National church

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File:Holte Kirke 2005.jpg
A Church of Denmark parish church in Holte, with the Dannebrog flying in its churchyard

A national church is a Christian church associated with a specific ethnic group or nation state. The idea was notably discussed during the 19th century, during the emergence of modern nationalism.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Samuel Taylor Coleridge, in a draft discussing the question of church and state around 1828 wrote that

"a National Church might exist, and has existed, without Christianity, because before the institution of the Christian Church – as [...] the Levitical Church in the Hebrew Constitution, [and] the Druidical in the Celtic, would suffice to prove".[1]

John Wordsworth, Bishop of Salisbury, wrote about the National Church of Sweden in 1911, interpreting the Church of Sweden and the Church of England as national churches of the Swedish and the English peoples, respectively.

The concept of a national church remains alive in the Protestantism of United Kingdom and Scandinavia in particular. While, in a context of England, the national church remains a common denominator for the Church of England, some of the Lutheran "folk churches" of Scandinavia, characterized as national churches in the ethnic sense as opposed to the idea of a state church, emerged in the second half of the 19th century following the lead of Grundtvig.[2] However, in countries in which the state church (also known as the established church) has the following of the majority of citizens, the state church may also be the national church, and may be declared as such by the government, e.g. Church of Denmark,[3] Church of Greece,[4] and Church of Iceland.[5]

Countries and regions with national churches

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Country National church Denomination %
File:Flag of Armenia.svg Armenia Armenian Apostolic Church[6] Oriental Orthodox 92.5% (2017)
File:Flag of Bulgaria.svg Bulgaria Bulgarian Orthodox Church[7] Eastern Orthodox 62.7% (2021)
File:Flag of Cyprus.svg Cyprus Church of Cyprus Eastern Orthodox 89.1% (2011; government-controlled territory)[8]
File:Flag of Denmark.svg Denmark Church of Denmark[9] Lutheran 74.3% (2020)[10]
File:Flag of Estonia.svg Estonia Estonian Evangelical Lutheran Church[11] Lutheran 9.91% (2011)
File:Flag of Ethiopia.svg Ethiopia Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church[12] Oriental Orthodox 43.5% (2007)
File:Flag of Eritrea.svg Eritrea Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church Oriental Orthodox
File:Flag of the Faroe Islands.svg Faroe Islands Church of the Faroe Islands[13] Lutheran 79.7% (2019)
File:Flag of Finland.svg Finland Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland,[14]

Orthodox Church of Finland

Lutheran

Eastern Orthodox

65.2% (2022)

1.02% (2022)

File:Flag of France.svg France Roman Catholic Church

Evangelical Lutheran Church of France

Catholic

Lutheran

Template:Country data Georgia Georgian Orthodox Church[15] Eastern Orthodox 83.4% (2014)
File:Flag of Germany.svg Germany Protestant Church in Germany

Roman Catholic Church

ProtestantTemplate:Efn

Catholic

23.7% (2021)

26% (2021)[16]

File:Flag of Greece.svg Greece Church of Greece[17] Eastern Orthodox 90% (2017)
File:Flag of Iceland.svg Iceland Church of Iceland[18] Lutheran 59% (2022)
File:Flag of Latvia.svg Latvia Evangelical Lutheran Church of Latvia Lutheran 34.2% (2011)
File:Flag of Liechtenstein.svg Liechtenstein Catholic Church[19] Catholic 75.9% (2010)
File:Flag of Malta.svg Malta Catholic Church Catholic 83% (2019)
File:Flag of Montenegro.svg Montenegro Serbian Orthodox Church Eastern Orthodox 71.1% (2023)
Template:Country data North Macedonia Macedonian Orthodox Church[20] Eastern Orthodox 64.4% (2011)
File:Flag of Norway.svg Norway Church of Norway[21] Lutheran 69.91% (2018)
File:Flag of Romania.svg Romania Romanian Orthodox Church Eastern Orthodox 81.9% (2011)[22]
File:Flag of Russia.svg Russia Russian Orthodox Church[23] Eastern Orthodox 71% (2017)[24][25]
File:Flag of Serbia.svg Serbia Serbian Orthodox Church[26] Eastern Orthodox 84.59% (2011)
File:Flag of Sweden.svg Sweden Church of Sweden[27] Lutheran 53.9% (2021)[28]
File:Flag of Tuvalu.svg Tuvalu Church of Tuvalu[29] Reformed 91%+ (2012)
File:Flag of Ukraine.svg Ukraine Ukrainian Orthodox Church[30] Eastern Orthodox 52% (2021)
File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom British Protestant Churches Protestant 69%
  • 47.0% (2008; with Wales)
  • 22% (2018)

Ethnic groups

Country Group National church Denomination
File:Flag of Egypt.svg Egypt Copts Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria[33] Oriental Orthodox
File:Flag of the Assyrians (gold and blue Assur).svg Assyria Assyrians Assyrian Church of the East[34]

Chaldean Catholic Church[35]

Syriac Catholic Church

Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch

Church of the East

Eastern Catholic Oriental Orthodox

File:Flag of the Syrian revolution.svg Syria Aramaeans Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch[34] Oriental Orthodox
File:Flag of Lebanon.svg Lebanon Maronites Maronite Catholic Church[36] Eastern Catholic
File:Flag of the Syrian revolution.svg Syria-File:Flag of Lebanon.svg Lebanon-File:Flag of Turkey.svg Turkey Antiochian Greek Christians Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch[37] Eastern Orthodox
Levant-File:Flag of Egypt.svg Egypt Antiochian Greek Christians Melkite Greek Catholic Church[37] Eastern Catholic
File:Flag of Indonesia.svg Indonesia Toba Batak Batak Christian Protestant Church[38] Lutheran

Criticism

Karl Barth denounced as heretical the tendency of "nationalizing" the Christian God, especially in the context of national churches sanctioning warfare against other Christian nations during World War I.[39]

See also

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Notes

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References

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  1. ↑ Samuel Taylor Coleridge. On the Constitution of the Church and State. Classic Books Company; 2001. Template:ISBN. p. 59.
  2. ↑ Dag Thorkildsen, "Scandinavia: Lutheranism and national identity" in World Christianities, c. 1815–1914, vol. 8 of The Cambridge history of Christianity, eds. Sheridan Gilley, Brian Stanley, Cambridge University Press, 2006, Template:ISBN, pp. 342–358.
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Church membership 1990–2020 Kirkeministeriet Template:In lang
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ "The Roman Catholic Church is the State Church and as such enjoys the full protection of the State; other confessions shall be entitled to practise their creeds and to hold religious services to the extent consistent with morality and public order." Template:Webarchive (archived from the original on 2009-03-26).
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ Romania, The World Factbook
  23. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  24. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  25. ↑ There is no official census of religion in Russia, and estimates are based on surveys only. In August 2012, ARENA determined that about 46.8% of Russians are Christians (including Orthodox, Catholic, Protestant, and non-denominational), which is slightly less than an absolute 50%+ majority. However, later that year the Levada Center Template:Webarchive determined that 76% of Russians are Christians, and in June 2013 the Public Opinion Foundation determined that 65% of Russians are Christians. These findings are in line with Pew's 2010 survey, which determined that 73.3% of Russians are Christians, with VTSIOM's 2010 survey (~77% Christian), and with Ipsos MORI Template:Webarchive's 2011 survey (69%).
  26. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  27. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  28. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  29. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  30. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  31. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  32. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  33. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  34. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  35. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  36. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  37. ↑ a b Der Kaloustian, V. M. (2010). Genetic disorders in Lebanon. In Genetic disorders among Arab populations (pp. 377–441). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
  38. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  39. ↑ Barth, Ethnics, ed. Braun, transl. Bromiley, New York, 1981, p. 305.

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  • William Reed Huntington, A National Church, Bedell lectures, Scribner's, 1897.

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