kukri snake | O. inornatus
(Boulenger, 1914) |
Cambodia, North and East Thailand | Template:IUCN status | IUCN RDB | |
| Jintakune's kukri snake | O. jintakunei [14] Pauwels, Wallach, David, Chanhome, 2002 | South Thailand | Template:IUCN status | IUCN RDB | |
| Grey kukri snake, Joynson's kukri snake | O. joynsoni
(M.A. Smith, 1917) |
northern Thailand, possibly Laos, Myanmar, China (Yunnan) | Template:IUCN status | IUCN RDB | |
| Walnut kukri snake | O. juglandifer
(Wall, 1909) |
India (Sikkim), West Bhutan | Template:IUCN status | IUCN RDB | |
| O. kampucheaensis[15] Neang, Grismer & Daltry, 2012 | Cambodia | RDB | |||
| File:Oligodon kheriensis.jpg | coral red kukri snake | O. kheriensis[16] Acharji & Ray, 1936 | India (Uttar Pradesh), Southwest Nepal | RDB | |
| Lacroix kukri snake[17] | O. lacroixi | China (Sichuan, Yunnan), Vietnam | Template:IUCN status | IUCN RDB | |
| Medog kukri snake | O. lipipengi
Jiang, Wang, Li, Ding, Ding & Che, 2020 |
China (Tibet) | RDB | ||
| O. lungshenensis | China (Chongqing, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan) | Template:IUCN status | IUCN RDB | ||
| Angel's kukri snake | O. macrurus
(Angel, 1927) |
Vietnam | Template:IUCN status | IUCN RDB | |
| Barred short-headed snake, spotted kukri snake | O. maculatus
(Taylor, 1918) |
Philippines (Mindanao) | Template:IUCN status | IUCN RDB | |
| Arakan kukri snake, McDougall's kukri snake | O. mcdougalli
Wall, 1905 |
Myanmar | Template:IUCN status | IUCN RDB | |
| Bluebelly kukri snake | O. melaneus
Wall, 1909 |
India | RDB | ||
| Abor Hills kukri snake | O. melanozonatus
Wall, 1922 |
India, China (Tibet) | RDB | ||
| Sulu short-headed snake, Meyerink's kukri snake | O. meyerinkii
(Steindachner, 1891) |
Philippine Islands (Bongao, Jolo, Papahang, Sibutu, Tawi-Tawi in Sulu Archipelago), possibly Malaysia (Sabah) | Template:IUCN status | IUCN RDB | |
| Spotted-bellied short-headed snake, Luzon kukri snake | O. modestus
Günther, 1864 |
Philippines (Mindanao, Negros, Tablas, Panay, Cebu, possibly Luzon) | Template:IUCN status | IUCN RDB | |
| Morice's kukri snake[18] | O. moricei [10] David, G. Vogel & van Rooijen, 2008 | Southern Vietnam | Template:IUCN status | IUCN RDB | |
| File:Oligodon mouhoti.jpg | Cambodian kukri snake, Mouhot's kukri snake[18] | O. mouhoti
(Boulenger, 1914) |
Cambodia, East Thailand | Template:IUCN status | IUCN RDB |
| Nagao kukri snake | O. nagao[19] David, T.Q. Nguyen, T. Nguyen, Jiang, T. Chen, Teynié & Ziegler, 2012 | Northern Vietnam, Southwest China (Guangxi), Laos | RDB | ||
| Nikhil's kukri snake | O. nikhili | India (Tamil Nadu) | Template:IUCN status | IUCN RDB | |
| Palawan kukri snake, Palawan short-headed snake | O. notospilus
Günther, 1873 |
Philippine Islands (Palawan, Busuanga, Balabac, Mindanao) | RDB | ||
| Eyed kukri snake, ocellated kukri snake | O. ocellatus
(Morice, 1875) |
Cambodia, Lao, southern Vietnam | Template:IUCN status | IUCN RDB | |
| File:Striped Kukri Snake (Oligodon octolineatus) (6749975673).jpg | Eight-lined kukri snake, eight-striped kukri snake, Grace's kukri snake | O. octolineatus
(Schneider, 1801) |
Brunei, Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak), Singapore | Template:IUCN status | IUCN RDB |
| Ornate kukri snake | O. ornatus
Van Denburgh, 1909 |
China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang), Taiwan, | Template:IUCN status | IUCN RDB | |
| Perkin's short-headed snake | O. perkinsi
(Taylor, 1925) |
Philippines (Palawan, Culion and Calauit Islands) | Template:IUCN status | IUCN RDB | |
| Petronella's[20] kukri snake | O. petronellae
Roux, 1917 |
Indonesia (Sumatra) | Template:IUCN status | IUCN RDB | |
| Pha-Ngan kukri snake | O. phangan | Thailand (Surat Thani Province: Pha-Ngan Island) | RDB | ||
| O. planiceps
(Boulenger, 1888) |
Myanmar | Template:IUCN status | IUCN RDB | ||
| Pulau Weh kukri snake | O. praefrontalis
F. Werner, 1913 |
Indonesia (Weh Island) | Template:IUCN status | IUCN RDB | |
| O. promsombuti
Pauwels, Thongyai, Chantong, & Sumontha, 2021 |
Thailand (Surat Thani Province, Trang Province: Na Yong District) | RDB | |||
| Bleeker's Kukri Snake | O. propinquus
Jan, 1862 |
Indonesia (Java) | RDB | ||
| False striped kukri snake | O. pseudotaeniatus[10] David, G. Vogel & van Rooijen, 2008 | Thailand | Template:IUCN status | IUCN RDB | |
| O. pulcherrimus
F. Werner, 1909 |
Indonesia (Sumatra) | Template:IUCN status | IUCN RDB | ||
| File:Oligod purpu 110417-14780 tsa.jpg | Purple kukri snake, brown kukri snake | O. purpurascens
(Schlegel, 1837) |
Brunei, Indonesia (Bali, Java, Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak), Singapore, Thailand | Template:IUCN status | IUCN RDB |
| Long-snouted kukri snake | O. rostralis
H.N. Nguyen, Tran, L.H. Nguyen, Neang, Yushchenko & Poyarkov, 2020 |
Vietnam | |||
| File:Oligodon Russelius.jpg | Russell's kukri snake | O. russelius
(Daudin, 1803) |
India, Nepal | ||
| Saint Girons' kukri snake[21] | O. saintgironsi [2] David, G. Vogel & Pauwels, 2008 | Vietnam, Cambodia | Template:IUCN status | IUCN RDB | |
| Sai Yok Kukri Snake | O. saiyok[22] Sumontha, Kunya, Dangsri & Pauwels, 2017 | Thailand (Kanchanaburi) | Template:IUCN status | ||
| File:Oligodon subcarinatus.jpg | Half-keeled kukri snake, barred kukri snake, banded kukri snake | O. signatus
(Günther, 1864) |
Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak), Singapore | Template:IUCN status | IUCN RDB |
| File:Oligodon splendidus.jpg | Splendid kukri snake | O. splendidus
(Günther, 1875) |
Myanmar | Template:IUCN status | IUCN RDB |
| File:Oligodon sublineatus (10.3897-zse.91.4971) Figure 1.jpg | Duméril's kukri snake | O. sublineatus
A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & A.H.A. Duméril, 1854 |
Sri Lanka | Template:IUCN status | IUCN RDB |
| File:Oligodon taeniatus (Günther, 1861) Striped Kukri Snake (16175431667).jpg | Striped kukri snake | O. taeniatus
(Günther, 1861) |
Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam, Myanmar, possibly China (Yunnan) | Template:IUCN status | IUCN RDB |
| File:Russell's kukri aka Variegated kukri (Oligodon taeniolatus).jpg | Streaked Kukri snake, Loos snake | O. taeniolatus
(Jerdon, 1853) |
Afghanistan, India, Iran, Nepal, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Turkmenistan | Template:IUCN status | IUCN RDB |
| Teynié's kukri snake | O. teyniei
David, Hauser & G. Vogel, 2022 |
Laos | |||
| Mandalay kukri snake, Theobald's kukri snake | O. theobaldi
(Günther, 1868) |
Bangladesh, Myanmar | Template:IUCN status | IUCN RDB | |
| Tillack's kukri snake | O. tillacki
Bandara, Ganesh, Kanishka, Danushka, Sharma, P. Campbell, Ineich, G. Vogel & Amarasinghe, 2022 |
India | |||
| O. tolaki
Amarasinghe, Henkanaththegedara, Campbell, Riyanto, Hallermann & G. Vogel, 2021 |
Indonesia (Southeast Sulawesi) | RDB | |||
| O. torquatus
(Boulenger, 1888) |
Myanmar | Template:IUCN status | IUCN RDB | ||
| Travancore kukri snake | O. travancoricus
Beddome, 1877 |
India (Kerala, Tamil Nadu) | Template:IUCN status | IUCN RDB | |
| File:Three-lined Kukri Snake Oligodon trilineatus (7067734773).jpg | Three-lined kukri snake | O. trilineatus
(A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & A.H.A. Duméril, 1854) |
Indonesia (Nias, Siberut, Sumatra) | Template:IUCN status | IUCN RDB |
| Langbian kukri snake | O. tuani | Vietnam | RDB | ||
| O. unicolor
(Kopstein, 1926) |
Indonesia (Selaru, Yamdena) | Template:IUCN status | IUCN RDB | ||
| Jerdon's kukri snake | O. venustus
(Jerdon, 1853) |
India (Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu) | Template:IUCN status | IUCN RDB | |
| Dark-spined kukri snake, vertebral kukri snake | O. vertebralis
(Günther, 1865) |
Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sabah) | Template:IUCN status | IUCN RDB | |
| Bleeker's kukri snake | O. waandersi
(Bleeker, 1860) |
Indonesia (Java, Sulawesi, Buton, Sula Islands) | RDB | ||
| Wagner's kukri snake | O. wagneri
David & G. Vogel, 2012 |
Indonesia (Nias) | RDB | ||
| yellow-striped kukri snake | O. woodmasoni
(Sclater, 1891) |
India (Nicobar Islands, possibly Andaman Islands) | RDB |
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References
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- ↑ Mirza, Zeeshan A.; Bhardwaj, Virender Kumar; Patel, Harshil (2021). "A New Species of the Genus Oligodon Boie in Fitzinger, 1826 (Reptilia, Serpentes) from the Western Himalayas". Evolutionary Systematics 5 (2): 335–345. (Oligodon churahensis, new species).
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. Template:ISBN. (Oligodon everetti, p. 86).
- ↑ Beolens et al. (2011). p. 91.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Neang T, Grismer LL, Daltry JC (2012). "A new species of kukri snake (Colubridae: Oligodon Fitzinger, 1826) from the Phnom Samkos Wildlife Sanctuary, Cardamom Mountains, southwest Cambodia Template:Webarchive". Zootaxa 3388: 41–55.
- ↑ Acharji MN, Ray HC (1936). "A new species of Oligodon from the United Provinces (India)". Records of the Indian Museum, Calcutta 38: 519–520.
- ↑ Beolens et al. (2011). p. 149.
- ↑ a b Beolens et al. (2011). p. 183.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Beolens et al. (2011). pp. 70, 205.
- ↑ Beolens et al. (2011). p. 231.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
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External links
- "Kukri snake". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved July 7, 2005.
- "Brown Kukri Snake". Wildlife Singapore. Retrieved July 7, 2005.
Further reading
- Green, Marc D.; Orlov, Nikolai L.; Murphy, Robert W. (2010). "Toward a Phylogeny of the Kukri Snakes, Genus Oligodon ". Asian Herpetological Research 2 (1): 1-21.
- Smith MA (1943). The Fauna of British India, Ceylon and Burma, Including the Whole of the Indo-Chinese Sub-region. Reptilia and Amphibia. Vol. III.—Serpentes. London: Secretary of State for India. (Taylor and Francis, printers). xii + 583 pp. (Genus Oligodon, pp. 195–201).