Norwalk, Connecticut

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Norwalk is a city in Fairfield County, Connecticut, United States. The city, part of the New York Metropolitan Area, is the sixth-most populous city in Connecticut as of the 2020 census, with a population of 91,184.[1]

Norwalk is on the northern shore of Long Island Sound and was first settled in 1649.

History

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Roger Ludlow purchased the areas east of the Norwalk River from Chief Mahackemo of the Norwaake (or Naramauke) Indians in 1640.[2] Norwalk was settled in 1649, incorporated September 1651, and named after the Algonquin word Script error: No such module "lang"., meaning "point of land", or more probably from the Native American name "Naramauke".[3]

The Battle of Norwalk took place during the Revolutionary War,[4] and led to the burning of most of the town.[5] In 1836, the borough of Norwalk was created, covering the central area of the town.[6] In 1853, the first ever train disaster in the United States happened over the Norwalk River.[7] During the 19th and early 20th century, Norwalk was a major railroad stop for the New York, New Haven, and Hartford Railroad.[8] The city of South Norwalk and the remaining parts of the town of Norwalk were both combined in 1910 to form the current city.[9]

The Ku Klux Klan had a brief presence in Norwalk during the 1920s, but quickly fell apart due to internal issues.[10] In 1955, multiple hurricanes hit the city, causing flooding in Norwalk Harbor.[11] During the 1970s, efforts were taken to historically preserve South Norwalk, resulting in the creation of the Washington Street Historic District.[12]

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of Script error: No such module "convert"., of which Script error: No such module "convert". (37.24%) are covered by water.

Neighborhoods

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Climate

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Topography

Norwalk's topography is dominated by its coastline along Long Island Sound, the Norwalk River and its eastern and western banks, and the Norwalk Islands.[15] The highest elevation is Script error: No such module "convert". above sea level on the fairway of the 16th hole of the Silvermine Golf Course,[16] and the low elevation is sea level on Long Island Sound.

Demographics

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Historical population
CensusPop.Template:Sronly%±
179011,942—
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191024,211Script error: No such module "String".%
192027,743Script error: No such module "String".%
193036,019Script error: No such module "String".%
194039,849Script error: No such module "String".%
195049,460Script error: No such module "String".%
196067,775Script error: No such module "String".%
197079,288Script error: No such module "String".%
198077,767Script error: No such module "String".%
199078,331Script error: No such module "String".%
200082,951Script error: No such module "String".%
201085,603Script error: No such module "String".%
202091,184Script error: No such module "String".%
1790 population included
Stamford and Greenwich.
[17]

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2020 census

Norwalk, Connecticut – Racial and ethnic composition
<templatestyles src="Nobold/styles.css"/>Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.
Race / Ethnicity (NH = Non-Hispanic) Pop 2000[18] Pop 2010[19] Pop 2020[20] % 2000 % 2010 % 2020
White alone (NH) 53,324 47,718 44,314 64.28% 55.74% 48.60%
Black or African American alone (NH) 12,231 11,472 11,074 14.74% 13.40% 12.14%
Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH) 95 94 102 0.11% 0.11% 0.11%
Asian alone (NH) 2,672 4,045 4,772 3.22% 4.73% 5.23%
Pacific Islander alone (NH) 28 25 14 0.03% 0.03% 0.02%
Some Other Race alone (NH) 137 244 652 0.17% 0.29% 0.72%
Mixed Race or Multi-Racial (NH) 1,498 1,235 2,627 1.81% 1.44% 2.88%
Hispanic or Latino (any race) 12,966 20,770 27,629 15.63% 24.26% 30.30%
Total 82,951 85,603 91,184 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%

2010 census

As of the census of 2010, 85,603 people,[21] 35,415 households,[22] and 21,630 families resided in the city.[23] The population density was Script error: No such module "convert".. The 35,415 housing units had an average density of Script error: No such module "convert".. The racial makeup of the city was 68.7% White, 14.2% African American, 0.4% Native American, 4.8% Asian, 9.1% from other races, and 2.8% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 24.3% of the population.[24]

Of the 35,415 households, 27.9% had children under 18 living with them, 47.1% were married couples living together, 11.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.4% were not families. About 33.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.5% had someone living alone who was 65 or older. The average household size in the city was 2.55, and the average family size was 3.16.[25]

The age distribution was 22% under 18, with 7.3% from 18 to 24, 31.7% from 25 to 44, 31.2% from 45 to 64, and 12.8% were 65 or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.2 males.[24] Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". The median income for a household in the city was $76,161, and for a family was $103,032. The per capita income for the city was $43,303.[26] About 5.7% of families and 8.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.2% of those under age 18 and 8.2% of those age 65 or over.[27][28]

Economy

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Booking Holdings, Datto, FactSet, Pepperidge Farm, Priceline.com, Terex, Ventus, and Xerox have headquarters in Norwalk.[29][30] The Financial Accounting Foundation and the Financial Accounting Standards Board are also based in Norwalk.

Arts and culture

Attractions

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Norwalk's former city hall

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Notable sites on the National Register of Historic Places

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Government

United States Congress

Senators Name Party Assumed office Level
  Senate Class 1 Richard Blumenthal Democratic 2011 Senior Senator
  Senate Class 3 Chris Murphy Democratic 2013 Junior Senator
Representatives Name Party Assumed office
  District 4 Jim Himes Democratic 2009

Connecticut General Assembly

Connecticut State Senate

District Name Party Assumed office
  25 Bob Duff Democratic 2001

Connecticut House of Representatives

District Name Party Assumed office
  137 Kadeem Roberts Democratic 2023
  140 Travis Simms Democratic 2018
  141 Tracy Marra Republican 2023
  142 Lucy Dathan Democratic 2018
  143 Dominique Johnson Democratic 2023

Politics

Norwalk has voted Democratic for president since 1992, when the city voted for Bill Clinton.[36] However, between 1928 and 1992, the city only voted Democratic twice: 1936[37] and 1964.[38]

Norwalk city vote
by party in presidential elections[36]
Year Democratic Republican Third parties
align="center" style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading"|2024 align="center" style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading"|63.59% 26,526 align="center" style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading"|34.97% 14,586 align="center" Template:Party shading/Independent|1.44% 602
align="center" style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading"|2020 align="center" style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading"|67.99% 29,382 align="center" style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading"|30.80% 13,311 align="center" Template:Party shading/Independent|1.21% 521
align="center" style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading"|2016 align="center" style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading"|63.86% 24,414 align="center" style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading"|32.23% 12,324 align="center" Template:Party shading/Independent|3.91% 1,494
align="center" style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading"|2012 align="center" style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading"|63.01% 22,369 align="center" style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading"|35.98% 12,773 align="center" Template:Party shading/Independent|1.01% 357
align="center" style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading"|2008 align="center" style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading"|65.51% 24,489 align="center" style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading"|33.84% 12,651 align="center" Template:Party shading/Independent|0.65% 244
align="center" style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading"|2004 align="center" style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading"|58.15% 20,615 align="center" style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading"|40.06% 14,201 align="center" Template:Party shading/Independent|1.79% 633
align="center" style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading"|2000 align="center" style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading"|59.90% 19,293 align="center" style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading"|35.76% 11,519 align="center" Template:Party shading/Independent|4.34% 1,399
align="center" style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading"|1996 align="center" style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading"|55.52% 17,354 align="center" style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading"|34.55% 10,800 align="center" Template:Party shading/Independent|9.93% 3,105
align="center" style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading"|1992 align="center" style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading"|44.02% 16,488 align="center" style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading"|39.36% 14,743 align="center" Template:Party shading/Independent|16.62% 6,224
align="center" style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading"|1988 align="center" style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading"|43.23% 14,518 align="center" style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading"|55.44% 18,618 align="center" Template:Party shading/Independent|1.33% 445
align="center" style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading"|1984 align="center" style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading"|35.68% 12,509 align="center" style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading"|64.03% 22,447 align="center" Template:Party shading/Independent|0.29% 102
align="center" style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading"|1980 align="center" style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading"|36.40% 11,785 align="center" style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading"|52.40% 16,969 align="center" Template:Party shading/Independent|11.20% 3,627
align="center" style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading"|1976 align="center" style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading"|42.69% 13,724 align="center" style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading"|56.53% 18,176 align="center" Template:Party shading/Independent|0.78% 250
align="center" style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading"|1972 align="center" style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading"|34.17% 11,459 align="center" style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading"|64.10% 21,496 align="center" Template:Party shading/Independent|1.73% 579
align="center" style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading"|1968 align="center" style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading"|41.59% 13,330 align="center" style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading"|51.50% 16,503 align="center" Template:Party shading/Independent|6.91% 2,215
align="center" style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading"|1964 align="center" style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading"|61.90% 19,620 align="center" style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading"|38.10% 12,076 align="center" Template:Party shading/Independent|0.00% 0
align="center" style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading"|1960 align="center" style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading"|44.32% 13,744 align="center" style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading"|55.68% 17,268 align="center" Template:Party shading/Independent|0.00% 0
align="center" style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading"|1956 align="center" style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading"|28.48% 8,134 align="center" style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading"|71.52% 20,428 align="center" Template:Party shading/Independent|0.00% 0
align="center" style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading"|1952[39] align="center" style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading"|43.47% 10,280[39] align="center" style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading"|61.52% 17,031[39] align="center" Template:Party shading/Independent|1.34% 372[39]
align="center" style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading"|1948[40] align="center" style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading"|37.13% 9,980[40] align="center" style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading"|52.41% 12,032[40] align="center" Template:Party shading/Independent|4.12% 947[40]
align="center" style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading"|1944[41] align="center" style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading"|46.88% 9,822[41] align="center" style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading"|53.12% 11,131[41] align="center" Template:Party shading/Independent|0.00% 0[41]
align="center" style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading"|1940[42] align="center" style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading"|49.29% 9,869[42] align="center" style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading"|50.71% 10,153[42] align="center" Template:Party shading/Independent|0.00% 0[42]
align="center" style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading"|1936[43] align="center" style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading"|56.17% 9,216[43] align="center" style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading"|43.83% 7,191[43] align="center" Template:Party shading/Independent|0.00% 0[43]
align="center" style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading"|1932[44] align="center" style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading"|46.40% 6,375[44] align="center" style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading"|53.60% 7,364[44] align="center" Template:Party shading/Independent|0.00% 0[44]
align="center" style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading"|1928[45] align="center" style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading"|37.95% 4,867[45] align="center" style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading"|61.32% 7,865[45] align="center" Template:Party shading/Independent|0.73% 94[45]
Voter Registration and Party Enrollment Statistics as of October 27, 2020[46]
Party Active voters Inactive voters Total voters Percentage
Republican 10,161 52 10,213 17.22%
Democratic 23,144 164 23,308 39.30%
Libertarian 1,226 10 1,236 2.08%
Unaffiliated 24,367 171 24,538 41.38%
Totals 58,898 397 59,295 100%

Districts

Norwalk has six taxing districts.[47] The First, Second, Third, and Sixth taxing districts are political entities with their respective voters electing officers, holding annual business meetings, approving budgets, and considering other matters, as specified in each of their charters.[48][49] Election of Taxing District Commissioners and Treasurers by voters from the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 6th districts take place in odd-numbered years. The Fourth and Fifth districts are not counted as separate governments, as they constitute the city proper.[50] Each taxing district has its own property tax rate reflecting the mix of services each receives from the city. Secondly, municipal elections of mayor, common council, board of education, and other positions are also held in odd-numbered years at 13 polling places within five voting districts around the city. Voting districts are not the same for state and federal elections, which are held on even-numbered years at 12 polling locations.[51]

Municipal

File:NorwalkCTCityHallFront09032007.JPG
Norwalk City Hall and Concert Hall

Norwalk's municipal government is a weak-mayor form of a mayor-council government with the mayor of Norwalk elected by its voters.[52] The city's charter gives certain administrative powers exclusively to the council and others jointly to the Council and Mayor. The Common Council is the law-writing body of the City of Norwalk. Norwalk's common council consists of fifteen council members, five elected at-large and ten elected by district, two from each district.[53]

Representatives

Norwalk is represented in the Connecticut General Assembly by five House representatives corresponding to five Connecticut legislative districts and one senator from one Connecticut Senate district.[54][55]

Norwalk, which lies within Connecticut's 4th congressional district, is represented in the United States Congress by one congressional representative (Democrat Jim Himes) in the United States House of Representatives, and along with the rest of Connecticut, by two U.S. Senators (Democrats Richard Blumenthal and Chris Murphy) in the United States Senate.

Education

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Norwalk Public Schools operates public schools, while the community also has various private schools.

Norwalk was granted a town charter by the Connecticut General Court in 1651. On May 29, 1678, town records mention the establishment of community-supported teaching activities with a passage that reads: "'At a town meeting... voted and agreed to hier a scole master to teach all the children in ye town to lerne to Rede and write; and that Mr. Cornish shall be hierd for that service and the townsmen are to hier him upon as reasonable terms as they can."

The school that was established in the 1670s was located near the Ludlow Square area of East Norwalk (near the former Roger Ludlow Junior High School).[56]

Sports

Baseball and softball are popular amateur sports with active leagues across many age groups in Norwalk. Four baseball fields and 16 Little League fields are in the city. Several of the fields, including Calf Pasture Beach, are illuminated for nighttime play. The fields at the Norwalk Little League team won the Little League World Series in 1952.[57][58] The 14-year-old Babe Ruth League team won the championship in 2008.[59] The Norwalk Biddy Basketball All-Star team Won the state and regional titles and then went on to the world championships in New Orleans, Louisiana, in 1986 and placed seventh in the world.

Being a coastal city, Norwalk is home to a great many water sports, including competitive swimming, recreational boating and fishing, sailing, windsurfing, and kayaking. The Norwalk River and inner Norwalk Harbor host rowing events and organizations.[60] Norwalk resident Daniel Walsh won a bronze medal in Beijing with the U.S. Olympic rowing team in the 2008 Summer Olympics.[61]

Three golf courses are in the city of Norwalk: Shorehaven Golf Club[62] is a private club in East Norwalk, the Silvermine Golf Club[63] is a private club in Silvermine (part of the course lies in the town of Wilton), and the Oak Hills Park golf course[64] is a public course in West Norwalk.

The cross-town rivalry between the city's two largest high schools, Norwalk High School and Brien McMahon High School, is fierce, particularly for the football, basketball, soccer, and field hockey teams in the fall, as well as lacrosse, baseball, and softball teams in the spring. Brien McMahon High School's football team won the Fairfield County Interscholastic Athletic Conference and Class M State Football championship in 1994. McMahon High School's boys' lacrosse team won the state division 2 lacrosse championship in 2000.

Media

News sources in Norwalk include News 12 Connecticut, a regional news channel for southwestern Connecticut and based in Norwalk.[65] The Hour was an independent daily newspaper based in Norwalk and founded in 1871, which was purchased by Hearst Communications on April 12, 2016.[66] NancyonNorwalk.com is a self-published, nonprofit news site founded in 2010 that covers local issues.[67]

Transportation

Highways

Interstate 95 and the Merritt Parkway lead through Norwalk, with several exits within the Norwalk city limits, and are the major thoroughfare through the city. U.S. Route 1 goes through the center of the city, mostly following local streets. The major north–south corridor in Norwalk is U.S. Route 7, which is an expressway throughout most of the route in the city. The expressway section ends at Grist Mill Road in Norwalk from where Route 7 resumes northbound along Main Avenue. Other state routes include Routes 53, 123, and 136.

Buses

File:NorwalkTransitGillig.jpg
A Wheels bus at Wheels hub

Public transport bus service within Norwalk is provided by Norwalk Transit District.[68] Norwalk Transit District operates fixed-route public bus service in Norwalk and Westport with evening and Sunday shuttles (serving South Norwalk, Main Avenue, and Connecticut Avenue) and commuter shuttles. Access to other cities through bus services Milford, Danbury, and Stamford. All fixed-route buses meet at the Transportation Hub.[69]

Railroad

File:SouthNorwalkRRstaWestEntrance08112007.jpg
West entrance of the South Norwalk train station

The Metro-North Railroad's New Haven Line runs through and stops in Norwalk. The train goes west and east, with Grand Central Terminal and New Haven Union Station being the final stops. The Danbury Branch runs from South Norwalk to Danbury, CT. Four stations are in Norwalk, three of them on the main line which is: Rowayton, South Norwalk and East Norwalk. The fourth station, Merritt 7, is on the Danbury Branch. Metro-North provides commuter service for all four stations.[70]

The structure at 47 Wall Street was formerly the Wall Street station of the Danbury Branch, which operated from 1896 to 1936. The city's trolley system barn also operated on Wall Street.[71]

Airports

Norwalk is within reasonable distance of 11 airports – four general aviation, three regional, and four international.

General aviation airports Distance from downtown/location
Sikorsky Memorial Airport 15 miles east in Stratford, Connecticut
Danbury Municipal Airport 18 miles north in Danbury, Connecticut
Waterbury–Oxford Airport 29 miles northeast in Oxford, Connecticut
Teterboro Airport 38 miles southwest in Teterboro, New Jersey
Regional airports Distance from downtown/location
Westchester County Airport 16 miles west in Westchester County, New York
Tweed New Haven Airport 29 miles east in East Haven, Connecticut
International airports Distance from downtown/location
LaGuardia Airport 34 miles southwest in Queens, New York
John F. Kennedy International Airport 38 miles southwest in Queens, New York
Stewart International Airport 45 miles northwest in Newburgh, New York
Newark Liberty International Airport 50 miles southwest in Newark, New Jersey
Bradley International Airport 68 miles northeast in Windsor Locks, Connecticut

Infrastructure

Utilities

Electric power and natural gas in most of Norwalk are provided by Eversource Energy.

  • The First Taxing District[72] provides water to the Third, Fourth and Fifth Taxing Districts.[73]
File:Norwalk Harbor Generating Station - NRG Energy - Manresa Island.jpg
The now-abandoned Harbor Generating Station on Manresa Island
  • The Second Taxing District[74] serves sections of South Norwalk, East Norwalk, West Norwalk, Rowayton and Silvermine.[74] and also owns and operates South Norwalk Electric and Water.[75]
  • The Third Taxing District[76] provides electric power for East Norwalk.

The districts purchase wholesale power and arrange for its delivery to, and distribution within, their respective districts. Power lines and meters in East Norwalk, South Norwalk, and parts of Rowayton are maintained by the districts. Both the second (SNEW) and third (TTD) district electric departments belong to the six member Connecticut Municipal Electric Energy Cooperative which pools their wholesale power purchasing to obtain lower rates for their customers.[77]

Connecticut Light and Power (now Eversource Energy) operated a power plant, Norwalk Harbor Station on Manresa Island, from 1960 to 1999 when it was acquired by NRG Energy, which then began its deactivation in 2013.[78]

In 2004 the Third Taxing District installed three diesel powered generators at the Norden complex on Norden Place that were initially licensed only for emergency power supply. By summer 2008 the generators, with a combined capacity of 6 Megawatts, had been upgraded to allow licensed operation as regular power providers for the grid (not just emergency power).[79]

In 2007 and 2008 the construction of the Middletown-Norwalk transmission line disrupted traffic along the Boston Post Road, but the completion of the line was hoped to help provide additional power to lower Fairfield County. In addition, a high-voltage undersea line runs from Manresa Island to Long Island to help provide electric power to Long Island Power Authority customers. In 2008, the city government of Norwalk started initial investigations of whether the city might resume generating power for sale to electricity customers in the city.[80] The plant was permanently closed in 2013 and the site began remediation and transformation in 2025 as part of the Manresa Island Park project.

Emergency services

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Norwalk Police Department serves as the city's police department,[81] and Norwalk Fire Department serves Norwalk's fire protection district.[82] Norwalk is served 24/7 by Norwalk Hospital and Norwalk Hospital EMS, a 911 paramedic service. The service consists of hospital-based paramedics and EMT-Is who serve Norwalk as well as New Canaan, Wilton, Weston, and Westport.

In popular culture

Films

Full-length features and documentary films, filmed or set in Norwalk:

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Television

Partially or entirely recorded in Norwalk:

Notable people

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Sister cities

References

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  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1"..
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  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Deborah Wing Ray, Gloria P. Stewart (1979) pp. 170–173.
  10. ↑ DiGiovanni, the Rev. (now Monsignor) Stephen M., The Catholic Church in Fairfield County: 1666-1961, 1987, William Mulvey Inc., New Canaan, Chapter II: The New Catholic Immigrants, 1880-1930; subchapter: "The True American: White, Protestant, Non-Alcoholic," p. 82; DiGiovanni, in turn, cites (Footnote 210, page 258) Chalmers, David A., Hooded Americanism, The History of the Ku Klux Klan (New York, 1981), p. 268
  11. ↑ The three major storms affected Norwalk in 1955: Hurricane Connie, Hurricane Diane, and an unnamed storm in October. See Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". and Template:NRHP url
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  23. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  24. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  25. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  26. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  27. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  28. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  29. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  30. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  31. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  32. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  33. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  34. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  35. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  36. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  37. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  38. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  39. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  40. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  41. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  42. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  43. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  44. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  45. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  46. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  47. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  48. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  49. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  50. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  51. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  52. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  53. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  54. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  55. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  56. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  57. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  58. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  59. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  60. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". and the Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". are two such rowing organizations.
  61. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  62. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  63. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  64. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  65. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  66. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  67. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  68. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  69. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  70. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  71. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  72. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  73. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  74. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  75. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  76. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  77. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  78. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  79. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  80. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  81. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  82. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  83. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  84. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  85. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  86. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  87. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  88. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  89. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  90. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

External links

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  • Script error: No such module "Official website".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

Template:Geographic location Template:Norwalk, Connecticut Template:Western Connecticut Planning Region, Connecticut Script error: No such module "Navbox". Script error: No such module "navbox". Template:New York metropolitan area Script error: No such module "Navbox". Template:Northeast Megalopolis Template:Authority control

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