Nishnabotna River

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File:Nishnabotna River aerial.jpg
The mouth of the Nishnabotna River at the Missouri River viewed from the southwest
File:Corp of Eng. 6-16-11A 102.jpg
Flooding (and levee breach) at the confluence on June 16, 2011, during the 2011 Missouri River floods viewed from the northeast. The meander in the river is where it briefly crosses from Missouri to Nebraska on McKissick Island and then back to Missouri before entering the Missouri River.

The Nishnabotna River (Template:IPAc-en) is a tributary of the Missouri River in southwestern Iowa, northwestern Missouri and southeastern Nebraska in the United States. It flows for most of its length as two parallel streams in Iowa, the East Nishnabotna River and the West Nishnabotna River. The east and west branches are each about Script error: No such module "convert". long; from their confluence the Nishnabotna flows approximately another Script error: No such module "convert"..[1] Several sections of the rivers' courses have been straightened and heavily channelized.

The river is the third largest stream in Iowa on the Missouri slope, after the Big Sioux River and Little Sioux River. It has the second largest watershed in Iowa, since only a small portion of the Big Sioux drains in Iowa.[2] The mouth of the Nishabotna was formerly 20 miles further south in Atchison County, Missouri, but changes in the Missouri River have cut off the lower portion and reduced the length of the river.[2]

Etymology

Traditionally, it has been assumed that the name "Nishnabotna"[3] comes from an Otoe (Chiwere) word meaning "canoe-making river."[4] However, it has been proposed more recently that the name comes from the Osage language and means "spouting wellspring."[5]

Variant Names

This toponym as well as many other Indian names have challenged Western settlers' orthography.[2] The following are some of the variant names.

According to the Geographic Names Information System, the river has also been known as:[6]

  • Good Canoe River
  • Nishabotna River
  • Nishabotny River
  • Nishabotony River
  • Nishebotona River
  • Nishnabotony River
  • Nishnebotna River
  • Nishnebotne River
  • Nishnebotona River
  • Nishnebottona River[7]
  • Willo River
  • Willow Slough

Other literature sources[2][8] cite many of the above names in addition to the following:

  • Ichinipokine River
  • Neshna Battona
  • Neeshba Creek
  • Neeshnahbatona
  • Neeshnahbotona Creek
  • Nichenanbatonnais
  • Nichinanbatonais River
  • Nichinibatone River
  • Nishnahbatona River
  • Nishnay Baton River
  • Washbatonan River

History

In March 2024 a fertilizer spill killed much of the aquatic life across a 60-mile stretch of the Nishnabotna river in Iowa and Missouri, leaving an estimated 789,000 fish dead in one of the region’s most ecologically devastating chemical spills on record. The source of the spill originated when a valve was left open on a storage tank over the weekend of March 9-11 at NEW Cooperative, an agricultural business in Red Oak, Iowa. The leak drained approximately 265,000 gallons of liquid nitrogen fertilizer into the nearby East Nishnabotna River.[9][10]

Course

East Nishnabotna River

File:Nodaway-lewis.jpg
This excerpt from the Lewis and Clark map of 1814 shows the rivers of southwest Iowa, southeast Nebraska, and northwest Missouri. The "Nish-na-bot-to-na River" is seen in the west-central portion of the map.

The East Nishnabotna rises in southwestern Carroll County and flows generally south-southwestwardly through Audubon, Cass, Pottawattamie, Montgomery, Page and Fremont Counties, past the towns of Exira, Brayton, Atlantic, Lewis, Elliott, Shenandoah, Red Oak and Riverton. At Red Oak, the river's average discharge is 506 cubic feet per second.[11]

West Nishnabotna River

The West Nishnabotna River rises in southwestern Carroll County and also flows generally south-southwestwardly through Crawford, Shelby, Pottawattamie, Mills and Fremont Counties, past the towns of Manning, Irwin, Kirkman, Harlan, Avoca, Hancock, Oakland and Carson. At Harlan it collects the West Fork West Nishnabotna River, which rises in southwestern Carroll County and flows southwestwardly through Crawford and Shelby Counties, past Manilla and Defiance. Near Avoca it collects the East Branch West Nishnabotna River, which rises in southwestern Carroll County and flows southwestwardly through Audubon, Shelby and Pottawattamie Counties. The West Nishnabotna was the topic of a humorous song "Four Wheel Drive" on the 1975 C.W. McCall album Wolf Creek Pass. At Randolph, Iowa, the river averages 747 cubic feet per second.[12]

Lower river

File:Map of the McKissick Island of Missouri and Nebraska.jpg
Topographic map of the McKissick Island area

The East and West rivers merge in southwestern Fremont County and continue as the Nishnabotna River for its short course past Hamburg and into northwestern Atchison County, Missouri, where it flows into the Missouri River 2 mi (3 km) west of Watson.

In the last mile of the river it flows from Missouri to Nebraska and back to Missouri before entering the Missouri River in west central Atchison County, MO. This is because an 1867 flood straightened a bend in the Missouri and caused the Nishnabotna to flow about two miles further to reach the Missouri. The Nishnabotna forms roughly the southeastern border of the 5,000 acre McKissick Island which was the land Nebraska and Missouri both claimed. The Supreme Court in 1904 officially drew the border with Nebraska getting the land although it is east of Nebraska's normal eastern border which is the river.[13][14][15] At Hamburg, the river has a mean annual discharge of 1,441 cubic feet per second.[16]

Recreation

Parks along the river include Botna Bend in Hancock, Willow Slough Wildlife Management Area 3 miles southwest of Henderson, and Riverton Wildlife Management Area, just north of Riverton. Canoe rentals are available at Botna Bend. The best paddling is between Hancock and Carson on the west fork and between Lewis and Griswold on the east fork (see "Paddling Iowa" by Nate Hoogeveen). The Wabash Trace Nature Trail crosses both forks. At its crossing of the west fork one can see the wreckage of a freight train that derailed and went into the drink in the 1960s.

See also

References

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  1. ↑ U.S. Geological Survey. National Hydrography Dataset high-resolution flowline data. The National Map Template:Webarchive, accessed March 30, 2011
  2. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  6. ↑ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Script error: No such module "If empty".
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Stuart, Robert. The Discovery of the Oregon Trail: Robert Stuart's Narratives of His Overland Trip Eastward from Astoria in 1812-13, page 243. (University of Nebraska Press, 1935). Template:ISBN
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  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  13. ↑ McKissick's Island Survey Featured in National Archive Museum. March 30, 2010.
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

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