Ning'an
Script error: No such module "redirect hatnote". Script error: No such module "Settlement short description".Script error: No such module "Infobox".Template:Template otherScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Script error: No such module "Check for conflicting parameters".Expression error: Unexpected < operator. Ning'an (Template:Zh) is a city located approximately Script error: No such module "convert". southwest of Mudanjiang, in the southeast of Heilongjiang province, China, bordering Jilin province to the south. It is located on the Mudanjiang River (formerly known as Hurka River), which flows north, eventually falling into the Sungari River near Sanxing.
Administratively, Ning'an is now a county-level city, and a constituent part of the prefecture-level city of Mudanjiang.
The land area of the entire county-level city of Ning'an is Script error: No such module "convert".; the reported population count, as of 2004, stood at 440,000. The government of the "county-level city" is located in the town of the same name (Template:Zh).[1]
Notable geographic features of the county-level city of Ning'an include Lake Jingpo and a crater underground forest (Script error: No such module "Lang".). Lake Jingpo is a natural reservoir on the Mudanjiang River upstream (about Script error: No such module "convert". southwest, straight-line distance) from Ning'an central urban area, result of the volcanic eruptions about 10,000 years ago.
History
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
Balhae
Shangjing Longquanfu, one of the capitals of the Balhae kingdom (between 756 and 785, and between 793 and 926), was located within today's county-level city of Ning'an.[2] Its site was near today's small towns of Template:Interlanguage link (Template:Zh) and Template:Interlanguage link (Template:Zh; Script error: No such module "Coordinates".), about Script error: No such module "convert". upstream (southwest) from the Ning'an main urban area.
Qing dynasty
During the early Qing dynasty, the town of Ning'an, known then under the Manchu name Template:ManchuSibeUnicode(Ningguta[3]) (transcribed into Chinese as 宁古塔, Ningguta), was one of the most important towns in the entire Manchuria beyond the "Willow Palisade". The name "Ningguta" literally means "six" in Manchu language because it was once guarded by six grandsons of Möngke Temür (Script error: No such module "Lang".).
The Hurka River valley, where Ningguta was located, was the traditional homeland of the Jianzhou Jurchens (who later started calling themselves Manchus), Ningguta and Sanxing being the two oldest centers of the incipient Manchu state.[4] After the Manchus conquered all of China in 1644, the Ningguta area continued to be considered by the Qing dynasty ruling family as the place of its origin.[5]
Already in 1652 the Qing government sent 2000 horsemen, armed with bows, matchlock firearms, and iron cannons, commanded by Sarhuda to set a garrison at Ningguta, which was the first Qing garrison beyond the Willow Palisade.[6] In June 1653 Sarhuda's position became styled "military deputy-lieutenant governor" (Script error: No such module "Lang"., or amban-jianggin in Manchu)[7][8] and a deputy lieutenant general (Template:Zh) were appointed to command the Ningguta garrison.[9]
The suitability of Ningguta as an administrative center was in part due to its location on the Hurka River (or, for the original site, on the Hurka's tributary Hailang), which provided a convenient transportation route connecting Ningguta with the lower Sungari and the lower Amur River. Early on, a great dockyard operated in Ningguta, building boats for the Mudanjiang/Sungari/Amur river system, although it was later relocated to Jilin City.[10]
In 1658 Sarhuda, in charge of a Manchu fleet of several dozen ships, and including also General Shin Ryu's Korean force, sailed from Ningguta down the Hurka and the Sungari, to defeat the smaller fleet of the Russian Cossack Onufriy Stepanov near the fall of the Sungari into the Amur.[11]
After the death of Sarhuda in 1659, his son Bahai (Script error: No such module "Lang".) was appointed to occupy Sarhuda's position.[8]
In 1662, the title of the military deputy-lieutenant governor (amban-jianggin) position was changed to the Ningguta Military Governor (Template:Zh), Bahai being the first occupant of this post,[8] while the office of the deputy lieutenant general was relocated to Jilin City.[9]
The early location of the Ningguta fortress was not at today's Ning'an, but some Script error: No such module "convert". to the northwest, on the Hailang River (a tributary of the Mudanjiang River). That site is located near the present-day Gucheng village (Script error: No such module "Lang".), part of the small town of Changting (Script error: No such module "Lang".; Script error: No such module "Coordinates".). That site is not within the modern county-level city of Ning'an, but in the neighboring county-level city of Hailin.[7]
Growth of the more conveniently located Jilin City resulted in the decrease of the relative importance of Ningguta. Still, Ningguta was the main seat of government of the eastern half of the beyond-the-palisade Manchuria until 1676,[6] when the Military Governor (jiangjun) moved from Ningguta to Jilin City (then called Jilin Ula Cheng, i.e. Jilin River City), and the Deputy Lieutenant-General (Template:Zh) was transferred in the opposite direction (from Jilin City to Ningguta).[8][9]
Although now lower-ranked than Jilin City, Ningguta retained its importance into the 18th and 19th century as one of the few cities existing beyond the Willow Palisade. The Deputy Lieutenant-General stationed there was the top government official for the entire region stretching east to the Sea of Japan and populated primarily by a variety of Tungusic peoples, such as the Nanais.[5][12]
According to the evidence of the Jesuits who visited the area in 1709 along with a government-sponsored ginseng-harvesting expedition,[13] by the early 18th century Ningguta had become an important center of trade in local forest products, namely ginseng harvested in the region and sable pelts, collected as tax from the Nanai natives. Therefore, besides the Manchu garrison and the officials, Ningguta was home to numerous Han Chinese civilians, some of whom had come to Ningguta from faraway provinces in order to participate in the profitable commerce.[5] There were already numerous peasant villages around the town, some at quite a distance from it, populated both by Manchus and by Han Chinese exiled to this area for various offenses against the law. (Convicts started being sent to Ningguta area as early as 1660; anti-Qing rebels, captured in southern China, followed in 1661[14]) A variety of cereal crops, such as millet and oats were grown there.[5]
In May 1910, the area was re-organized as Template:Interlanguage link.[15]
Republic of China
Following the fall of the Qing dynasty, Ning'an underwent a series of administrative changes. In March 1913, Ning'an Fu was re-organized as Ning'an County (Template:Lang-zh).[15] In June 1914, Ning'an County was placed under the jurisdiction of Template:Interlanguage link in Jilin province.[15]
In February 1929, circuits were abolished, and Ning'an was administered directly by the province.[15] At this time, Ning'an had a population of more than 170,000.[15]
Japanese occupation
Upon the formation of the puppet state of Manchukuo, Ning'an remained within Jilin province until December 1934, when it became part of the newly formed Binjiang province.[15] In July 1937, it was placed under Template:Interlanguage link.[15]
After occupation
In April 1946, the area was placed under the jurisdiction of Template:Interlanguage link, but this was changed to the newly formed Template:Interlanguage link.[15] In July 1948, the area was once again adjusted, this time falling under the jurisdiction of Songjiang province.[15] In August 1954, Songjiang province was abolished and merged into Heilongjiang province.[15] In March 1956, Ning'an, still a county, was placed under the then-prefecture of Mudanjiang.[15] From 1956 to 1962, Ning'an's borders were changed multiple times, until finally reaching their current iteration.[15]
In 1993, Ning'an was upgraded from a county to a county-level city.[15]
Geography
.jpg){kind=link}
Ning'an is located in the southeast of Heilongjiang province, on the shores of Jingpo Lake and Mudan River.[15] The terrain is largely hilly, and the Changbai Mountains run through the city.[15]
Ning'an is bordered by Muling to the east, Hailin to the west, Wangqing County and Dunhua of Jilin province to the south, and Mudanjiang's urban core to the north.[15] Ning'an is approximately Script error: No such module "convert". away from Mudanjiang's urban core, Script error: No such module "convert". away from both Suifenhe and Hunchun, and Script error: No such module "convert". away from the provincial capital of Harbin.[15]
Flora and fauna
112 species of plants used for Chinese herbal medicines can be found in Ning'an.[15]
Ning'an is home to a number of protected animal species, such as the Siberian tiger, sika deer, elk, and sable.[15] There are over 300 species of birds which have habitats in the city, including Siberian cranes, Mandarin ducks, Chinese merganser, white-bellied sea eagles, and Steller's sea eagles.[15]
Climate
The city experiences an average annual temperature of Script error: No such module "convert"., with the hottest recorded temperature in the city being Script error: No such module "convert"., and the coldest record temperature being Script error: No such module "convert"..[15] Annual precipitation in Ning'an typically ranges from Script error: No such module "convert". to Script error: No such module "convert"..[15] Ning'an typically experiences 130 to 135 frost-free days per year.[15]
Script error: No such module "weather box".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Administrative divisions
Ning'an administers one subdistrict, eight towns, two townships, two ethnic townships, and two other township-level divisions.[16]
The city's sole subdistrict is Template:Interlanguage link.[16]
The city's eight towns are Template:Interlanguage link, Template:Interlanguage link, Template:Interlanguage link, Template:Interlanguage link, Template:Interlanguage link, Template:Interlanguage link, Template:Interlanguage link, and Template:Interlanguage link.[16]
The city's two townships are Template:Interlanguage link and Template:Interlanguage link.[16]
The city's two ethnic townships are Template:Interlanguage link and Template:Interlanguage link.[16]
The city also administers Template:Interlanguage link and Template:Interlanguage link as township-level divisions.[16]
Demographics
| Ethnic group | Population (approximate) | Percentage |
|---|---|---|
| Han Chinese | 356,400 | 81.0% |
| Manchu | 38,720 | 8.8% |
| Korean | 34,320 | 7.8% |
| Others | 10,560 | 2.4% |
| Total | 440,000 | 100.0% |
Economy
Ning'an produces a large amount of edible mushrooms, totaling 10,000 tons per year.[15]
Transportation
The G11 Hegang–Dalian Expressway runs through the city, as does the Template:Interlanguage link.[15]
The city is located Script error: No such module "convert". away from the Mudanjiang Hailang International Airport.[15]
See also
References
<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />
- ↑ Mudanjiang City info Template:In lang
- ↑ Shangjing Longquanfu, the Capital of the Bohai (Parhae) State
- ↑ Manchu Veritable Record Vol.3
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".. When quoting Du Halde, Reardon-Anderson implies that the Jesuit went to the region personally in the 1730s. That wasn't actually the case, as du Halde was merely the editor of a report by the Jesuits who had travelled down the Amur in 1709, one of many reports from which his multi-volume work was compiled.
- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". Script error: No such module "Unsubst".. There is also same article converted to HTML by GoogleScript error: No such module "Unsubst".Template:Cbignore
- ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Lattimore (1931), p. 108
- ↑ Template:Cite ECCP
- ↑ The Historical Atlas of China (ed. Tan), the Qing dynasty map showing the administrative boundaries as of 1820
- ↑ du Halde (1735), p. 8
- ↑ Reardon-Anderson (2005), p. 26
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b c d e f Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
External links
Template:County-level divisions of Heilongjiang Template:Heilongjiang topics