National Marine Sanctuary

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File:US National Marine Sanctuary global system map.gif
Global view of National Marine Sanctuaries extant in 2008.
File:Central California Marine Sanctuaries.jpg
Undated diagram from 2013 or earlier illustrating the orientation of the then-three marine sanctuaries of Central California: Cordell Bank, Gulf of the Farallones, and Monterey Bay. In October 2024, a fourth sanctuary, Chumash Heritage, was created.
File:National Marine Sanctuary staff Sanctuary Sam 2008.png
The Office of National Marine Sanctuaries headquarters staff poses in 2008 with the office's flag and the sanctuary system mascot, Sanctuary Sam.

A U.S. National Marine Sanctuary is a federally designated area within United States waters that protects areas of the marine environment with special conservation, recreational, ecological, historical, cultural, archeological, scientific, educational, or aesthetic qualities.[1] The program was established in 1972 by the Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act and is currently administered by the National Ocean Service through the National Marine Sanctuaries Act (NMSA).[2]

While National Marine Sanctuaries are multiple-use areas, the NMSA emphasizes that one of the express purposes of a sanctuary is to "maintain the natural biological communities" and to "protect and, where appropriate, restore and enhance natural habitats, populations, and ecological processes." The National Marine Sanctuary System consists of 18 marine protected areas that encompass about Script error: No such module "convert".. Individual areas range from less than Script error: No such module "convert"..[3]

The Office of National Marine Sanctuaries (ONMS), a division of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), administers the 17 national marine sanctuaries. The program began after the 1969 Santa Barbara oil spill off the coast of California brought the plight of marine ecosystems to national attention. The United States Congress responded in 1972 with the Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act which allowed for the creation of marine sanctuaries. The resources protected by U.S. national marine sanctuaries range from coral reef ecosystems in American Samoa, Florida, Hawaii, and Texas, to shipwrecks in the Great Lakes and the Atlantic Ocean.[4]

The NMSP also is involved in the administration of the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument and the Rose Atoll Marine National Monument, although they are not U.S. national marine sanctuaries. The NMSP jointly administers the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument in conjunction with the United States Fish and Wildlife Service and the State of Hawaii, and it jointly administers the Rose Atoll Marine National Monument with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

Scope of protection

Designation as a National Marine Sanctuary does not automatically prohibit fishing and other activities. Recreational and commercial fishing is allowed in some sanctuaries. It is possible to restrict consumptive or destructive activities through the initial designation process and NMSP actions.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". There are restrictions in some sanctuaries that are enforced by other governing agencies. For example, current regulations restricting fishing in Stellwagen Bank were not issued by the NMSP, but rather by National Marine Fisheries Service (NOAA Fisheries) and the New England Fishery Management Council, which have jurisdiction in federal waters off the New England coast generally.[5] The private nonprofit organization Marine Conservation Institute has compiled fact sheets for each sanctuary listing activities which are directly regulated by the NMSP.[6]

Designating sanctuary sites

Site selection is done under the auspices of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Regional teams of marine scientists identify geographically representative sites for potential marine sanctuaries. NOAA then selects candidate sites and meets with state or territorial resource managers and/or the state or territorial governor's staff to determine the local level of interest in establishing a sanctuary. If there is mutually satisfactory interest, the candidate sites are evaluated through a process of public and legislative review and validated by the United States Congress and state or territorial governments. NOAA initiates the designation by the preparation of a Draft Environmental Impact Statement (DEIS) and a proposed management plan, then publishes a notice of its plans in the Federal Register. NOAA sponsors regional meetings and public hearings to gather comments. The U.S. Congress receives the draft statements and may conduct its own hearings. NOAA prepares a Final Environmental Impact Statement (FEIS) that addresses the concerns raised in the DEIS process and distributes it for comment. Finally, upon approval of the President of the United States, the United States Secretary of Commerce, who oversees NOAA, designates the area as a National Marine Sanctuary. The U.S. Congress and the governor of the state or territory then may formally object to or appeal the designation.[7]

List of U.S. National Marine Sanctuaries

Name Location Area Designated
National Marine Sanctuary of American Samoa Pacific Template:Cvt Template:Dts[8]
Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary Pacific Template:Cvt Template:Dts[8]
Chumash Heritage National Marine Sanctuary Pacific Template:Cvt Template:Dts[9][10]
Cordell Bank National Marine Sanctuary Pacific Template:Cvt Template:Dts[8]
Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico Template:Cvt Template:Dts[11][12]
Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary Gulf of Mexico Template:Cvt Template:Dts[8]
Gray's Reef National Marine Sanctuary Atlantic Template:Cvt Template:Dts[8]
Greater Farallones National Marine Sanctuary Pacific Template:Cvt Template:Dts[8]
Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary Pacific Template:Cvt Template:Dts[8]
Lake Ontario National Marine Sanctuary Great Lakes Template:Cvt Template:Dts[13]
Mallows Bay–Potomac River National Marine Sanctuary Atlantic Template:Cvt Template:Dts[14]
Monitor National Marine Sanctuary Atlantic Template:Cvt Template:Dts[8]
Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary Pacific Template:Cvt Template:Dts[8]
Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary Pacific Template:Cvt Template:Dts[8]
Papahānaumokuākea National Marine Sanctuary Pacific Template:Cvt Template:Dts[15]
Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary Atlantic Template:Cvt Template:Dts[8]
Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary Great Lakes Template:Cvt Template:Dts[8]
Wisconsin Shipwreck Coast National Marine Sanctuary Great Lakes Template:Cvt Template:Dts[16]

The National Marine Sanctuary of American Samoa originally was named the Fagatelle Bay National Marine Sanctuary.[17] The Greater Farallones National Marine Sanctuary originally was named the Gulf of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuary.[8]

Former sanctuaries

Name Location Area Designated
Key Largo National Marine Sanctuary Atlantic Template:Cvt Template:Dts[11][12]
Looe Key National Marine Sanctuary Atlantic Template:Cvt Template:Dts[8][11][12]

These sanctuaries were subsumed by the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary on November 16, 1990,[11][12] but continued to operate until July 1, 1997, when they were integrated into the Florida Keys sanctuary and redesignated as Existing Management Areas.[18][19][20][21]

In designation process

Notes

Citations

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  6. ↑ National Marine Sanctuaries » Marine Conservation Institute
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  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  12. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ http://americansamoa.noaa.gov National Marine Sanctuary of American Samoa. NOAA.gov. Retrieved 1 January 2018.
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ Moore, p. 143.

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Bibliography

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External links

Template:US Protected Areas Template:National marine sanctuaries of the United StatesTemplate:Marine protected areas Template:Authority control

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