Isotopes of nickel

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Template:Short descriptionTemplate:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox nickel isotopes Naturally occurring nickel (28Ni) consists of five stable isotopes; 58Ni, 60Ni, 61Ni, 62Ni and 64Ni; 58Ni is the most abundant (68.077% natural abundance).[1] 26 radioisotopes have been characterized; the most stable are 59Ni with a half-life of 81,000 years, 63Ni with a half-life of 100.1 years, and 56Ni (6.077 days). All the other radioactive isotopes have half-lives of less than 60 hours and most of these have half-lives of less than 30 seconds. This element also has 8 meta states.

List of isotopes

Template:Isotopes table |- |rowspan=3| Template:SimpleNuclide |rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 28 |rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 20 |rowspan=3| 48.01952(46)# |rowspan=3| 2.8(8) ms |2p (70%) |Template:SimpleNuclide |rowspan=3| 0+ |rowspan=3| |rowspan=3| |- |β+ (30%) |Template:SimpleNuclide |- |β+, p? |Template:SimpleNuclide |-id=Nickel-49 |rowspan=2| Template:SimpleNuclide |rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 28 |rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 21 |rowspan=2| 49.00916(64)# |rowspan=2| 7.5(10) ms |β+, p (83%) |Template:SimpleNuclide |rowspan=2| 7/2−# |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |- |β+ (17%) |Template:SimpleNuclide |-id=Nickel-50 |rowspan=3| Template:SimpleNuclide |rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 28 |rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 22 |rowspan=3| 49.99629(54)# |rowspan=3| 18.5(12) ms | β+, p (73%) | Template:SimpleNuclide |rowspan=3| 0+ |rowspan=3| |rowspan=3| |- |β+, 2p (14%) |Template:SimpleNuclide |- |β+ (13%) |Template:SimpleNuclide |-id=Nickel-51 |rowspan=3| Template:SimpleNuclide |rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 28 |rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 23 |rowspan=3| 50.98749(54)# |rowspan=3| 23.8(2) ms | β+, p (87.2%) | Template:SimpleNuclide |rowspan=3| 7/2−# |rowspan=3| |rowspan=3| |- |β+ (12.3%) |Template:SimpleNuclide |- |β+, 2p (0.5%) |Template:SimpleNuclide |-id=Nickel-52 | rowspan=2|Template:SimpleNuclide | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 28 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 24 | rowspan=2|51.975781(89) | rowspan=2|41.8(10) ms | β+ (68.9%) | Template:SimpleNuclide | rowspan=2|0+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β+, p (31.1%) | Template:SimpleNuclide |-id=Nickel-53 | rowspan=2|Template:SimpleNuclide | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 28 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 25 | rowspan=2|52.968190(27) | rowspan=2|55.2(7) ms | β+ (77.3%) | Template:SimpleNuclide | rowspan=2|(7/2−) | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β+, p (22.7%) | Template:SimpleNuclide |-id=Nickel-54 | rowspan=2|Template:SimpleNuclide | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 28 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 26 | rowspan=2|53.9578330(50) | rowspan=2|114.1(3) ms | β+ | Template:SimpleNuclide | rowspan=2|0+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β+, p? | Template:SimpleNuclide |-id=Nickel-54m | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | Template:SimpleNuclide | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 6457.4(9) keV | rowspan=2|152(4) ns | IT (64%) | Template:SimpleNuclide | rowspan=2|10+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | p (36%) | Template:SimpleNuclide |-id=Nickel-55 | Template:SimpleNuclide | style="text-align:right" | 28 | style="text-align:right" | 27 | 54.95132985(76) | 203.9(13) ms | β+ | Template:SimpleNuclide | 7/2− | | |- | rowspan=2|Template:SimpleNuclide | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 28 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 28 | rowspan=2|55.94212776(43) | rowspan=2|6.075(10) d | EC | Template:SimpleNuclide | rowspan=2|0+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β+ (<Script error: No such module "val".%)[2] | Template:SimpleNuclide |-id=Nickel-57 | Template:SimpleNuclide | style="text-align:right" | 28 | style="text-align:right" | 29 | 56.93979139(61) | 35.60(6) h | β+ | Template:SimpleNuclide | 3/2− | | |- | Template:SimpleNuclide | style="text-align:right" | 28 | style="text-align:right" | 30 | 57.93534165(37) | colspan=3 align=center|Observationally stable[n 1] | 0+ | 0.680769(190) | |- | rowspan=2 | Template:SimpleNuclide | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 28 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 31 | rowspan=2 | 58.93434544(38) | rowspan=2 | 8.1(5)×104 y | EC (99%) | rowspan=2 | Template:SimpleNuclide | rowspan=2 | 3/2− | rowspan=2 | | rowspan=2 | |- | β+ (1.5Template:E%)[3] |- | Template:SimpleNuclide | style="text-align:right" | 28 | style="text-align:right" | 32 | 59.93078513(38) | colspan=3 align=center|Stable | 0+ | 0.262231(150) | |-id=Nickel-61 | Template:SimpleNuclide | style="text-align:right" | 28 | style="text-align:right" | 33 | 60.93105482(38) | colspan=3 align=center|Stable | 3/2− | 0.011399(13) | |- | Template:SimpleNuclide[n 2] | style="text-align:right" | 28 | style="text-align:right" | 34 | 61.92834475(46) | colspan=3 align=center|Stable | 0+ | 0.036345(40) | |- | Template:SimpleNuclide | style="text-align:right" | 28 | style="text-align:right" | 35 | 62.92966902(46) | 101.2(15) y | β− | Template:SimpleNuclide | 1/2− | | |-id=Nickel-63m | style="text-indent:1em" | Template:SimpleNuclide | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 87.15(11) keV | 1.67(3) μs | IT | 63Ni | 5/2− | | |- | Template:SimpleNuclide | style="text-align:right" | 28 | style="text-align:right" | 36 | 63.92796623(50) | colspan=3 align=center|Stable | 0+ | 0.009256(19) | |-id=Nickel-65 | Template:SimpleNuclide | style="text-align:right" | 28 | style="text-align:right" | 37 | 64.93008459(52) | 2.5175(5) h | β− | Template:SimpleNuclide | 5/2− | | |-id=Nickel-65m | style="text-indent:1em" | Template:SimpleNuclide | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 63.37(5) keV | 69(3) μs | IT | 65Ni | 1/2− | | |-id=Nickel-66 | Template:SimpleNuclide | style="text-align:right" | 28 | style="text-align:right" | 38 | 65.9291393(15) | 54.6(3) h | β− | Template:SimpleNuclide | 0+ | | |-id=Nickel-67 | Template:SimpleNuclide | style="text-align:right" | 28 | style="text-align:right" | 39 | 66.9315694(31) | 21(1) s | β− | Template:SimpleNuclide | 1/2− | | |-id=Nickel-67m | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | Template:SimpleNuclide | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1006.6(2) keV | rowspan=2|13.34(19) μs | IT | Template:SimpleNuclide | rowspan=2|9/2+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | IT | Template:SimpleNuclide |-id=Nickel-68 | Template:SimpleNuclide | style="text-align:right" | 28 | style="text-align:right" | 40 | 67.9318688(32) | 29(2) s | β− | Template:SimpleNuclide | 0+ | | |-id=Nickel-68m1 | style="text-indent:1em" | Template:SimpleNuclide | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1603.51(28) keV | 270(5) ns | IT | 68Ni | 0+ | | |-id=Nickel-68m2 | style="text-indent:1em" | Template:SimpleNuclide | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2849.1(3) keV | 850(30) μs | IT | 68Ni | 5− | | |-id=Nickel-69 | Template:SimpleNuclide | style="text-align:right" | 28 | style="text-align:right" | 41 | 68.9356103(40) | 11.4(3) s | β− | Template:SimpleNuclide | (9/2+) | | |-id=Nickel-69m1 | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | Template:SimpleNuclide | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 321(2) keV | rowspan=2|3.5(4) s | β− | Template:SimpleNuclide | rowspan=2|(1/2−) | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | IT (<0.01%) | Template:SimpleNuclide |-id=Nickel-69m2 | style="text-indent:1em" | Template:SimpleNuclide | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2700.0(10) keV | 439(3) ns | IT | 69Ni | (17/2−) | | |-id=Nickel-70 | Template:SimpleNuclide | style="text-align:right" | 28 | style="text-align:right" | 42 | 69.9364313(23) | 6.0(3) s | β− | Template:SimpleNuclide | 0+ | | |-id=Nickel-70m | style="text-indent:1em" | Template:SimpleNuclide | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2860.91(8) keV | 232(1) ns | IT | 70Ni | 8+ | | |-id=Nickel-71 | Template:SimpleNuclide | style="text-align:right" | 28 | style="text-align:right" | 43 | 70.9405190(24) | 2.56(3) s | β− | Template:SimpleNuclide | (9/2+) | | |-id=Nickel-71m | style="text-indent:1em" | Template:SimpleNuclide | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 499(5) keV | 2.3(3) s | β− | 71Cu | (1/2−) | | |-id=Nickel-72 | rowspan=2|Template:SimpleNuclide | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 28 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 44 | rowspan=2|71.9417859(24) | rowspan=2|1.57(5) s | β− | Template:SimpleNuclide | rowspan=2|0+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β−, n? | Template:SimpleNuclide |-id=Nickel-73 | rowspan=2|Template:SimpleNuclide | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 28 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 45 | rowspan=2|72.9462067(26) | rowspan=2|840(30) ms | β− | Template:SimpleNuclide | rowspan=2|(9/2+) | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β−, n? | Template:SimpleNuclide |-id=Nickel-74 | rowspan=2|Template:SimpleNuclide | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 28 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 46 | rowspan=2|73.9479853(38)[4] | rowspan=2|507.7(46) ms | β− | Template:SimpleNuclide | rowspan=2|0+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β−, n? | Template:SimpleNuclide |-id=Nickel-75 | rowspan=2|Template:SimpleNuclide | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 28 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 47 | rowspan=2|74.952704(16)[4] | rowspan=2|331.6(32) ms | β− (90.0%) | Template:SimpleNuclide | rowspan=2|9/2+# | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β−, n (10.0%) | Template:SimpleNuclide |-id=Nickel-76 | rowspan=2|Template:SimpleNuclide | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 28 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 48 | rowspan=2|75.95471(32)# | rowspan=2|234.6(27) ms | β− (86.0%) | Template:SimpleNuclide | rowspan=2|0+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β−, n (14.0%) | Template:SimpleNuclide |-id=Nickel-76m | style="text-indent:1em" | Template:SimpleNuclide | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2418.0(5) keV | 547.8(33) ns | IT | 76Ni | (8+) | | |-id=Nickel-77 | rowspan=3|Template:SimpleNuclide | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 28 | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 49 | rowspan=3|76.95990(43)# | rowspan=3|158.9(42) ms | β− (74%) | Template:SimpleNuclide | rowspan=3|9/2+# | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3| |- | β−, n (26%) | Template:SimpleNuclide |- | β−, 2n? | Template:SimpleNuclide |- | rowspan=3|Template:SimpleNuclide | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 28 | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 50 | rowspan=3|77.96256(43)# | rowspan=3|122.2(51) ms | β− | Template:SimpleNuclide | rowspan=3|0+ | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3| |- | β−, n? | Template:SimpleNuclide |- | β−, 2n? | Template:SimpleNuclide |-id=Nickel-79 | rowspan=3|Template:SimpleNuclide | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 28 | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 51 | rowspan=3|78.96977(54)# | rowspan=3|44(8) ms | β− | Template:SimpleNuclide | rowspan=3|5/2+# | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3| |- | β−, n? | Template:SimpleNuclide |- | β−, 2n? | Template:SimpleNuclide |-id=Nickel-80 | rowspan=3|Template:SimpleNuclide | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 28 | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 52 | rowspan=3|79.97505(64)# | rowspan=3|30(22) ms | β− | Template:SimpleNuclide | rowspan=3|0+ | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3| |- | β−, n? | Template:SimpleNuclide |- | β−, 2n? | Template:SimpleNuclide |-id=Nickel-81 | Template:SimpleNuclide | style="text-align:right" | 28 | style="text-align:right" | 53 | 80.98273(75)# | 30# ms
[>410 ns] | β−? | Template:SimpleNuclide | 3/2+# | | |-id=Nickel-82 | Template:SimpleNuclide | style="text-align:right" | 28 | style="text-align:right" | 54 | 81.98849(86)# | 16# ms
[>410 ns] | β−? | Template:SimpleNuclide | 0+ | | Template:Isotopes table/footer

Notable isotopes

Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Script error: No such module "Unsubst". The known isotopes of nickel range in mass number from 48Ni to 82Ni, and include:[5]

Script error: No such module "anchor". Nickel-48, discovered in 1999, is the most neutron-poor nickel isotope known. With 28 protons and 20 neutrons 48Ni is "doubly magic" (like Template:SimpleNuclide) and therefore much more stable (with a lower limit of its half-life-time of .5 μs) than would be expected from its position in the chart of nuclides.[6] It has the highest ratio of protons to neutrons (proton excess) of any known doubly magic nuclide.[7]

Script error: No such module "anchor". Nickel-56 is produced in large quantities in supernovae. In the last phases of stellar evolution of very large stars, fusion of lighter elements like hydrogen and helium comes to an end. Later in the star's life cycle, elements including magnesium, silicon, and sulfur are fused to form heavier elements. Once the last nuclear fusion reactions cease, the star collapses to produce a supernova. During the supernova, silicon burning produces 56Ni. This isotope of nickel is favored because it has an equal number of neutrons and protons, making it readily produced by fusing two 28Si atoms. 56Ni is the last element that can be formed in the alpha process. Past 56Ni, nuclear reactions are endoergic and energetically unfavorable. 56Ni decays to 56Co and then 56Fe by β+ decay.[8] The radioactive decay of 56Ni and 56Co supplies much of the energy for the light curves observed for stellar supernovae.[9] The shape of the light curve of these supernovae display characteristic timescales corresponding to the decay of 56Ni to 56Co and then to 56Fe.

Script error: No such module "anchor". Nickel-58 is the most abundant isotope of nickel, making up 68.077% of the natural abundance. Possible sources include electron capture (EC) from copper-58, and EC + p from zinc-59.

Script error: No such module "anchor". Nickel-59 is a long-lived cosmogenic radionuclide with a half-life of 81,000 years. 59Ni has found many applications in isotope geology. 59Ni has been used to date the terrestrial age of meteorites and to determine abundances of extraterrestrial dust in ice and sediment.

Script error: No such module "anchor". Nickel-60 is the daughter product of the extinct radionuclide Template:SimpleNuclide (half-life 2.6 My). Because 60Fe has such a long half-life, its persistence in materials in the Solar System at high enough concentrations may have generated observable variations in the isotopic composition of 60Ni. Therefore, the abundance of 60Ni in extraterrestrial material may provide insight into the origin of the Solar System and its early history/very early history. Unfortunately, nickel isotopes appear to have been heterogeneously distributed in the early Solar System. Therefore, so far, no actual age information has been attained from 60Ni excesses. 60Ni is also the stable end-product of the decay of 60Zn, the product of the final rung of the alpha ladder. Other sources may also include beta decay from cobalt-60 and electron capture from copper-60.

Script error: No such module "anchor". Nickel-61 is the only stable isotope of nickel with a nuclear spin (I = 3/2), which makes it useful for studies by EPR spectroscopy.[10]

Nickel-62 has the highest binding energy per nucleon of any isotope for any element, when including the electron shell in the calculation. More energy is released forming this isotope than any other, though fusion can form heavier isotopes. For instance, two 40Ca atoms can fuse to form 80Kr plus 4 positrons (plus 4 neutrinos), liberating 77 keV per nucleon, but reactions leading to the iron/nickel region are more probable as they release more energy per baryon.

Script error: No such module "anchor". Nickel-63 has two main uses: Detection of explosives traces, and in certain kinds of electronic devices, such as gas discharge tubes used as surge protectors. A surge protector is a device that protects sensitive electronic equipment like computers from sudden changes in the electric current flowing into them. It is also used in Electron capture detector in gas chromatography for the detection mainly of halogens. It is proposed to be used for miniature betavoltaic generators for pacemakers.

Script error: No such module "anchor". Nickel-64 is another stable isotope of nickel. Possible sources include beta decay from cobalt-64, and electron capture from copper-64.

Script error: No such module "anchor". Nickel-78 is one of the element's heaviest known isotopes. With 28 protons and 50 neutrons, nickel-78 is doubly magic, resulting in much greater nuclear binding energy and stability despite a lopsided neutron-proton ratio. Its half-life is 122 ± 5.1 milliseconds.[11] Due to its magic neutron number, 78Ni is believed to have an important role in supernova nucleosynthesis of elements heavier than iron.[12] 78Ni, along with N = 50 isotones 79Cu and 80Zn, are thought to constitute a waiting point in the r-process, where further neutron capture is delayed by the shell gap and a buildup of isotopes around A = 80 results.[13]

See also

Daughter products other than nickel

References

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  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

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