Nefer
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The Egyptian hieroglyph Script error: No such module "Lang". serves as a phonogram representing the triliteral consonant sequence Script error: No such module "Lang"., and appears in Gardiner's sign list as number F35.[1] It appears in the Egyptian word for "perfect, complete" (with the extended meanings of "good, pleasant, well, beautiful"),Template:Sfn which has a reconstructed pronunciation of Script error: No such module "IPA". according to Loprieno.[2] The hieroglyph has a conventional Egyptological vocalization of Script error: No such module "Lang"..
Form and appearance
The triliteral Egyptian hieroglyph F35 ('nfr') has sometimes been explained as a representation of a lute; however, Egyptologists today no longer consider this hypothesis likely. Rather than a lute, the hieroglyph is actually a representation of the heart and trachea.[3] It originally may have been the esophagus and heart. The striations of the windpipe only appear in the hieroglyph following the Old Kingdom of Egypt. The lower part of the sign has always clearly been the heart, for the markings clearly follow the form of a sheep's heart.[4]
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Name of Nefertiabet from the Stele of Nefertiabet-E 15591, 26th century BC, with nefer hieroglyph on right
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Nefer amulet, 14th century BC
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Ring, 14th century BC, with nefer hieroglyph on right
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Cartouche amulet, 11th-10th century BC, with nefer hieroglyph on the center left
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Inscription of Shoshenq I at Karnak, 10th century BC, with nefer hieroglyph on the center left
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Demotic form of the nefer hieroglyph
Use
The use of the hieroglyph Script error: No such module "Lang". in the word for "good, beautiful" is attested in Old Egyptian in the Pyramid Text of Unas, where it could appear alone to represent the word, or with phonetic complements 𓂋 or 𓆑𓂋.[5]
With this meaning, it was incorporated into many names in Ancient Egypt. Examples include Nefertiti, Nefertari, and Neferhotep.
Some scholars suggest that it was used in ancient Egyptian construction where Script error: No such module "Lang". was used to denote 'level zero' of a building and in accounting where Script error: No such module "Lang". would refer to a zero balance.[6] This last usage used the hieroglyph Script error: No such module "Lang". alone as an abbreviation for Script error: No such module "Lang". "depletion".Template:Sfn
The hieroglyph was also used in a particle Script error: No such module "Lang". meaning "not at all, not even" infrequently in Middle Egyptian.Template:Sfn
See also
References
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