Novarupta

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NovaruptaTemplate:Efn is a volcano located on the Alaska Peninsula on a slope of Trident Volcano in Katmai National Park and Preserve, about Script error: No such module "convert". southwest of Anchorage. Novarupta was formed in 1912, during the largest volcanic eruption of the 20th century, in which it released 30 times the volume of magma of the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens.

Eruption of 1912

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File:Novarupta.png
Novarupta geologic cross section

The 1912 eruption that formed Novarupta was the largest to occur during the 20th century. It began on June 6, 1912, and culminated in a series of violent eruptions. Rated a 6 on the volcanic explosivity index,[1] the 60-hour-long eruption expelled Script error: No such module "convert". of ash, thirty times as much as the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens.[2][3][4] The erupted magma of rhyolite, dacite, and andesite[5] resulted in more than Script error: No such module "convert". of air fall tuff and approximately Script error: No such module "convert". of pyroclastic ash-flow tuff.[6] During the 20th century, only the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines and the 1902 eruption of Santa María in Guatemala were of comparable magnitude; Mount Pinatubo ejected Script error: No such module "convert". of tephra,[7] and Santa María just slightly less.

At least two larger eruptions occurred in the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) during the 19th century: the 1815 eruption of Tambora (Script error: No such module "convert". of tephra)[8] and the 1883 eruption of Krakatoa (Script error: No such module "convert". of tephra).[9]

The Novarupta eruption occurred about Template:Cvt from the peak of Mount Katmai Volcano and Template:Cvt below the post-eruption Mount Katmai summit. During the eruption a large quantity of magma erupted from beneath the Mount Katmai area, resulting in the formation of a Script error: No such module "convert". wide, funnel-shaped vent and the collapse of Mount Katmai's summit, creating a Script error: No such module "convert". deep,[2] Script error: No such module "convert". caldera.[10]

The eruption ended with the extrusion of a lava dome of rhyolite[5] that plugged the vent. The Script error: No such module "convert". high and Script error: No such module "convert". wide dome it created forms what is now referred to as Novarupta.[11]

Despite the magnitude of the eruption, no deaths directly resulted.[12]Template:Rp[13] Eyewitness accounts from people located downwind in the path of a thick ash cloud described the gradual lowering of visibility to next to nothing.[14] Ash threatened to contaminate drinking water and destroyed food resources, but the Alaska Natives were aided in their survival by traditional knowledge passed down through generations from previous eruptions. However, the Native villages experiencing the heaviest ash falls were abandoned and the inhabitants relocated.[14]

Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes

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Pyroclastic flows from the eruption formed the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, named by botanist Robert F. Griggs, who explored the volcano's aftermath for the National Geographic Society in 1916.[12][15]

The eruption that formed the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes is one of the few in recorded history to have produced welded tuff, resulting in numerous fumaroles that persisted for 15 years.[16]

File:Colorful ash Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes.jpg
Colorful ash in the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes

Katmai National Park

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Established as a National Park & Preserve in 1980, Katmai is located on the Alaska Peninsula, across from Kodiak Island, with headquarters in nearby King Salmon, about Script error: No such module "convert". southwest of Anchorage. The area was originally designated a National Monument in 1918 to protect the area around the 1912 eruption of Novarupta and the Script error: No such module "convert"., Script error: No such module "convert". deep, pyroclastic flow of the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes.[17]

See also

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Notes

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References

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  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ a b Wood, C.A. and Kienle, J. (editors) (1990) Volcanoes of North America: United States and Canada, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, Template:ISBN, p. 70.
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "Template wrapper".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "Template wrapper".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "Template wrapper".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "Template wrapper".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

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External links

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