Names of God in Islam

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Template:Short description Script error: No such module "redirect hatnote". Script error: No such module "redirect hatnote". Template:Allah Template:Use dmy dates Names of God in Islam (Template:Langx) are names that each contain Attributes of God in Islam,[1][2][3][4][5][6] which are implied by the respective names.[7] Some names are known from either the Qur’an or the hadith, while others can be found in both sources, although most are found in the Qur’an.[8]

Allāh is the Arabic word referring to God in Abrahamic religions,[9][10][11] thought to be derived by contraction from al-ʾilāh, which means "the god",[12] (i.e., the only god) and is related to El and Elah, the Hebrew and Aramaic words for God.[13][14] Whether or not Allah can be considered as the personal name of God became disputed in contemporary scholarship.[15] In Islamic usage and indoctrination, Allah was the God's most unique, proper name,[16] and referred to as Lafẓ al-Jalālah (The Word of Majesty). Those who claimed that Allah was the personal name of God also denied that this name was a derivative name. Some Muslims may use different names as much as Allah, for instance Rabb, Rahman or "God" in English. The Quran refers to the attributes of God as "most beautiful names".[17][18]<templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" />

They are traditionally enumerated as 99 in number to which is added as the highest Name (al-ism al-ʾaʿẓam), the Supreme Name of God. The locus classicus for listing the Divine Names in the literature of Qurʾānic commentary is 17:110 "Call upon Allah, or call upon The Merciful; whichsoever you call upon, to Allah belong the most beautiful Names," and also 59:22-24, which includes a cluster of more than a dozen Divine epithets."

— Template:Comma separated entries

Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". These names usually denote his praise, gratitude, commendation, glorification, magnification, perfect attributes, majestic qualities, and acts of wisdom, mercy, benefit, and justice from Allah, as believed by Muslims. These names are commonly called upon by Muslims during prayers, supplications, and remembrance, as they hold significant spiritual and theological importance, serving as a means for Muslims to connect with God. Beside these Arabic names, Muslims of non-Arab origins may also sometimes use other names in their own languages to refer to God, such as Khuda in Persian, Bengali and Urdu. Script error: No such module "Lang". or Tengri was used in the Ottoman Turkish language as the equivalent of Allah.[20]

In Sufis, often characterised as the inner, mystical dimension of Islam, Hu / Template:Tlit means just 'He', or Parvardigar in Persian are used as names of God. Template:Tlit derives from the last letter of the word Allah, which is read as Template:Tlit when in the middle of a sentence and appears in many verses as in; "La ilaha illa Hu" Al Imran:18 According to the Wahdat al-wujūd interpretetion, the universe was a manifestation of God's -the absolute being- names, and was manifestations or notions with no real existence. Haydar Amuli refused to make any distinction on this matter, arguing that evil beings like Satan were also manifestations of God's imperial names.[21]

Interactions, and Translation

Some of the names attributed to God in Islamic culture are names that create problems in transition from a personal god[22] to a universal and transcendent god in understanding;Template:Sfn ٱلْعَظِيمُ (al-ʿAẓīm) lit means "He was, or became, great in his bone, then metaphorically said of anything كَبِير [or great]".[23] The reflections of the efforts to give a transcendent understanding when translating these names into other languages ​​can also be seen in examples such as al-Mutakabbir (The Proud oneself), al-Jalīl (The Angry), al-Muntaqim (The Avenger) and at-Tawwāb (The Returner). (See also: Eisegesis)

List of names

Different sources give different lists of the 99 names. The most commonly known list is based on the one found in the Jamiʿ at-Tirmidhi (9th century) that was narrated by al-Walid ibn Muslim, which is the most commonly known.[24] However, al-Tirmidhi comments on his list: "This (version of the) hadith is gharib [unusual]; it has been narrated from various routes on the authority of Abu Hurayrah, but we do not know of the mention of the Names in the numerous narrations, except this one." Other hadiths, such as those of al-Bukhari, Sahih Muslim, Ibn Majah, al-Hakim al-Tirmidhi or Ibn ʿAsākir, have variant lists. Various early Muslim exegetes, including Jaʿfar al-Sadiq, Sufyan ibn `Uyaynah, Ibn Hazm, al-Qurtubi, and Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani, have given their own versions of lists of 99 names.

al-Tirmidhi's list

Pronunciation Classical Arabic

(Quranic/ classical written forms)[25]

Romanization Translation Reference

Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler		 Template:Huge ar-Raḥmān Merciful/[26] The Beneficent/ All-Compassionate/ Gracious/ Quran: Beginning of every Surah (chapter) except one, and numerous other places. The first Ayah (verse) of Surah ar-Raḥman (Surah 55) consists only of this name.
Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler Template:Huge ar-Raḥīm The Merciful / Merciful / Clement.[26] Quran: Beginning of every Surah except one, and numerous other places.
Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler Template:Huge al-Malik The King/ Sovereign/ Dominion/ Possessor of the Throne of God.[27]

[also means "the God/ Lord, the One and Only", "Possessor of Supreme Power or Authority"]

[Quran Template:Trim 59:Template:Trim]
Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler Template:Huge al-Quddūs The Holy/ All-Holy/ All-Pure/ Sacred/ All-Sacred [Quran Template:Trim 62:Template:Trim]
Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler Template:Huge as-Salām The Giver of Peace/ All-Calm/ Ever-Tranquil [Quran Template:Trim 59:Template:Trim]
Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler Template:Huge al-Muʾmin The Granter of Security/ the Giver / Supreme Believer / All-Assurer [Quran Template:Trim 59:Template:Trim]
Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler Template:Huge al-Muhaymin The Controller/ Absolute Authority Over All/ Guardian Over All/ Absolute Master/ Eternal Dominating [Quran Template:Trim 59:Template:Trim]
Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler Template:Huge al-ʿAzīz The Exalted in Might and Power/ Exalted/ Powerful/ Almighty/ Mighty [Quran Template:Trim 3:Template:Trim], [Quran Template:Trim 4:Template:Trim],[Quran Template:Trim 9:Template:Trim], [Quran Template:Trim 48:Template:Trim], [Quran Template:Trim 59:Template:Trim]
Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler Template:Huge al-Jabbār The Omnipotent/ Supreme Power/ Possessor of Having All Power/ Strong [Quran Template:Trim 59:Template:Trim]
Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler Template:Huge al-Mutakabbir Arrogant / Justly Proud by himself [Quran Template:Trim 59:Template:Trim]
Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler Template:Huge al-Khāliq The Creator/ Creator of the Universe/ Maker/ True Originator/ Absolute Author [Quran Template:Trim 6:Template:Trim], [Quran Template:Trim 13:Template:Trim], [Quran Template:Trim 36:Template:Trim], [Quran Template:Trim 40:Template:Trim], [Quran Template:Trim 59:Template:Trim]
Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler Template:Huge al-Bāriʾ The Initiator/ Evolver/ Eternal Spirit Worshipped By All, Have Absolute Power Over All Matters, Nature and Events [Quran Template:Trim 59:Template:Trim]
Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler Template:Huge al-Muṣawwir The Fashioner/ Shaper/ Designer/ Artist [Quran Template:Trim 59:Template:Trim]
Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler Template:Huge al-Ghaffār The Repeatedly Forgiving/ Absolute Forgiver/ Pardoner/ Condoner

[He Who is Ready to Pardon and Forgive]

[Quran Template:Trim 38:Template:Trim], [Quran Template:Trim 39:Template:Trim], [Quran Template:Trim 40:Template:Trim], [Quran Template:Trim 71:Template:Trim]
Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler Template:Huge al-Qahhār The Subduer/ Overcomer/ Conqueror/ Absolute Vanquisher

[Possessor of Who Subdues Evil and Oppression]

12:39, 13:16, 14:48, 38:65, 39:4, 40:16
Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler Template:Huge al-Wahhāb The Absolute Bestower/ Giver/ Grantor/ Great Donor 38:9, 38:35
Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler Template:Huge ar-Razzāq The Provider/ Sustainer/ Bestower of Sustenance/ All-Provider 51:58
Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler Template:Huge al-Fattāḥ The Opener/ Opener of the Gates of Profits/ Reliever/ The Victory Giver 34:26
Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler Template:Huge al-ʿAlīm The Knowing/ All-Knower/ Omniscient/ All-Knowledgeable/ Possessor of Knowing Much of Ever Thing/ All-Knowing 2:158, 3:92, 4:35, 24:41, 33:40
Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler Template:Huge al-Qābiḍ The Restrainer/ Withholder/ Straightener/ Absolute Seizer 2:245
Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler Template:Huge al-Bāsiṭ The Extender/ Expander/ Generous Provider 2:245
Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler Template:Huge al-Khāfiḍ The Abaser/ Humiliator/ Downgrader [Possessor of Giving Comfort, Free from Pain Anxiety or Troubles] 56:3; al-Kafʿamī (1992:38)
Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler Template:Huge ar-Rāfiʿ The Exalter/ Upgrader [of Ranks] 58:11, 6:83
Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler Template:Huge al-Muʿizz The Giver of Honor/ Bestower of Honor/ Empowerer 3:26
Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler Template:Huge al-Muḏill The Giver of Dishonor/ the Giver of Disgrace 3:26
Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler Template:Huge as-Samīʿ The Hearing/ All-Hearing/ Hearer of Invocation 2:127, 2:256, 8:17, 49:1
Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler Template:Huge al-Baṣīr The All-Seeing/ All-Seer/ Ever-Clairvoyant/ Clear-Sighted/ Clear-Seeing 4:58, 17:1, 42:11, 42:27
Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler Template:Huge al-Ḥakam The Judge/ Arbitrator/ Arbiter/ All-Decree/ Possessor of Authority of Decisions and Judgment 22:69
Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler Template:Huge al-ʿAdl The Just/ Authorized and Straightforward Judge of Dealing Justly 6:115
Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler Template:Huge al-Laṭīf The Gentle/ Benignant/ Subtly Kind/ All-Subtle 22:63, 31:16, 33:34
Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler Template:Huge al-Khabīr The All-Aware/ Well-Acquainted/ Ever-Adept 6:18, 17:30, 49:13, 59:18
Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler Template:Huge al-Ḥalīm The Forbearing/ Indulgent/ Oft Forbearing/ All-Enduring 2:235, 17:44, 22:59, 35:41
Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler Template:Huge al-ʿAẓīm The Most Great/ Ever-Magnificent/ Most Supreme/ Exalted/ Absolute Dignified 2:255, 42:4, 56:96
Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler Template:Huge al-Ghafūr The Ever-Forgiving/ Oft-Forgiving 2:173, 8:69, 16:110, 41:32
Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler Template:Huge ash-Shakūr The Grateful/ Appreciative/ Multiplier of Rewards 35:30, 35:34, 42:23, 64:17
Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler Template:Huge al-ʿAliyy The Sublime/ Ever-Exalted/ Supreme/ Most High/ Most Lofty 4:34, 31:30, 42:4, 42:51 34:23
Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler Template:Huge al-Kabīr The Great/ Ever-Great/ Grand/ Most Great/ Greatly Abundant of Extent, Capacity and Importance 13:9, 22:62, 31:30, 34:23
Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler Template:Huge al-Ḥafīz The Preserver/ Ever-Preserving/ All-Watching/ Protector/ Guardian/ Oft-Conservator 11:57, 34:21, 42:6
Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler Template:Huge al-Muqīt The Nourisher/ Feeder 4:85
Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler Template:Huge al-Ḥasīb The Bringer of Judgment/ Ever-Reckoner [the One Who Takes Account of All Matters] 4:6, 4:86, 33:39
Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler Template:Huge al-Jalīl The Majestic/ Exalted/ Oft-Important/ Splendid 55:27, 7:143
Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler Template:Huge al-Karīm The Noble/ Bountiful/ Generous/ Precious/ Honored/ Benefactor 27:40, 82:6
Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler Template:Huge ar-Raqīb The Watchful/ Observer/ Ever-Watchful/ Watcher 4:1, 5:117
Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler Template:Huge al-Mujīb The Responsive/ Answerer/ Supreme Answerer/ Accepter of Invocation 11:61
Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler Template:Huge al-Wāsiʿ The Vast/ All-Embracing/ Omnipresent/ Boundless/ All-Encompassing 2:268, 3:73, 5:54
Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler Template:Huge al-Ḥakīm The Wise/ Ever-Wise/ Endowed with Sound Judgment 31:27, 46:2, 57:1, 66:2
Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler Template:Huge al-Wadūd The Affectionate/ Ever-Affectionate/ Loving One/ Loving/ the Lover/ the One Who Tenders and Warm Hearts 11:90, 85:14
Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler Template:Huge al-Majīd The All-Glorious/ Majestic/ Ever-Illustrious

[Oft-Brilliant in Dignity, Achievements or Actions]

11:73
Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler Template:Huge al-Bāʿiṯ The Resurrector/ Awakener/ Arouser/ Dispatcher 22:7
Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler Template:Huge ash-Shahīd The Witness/ Testifier/ Ever-Witnessing 4:166, 22:17, 41:53, 48:28
Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler Template:Huge al-Ḥaqq The Truth/ Reality/ the Only One Certainly Sound and Genuine in Truth 6:62, 22:6, 23:116, 24:25
Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler Template:Huge al-Wakīl The Trustee, The Dependable, The Advocate 3:173, 4:171, 28:28, 73:9
Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler Template:Huge al-Qawiyy The Strong 22:40, 22:74, 42:19, 57:25
Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler Template:Huge al-Matīn The Firm, The Steadfast 51:58
Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler Template:Huge al-Waliyy The Friend, Helper 4:45, 7:196, 42:28, 45:19
Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler Template:Huge al-Ḥamīd The All Praiseworthy 14:8, 31:12, 31:26, 41:42
Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler Template:Huge al-Muḥsīy The Accounter, The Numberer of All 72:28, 78:29
Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler Template:Huge al-Mubdiʾ The Originator, The Producer, The Initiator 10:34, 27:64, 29:19, 85:13
Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler Template:Huge al-Muʿīd The Restorer, The Reinstater Who Brings Back All 10:34, 27:64, 29:19, 85:13
Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler Template:Huge al-Muḥyē The Giver of Life 7:158, 15:23, 30:50, 57:2
Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler Template:Huge al-Mumīt The Bringer of Death 3:156, 7:158, 15:23, 57:2
Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler Template:Huge al-Ḥayy The Living 2:255, 3:2, 20:111, 25:58, 40:65
Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler Template:Huge al-Qayyūm The Subsisting, The Independent 2:255, 3:2, 20:111
Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler Template:Huge al-Wājid The Perceiver, The Finder, The Unfailing 38:44
Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler Template:Huge al-Mājid The Illustrious, The Magnificent, The Glorious 85:15, 11:73; al-Kafʿamī (1992:48)
Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler Template:Huge al-Wāḥid The Unique, The Single 13:16, 14:48, 38:65, 39:4
Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler Template:Huge al-ʾAḥad The One, The Indivisible 112:1
Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler Template:Huge aṣ-Ṣamad The Eternal, The Absolute, The Self-Sufficient 112:2
Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler Template:Huge al-Qādir The All-Powerful, He Who is able to do Everything 6:65, 46:33, 75:40
Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler Template:Huge al-Muqtadir The Determiner, The Dominant 18:45, 54:42, 6:65
Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler Template:Huge al-Muqaddim The Expediter, He Who Brings Forward 16:61
Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler Template:Huge al-Muʾakhkhir The Delayer, He Who Puts Far Away 71:4
Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler Template:Huge al-ʾAwwal The First, The Beginning-less 57:3
Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler Template:Huge al-ʾÃkhir The Last, The Endless 57:3
Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler Template:Huge aẓ-Ẓāhir The Manifest, The Evident, The Outer 57:3
Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler Template:Huge al-Bāṭin The Hidden, The Unmanifest, The Inner 57:3
Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler Template:Huge al-Wāliy The Patron, The Protecting Friend, The Friendly Lord 13:11
Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler Template:Huge al-Mutʿāliy The Supremely Exalted, The Most High 13:9
Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler Template:Huge al-Barr The Good, The Beneficent 52:28
Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler Template:Huge at-Tawwāb The Ever-Returning, Ever-Relenting 2:128, 4:64, 49:12, 110:3
Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler Template:Huge al-Muntaqim The Avenger 32:22, 43:41, 44:16
Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler Template:Huge al-ʿAfuww The Pardoner, The Effacer, The Forgiver 4:43, 4:99, 4:149, 22:60, 58:2
Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler Template:Huge ar-Raʾūf The Kind, The Pitying 9:117, 57:9, 59:10
Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler Template:Huge Mālik-ul-mulk The Owner of all Sovereignty 3:26
Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler Template:Huge Ḏū l-Jalāli wa l-ʾIkrām The Owner, Lord of Majesty and Honour 55:27, 55:78
Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler Template:Huge al-Muqsiṭ The Equitable, The Requiter 3:18,5:42,57:25,5:42
Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler Template:Huge al-Jāmiʿ The Gatherer, The Unifier 3:9
Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler Template:Huge al-Ghāniyy The Rich, The Independent 39:7, 47:38, 57:24
Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler Template:Huge al-Mughniyy The Enricher, The Emancipator 9:28
Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler Template:Huge al-Māniʿ The Preventer, The Withholder, The Shielder, The Defender See al-Kafʿamī (1992:61)
Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler Template:Huge aḍ-Ḍār The Distressor, The Harmer, The Afflictor 6:1758:10; al-Kafʿamī (1992:58)
Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler Template:Huge an-Nāfiʿ The Propitious, The Benefactor, The Source of Good 30:37
Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler Template:Huge an-Nūr The Light 24:35
Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler Template:Huge al-Hādī The Guide, The Way 22:54
Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler Template:Huge al-Badīʿ The Originator, The Incomparable, The Unattainable, The Beautiful 2:117, 6:101
Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler Template:Huge al-Bāqī The Immutable, The Infinite, The Everlasting 55:27; al-Kafʿamī (1992:64)
Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler Template:Huge al-Wāriṯ The Heir, The Inheritor of All 15:23, 57:10
Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler Template:Huge ar-Rashīd The Guide to the Right Path 11:87 (Used Not referring to Allah)
Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler Template:Huge aṣ-Ṣabūr The Timeless, The Patient 2:153, 3:200, 103:3

Based on al-Tirmidhi's list above, the names for which there is no evidence, as specified by Sheikh Abd al-Muhsin al-Abbad, Sheikh Ibn Uthaymeen, and others, are as follows:Template:Quote

Comparisons of other lists

99 Names of Allah
No. Arabic Reference Romanization Translation Narrators
WM AS AH MD HZ AB IW IH BH IU AR AG IN SW AM
1 الله Q1:1 Allāh Allah 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 ٱلرَّحْمَٰنُ Q1:1 al-Raḥmān The Most Gracious 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
3 ٱلرَّحِيمُ Q1:1 al-Raḥīm The Most Merciful 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
4 ٱلْمَلِكُ Q23:116 al-Malik The King 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
5 ٱلْقُدُّوسُ Q59:23 al-Quddūs The Most Holy 5 — 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
6 ٱلسَّلَامُ Q59:23 as-Salām The Peace 6 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
7 ٱلْمُؤْمِنُ Q59:23 al-Muʾmin The Giver of Security 7 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
8 ٱلْمُهَيْمِنُ Q59:23 al-Muhaymin The Controller 8 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
9 ٱلْعَزِيزُ Q2:129 al-ʿAzīz The Exalted in Might 9 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
10 ٱلْجَبَّارُ Q59:23 al-Jabbār The Omnipotent 10 9 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
11 ٱلْمُتَكَبِّرُ Q59:23 al-Mutakabbir The Superior 11 10 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11
12 ٱلْخَالِقُ Q6:102 al-Khāliq The Creator 12 11 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12
13 ٱلْبَارِئُ Q59:23 al-Bāriʾ The Inventor 13 12 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13
14 ٱلْمُصَوِّرُ Q59:23 al-Muṣawwir The Designer 14 13 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14
15 ٱلْغَفَّارُ Q38:66 al-Ghaffār The Absolute Forgiver 15 — 15 15 15 — 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15
16 ٱلْقَهَّارُ Q12:39 al-Qahhār The Subduer 16 — — 16 16 15 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16
17 ٱلْوَهَّابُ Q3:8 al-Wahhāb The Bestower 17 14 16 17 17 16 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17
18 ٱلرَّزَّاقُ Q51:58 ar-Razzāq The Provider 18 15 17 18 18 17 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18
19 ٱلْفَتَّاحُ Q34:26 al-Fattāḥ The Opener 19 — 18 19 19 18 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19
20 ٱلْعَلِيمُ Q2:32 al-ʿAlīm The All-Knowing 20 16 19 20 20 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
21 ٱلْقَابِضُ AD(3451) al-Qābiḍ The Restrainer 21 17 — 21 21 20 — — 21 21 21 21 21 21 —
22 ٱلْبَاسِطُ AD(3451) al-Bāsiṭ The Expander 22 18 — 22 22 21 — — 22 22 22 22 22 22 —
23 ٱلْخَافِضُ Q56:3* al-Khāfiḍ The Humiliator 23 19 — — — 22 — — 23 — — — — — —
24 ٱلرَّافِعُ Q56:3* ar-Rāfiʿ The Exalter 24 20 — 23 — 23 21 — 24 — — — — — —
25 ٱلْمُعِزُّ Q3:26* al-Muʿizz The Giver of Honor 25 21 — 24 — 24 — — 25 — — — — — —
26 ٱلْمُذِلُّ Q3:26* al-Muḏill The Giver of Disgrace 26 22 — 25 — 25 — — 26 — — — — — —
27 ٱلسَّمِيعُ Q2:127 as-Samīʿ The All-Hearing 27 23 20 26 23 26 22 21 27 23 23 23 23 23 21
28 ٱلْبَصِيرُ Q17:1 al-Baṣīr The All-Seeing 28 24 21 27 24 27 23 22 28 24 24 24 24 24 22
29 ٱلْحَكَمُ Q6:114 al-Ḥakam The Judge 29 — — 28 — 28 24 23 29 25 25 25 25 25 23
30 ٱلْعَدْلُ Q16:90* al-ʿAdl The Just 30 — — 29 — 29 — — 30 — — — — — —
31 ٱللَّطِيفُ Q6:103 al-Laṭīf The Gentle 31 25 22 30 25 30 25 24 31 26 26 26 26 26 24
32 ٱلْخَبِيرُ Q6:18 al-Khabīr The All-Aware 32 26 23 31 26 31 26 25 32 27 27 27 27 27 25
33 ٱلْحَلِيمُ Q2:235 al-Ḥalīm The Forbearing 33 27 24 32 27 32 27 26 33 28 28 28 28 28 26
34 ٱلْعَظِيمُ Q2:255 al-ʿAẓīm The Most Magnificent 34 28 25 33 28 33 28 27 34 29 29 29 29 29 27
35 ٱلْغَفُورُ Q2:218 al-Ghafūr The Oft-Forgiving 35 29 26 34 29 34 29 28 35 30 30 30 30 30 28
36 ٱلشَّكُورُ Q35:30 ash-Shakūr The Grateful 36 30 27 35 30 35 30 29 36 31 31 31 31 31 29
37 ٱلْعَلِيُّ Q2:255 al-ʿAliyy The Most High 37 31 28 36 31 36 31 30 37 32 32 32 32 32 30
38 ٱلْكَبِيرُ Q13:9 al-Kabīr The Most Great 38 — 29 37 32 37 32 31 38 33 33 33 33 33 31
39 ٱلْحَفِيظُ Q11:57 al-Ḥafīz The Protector 39 — — 38 — 38 — 32 39 34 34 34 34 34 32
40 ٱلْمُقِيتُ Q4:85 al-Muqīt The Nourisher 40 — — — — 39 33 33 40 35 35 35 35 35 33
41 ٱلْحَسِيبُ Q4:6 al-Ḥasīb The Ever-Reckoner 41 — — 39 — 40 34 34 41 36 36 36 36 36 34
42 ٱلْجَلِيلُ Q55:27* al-Jalīl The Majestic 42 35 30 40 — 41 — — 42 — — — — — —
43 الْكَرِيمُ Q82:6 al-Karīm The Noble 43 36 31 41 33 42 35 35 43 37 37 37 37 37 35
44 الرَّقِيبُ Q5:117 ar-Raqīb The Watchful 44 — 32 42 — 43 36 36 44 38 38 38 38 38 36
45 الْمُجِيبُ Q11:61 al-Mujīb The Answerer 45 37 33 — 34 — 37 37 45 39 39 39 39 39 37
46 الْوَاسِعُ Q2:115 al-Wāsiʿ The Vast 46 — 34 — 35 44 38 38 46 40 40 40 40 40 38
47 الْحَكِيمُ Q2:32 al-Ḥakīm The Wise 47 38 — — 36 45 39 39 47 41 41 41 41 41 39
48 الْوَدُودُ Q85:14 al-Wadūd The Affectionate 48 39 35 43 37 46 40 40 48 42 42 42 42 42 40
49 الْمَجِيدُ Q85:15 al-Majīd The All-Glorious 49 40 36 44 38 47 41 41 49 43 43 43 43 43 41
50 الْبَاعِثُ Q22:7* al-Bāʿiṯ The Resurrector 50 41 37 45 — — — — 50 — — — — — —
51 الشَّهِيدُ Q5:117 ash-Shahīd The Witness 51 42 38 46 — 48 42 42 51 44 44 44 44 44 42
52 الْحَقُّ Q6:62 al-Ḥaqq The Truth 52 43 39 47 39 49 43 43 52 45 45 45 45 45 43
53 الْوَكِيلُ Q6:102 al-Wakīl The Dependable 53 44 40 — — 50 44 44 53 46 46 46 46 46 44
54 الْقَوِيُّ Q8:52 al-Qawiyy The Strong 54 45 — 48 40 51 45 45 54 47 47 47 47 47 45
55 الْمَتِينُ Q51:58 al-Matīn The Firm 55 46 — — 41 52 46 46 55 48 48 48 48 48 46
56 الْوَلِيُّ Q42:9 al-Waliyy The Helper 56 47 — 49 42 53 47 47 56 49 49 49 49 49 47
57 الْحَمِيدُ Q2:267 al-Ḥamīd The All-Praiseworthy 57 — 41 50 43 54 48 48 57 50 50 50 50 50 48
58 الْمُحْصِي Q72:28* al-Muḥsīy The Accounter 58 — — — — 55 — — 58 — — — — — —
59 الْمُبْدِئُ Q85:13* al-Mubdiʾ The Initiator 59 48 42 — — 56 — — 59 — — — — — —
60 الْمُعِيدُ Q85:13* al-Muʿīd The Restorer 60 49 43 — — 57 — — 60 — — — — — —
61 الْمُحْيِي Q2:28 al-Muḥyī The Giver of Life 61 50 44 51 — 58 — 49 61 — — — — — —
62 الْمُمِيتُ Q2:28 al-Mumīt The Bringer of Death 62 51 45 — — 59 — — 62 — — — — — —
63 الْحَيُّ Q2:255 al-Ḥayy The Living 63 52 46 52 44 60 49 50 63 51 51 51 51 51 49
64 الْقَيُّومُ Q2:255 al-Qayyūm The Independent 64 53 47 53 45 61 50 51 64 52 52 52 52 52 50
65 الْوَاجِدُ T(3507)** al-Wājid The Finder 65 54 — — — — — — 65 — — — — — —
66 الْمَاجِدُ T(2495) al-Mājid The Glorious 66 55 — 54 — — — — — — — — — — —
67 الْوَاحِدُ Q12:39 al-Wāḥid The Unique 67 56 48 55 46 62 51 52 66 53 53 53 53 53 51
68 الصَّمَدُ Q112:2 aṣ-Ṣamad The Self-Sufficient 68 57 49 56 47 63 52 53 67 54 54 54 54 54 52
69 الْقَادِرُ Q6:65 al-Qādir The All-Powerful 69 58 50 57 — 64 53 54 68 55 55 55 55 55 53
70 الْمُقْتَدِرُ Q54:42 al-Muqtadir The Determiner 70 — 51 58 48 65 54 55 69 56 56 56 56 56 54
71 الْمُقَدِّمُ B(1120) al-Muqaddim The Expeditor 71 — — — 49 66 — — 70 57 57 57 57 57 55
72 الْمُؤَخِّرُ B(1120) al-Muʾakhkhir The Delayer 72 — — — 50 67 — — 71 58 58 58 58 58 56
73 الْأَوَّلُ Q57:3 al-ʾAwwal The First 73 59 52 59 51 68 55 56 72 59 59 59 59 59 57
74 الْآخِرُ Q57:3 al-ʾÃkhir The Last 74 60 53 60 52 69 56 57 73 60 60 60 60 60 58
75 الظَّاهِرُ Q57:3 aẓ-Ẓāhir The Manifest 75 61 54 61 53 70 57 58 74 61 61 61 61 61 59
76 الْبَاطِنُ Q57:3 al-Bāṭin The Hidden 76 62 55 62 54 71 58 59 75 62 62 62 62 62 60
77 الْوَالِي Q13:11 al-Wāliy The Patron 77 63 — — — — — — 76 — — — — — —
78 الْمُتَعَالِ Q13:9 al-Mutʿāliy The Most Exalted 78 64 56 — 55 — 59 60 77 63 63 63 63 63 61
79 الْبَرُّ Q52:28 al-Barr The Beneficent 79 — — — 56 — 60 61 78 64 64 64 64 64 62
80 التَّوَّابُ Q2:37 at-Tawwāb The Oft-Returning 80 65 57 63 57 72 61 62 79 65 65 65 65 65 63
81 الْمُنْتَقِمُ Q32:22 al-Muntaqim The Avenger 81 — — — — — 62 63 — — — — — — —
82 الْعَفُوُّ Q4:43 al-ʿAfuww The Pardoner 82 66 58 64 58 73 63 64 80 66 66 66 66 66 64
83 الرَّؤُوفُ Q2:143 ar-Raʾūf The Kind 83 67 59 65 59 74 64 65 81 67 67 67 67 67 65
84 مَالِكُ الْمُلْكِ Q3:26 Mālik-ul-mulk Owner of All Sovereignty 84 — — — — — 65 — 82 — — — — 68 —
85 ذُو الْجَلَالِ وَالْإِكْرَامِ Q55:27 Ḏū l-Jalāli wal-ʾIkrām Owner of Majesty and Honor 85 — 60 66 — — 66 — 83 — — — — 69 —
86 الْمُقْسِطُ T(3507)** al-Muqsiṭ The Requiter 86 68 — 67 — 75 67 — 84 — — — — — —
87 الْجَامِعُ Q3:9 al-Jāmiʿ The Gatherer 87 69 — 68 — 76 68 66 85 — — — — — —
88 الْغَنِيُّ Q6:133 al-Ghāniyy The Rich 88 70 61 69 60 77 69 67 86 68 68 68 68 70 66
89 الْمُغْنِي Q9:28* al-Mughniyy The Enricher 89 — — — — — — — 87 — — — — — —
90 الْمَانِعُ M(477)* al-Māniʿ The Preventer 90 71 — 70 — — — — 88 — — — — — —
91 الضَّارُّ Q6:17* aḍ-Ḍār The Distressor 91 72 — — — 78 — — 89 — — — — — —
92 النَّافِعُ T(3507)** an-Nāfiʿ The Benefactor 92 73 — — — 79 — — 90 — — — — — —
93 النُّورُ Q24:35 an-Nūr The Light 93 74 62 71 — — — 68 91 — — — — — —
94 الْهَادِي Q25:31 al-Hādī The Guide 94 75 63 72 — 80 70 69 92 — — 69 69 71 67
95 الْبَدِيعُ Q2:117 al-Badīʿ The Originator 95 — 64 73 — — 71 70 93 — — — — — —
96 الْبَاقِي Q55:27* al-Bāqī The Everlasting 96 76 65 74 — 81 — — 94 — — — — — —
97 الْوَارِثُ Q15:23 al-Wāriṯ The Inheritor 97 77 — — — 82 72 71 95 69 69 70 70 — 68
98 الرَّشِيدُ Q18:10* ar-Rashīd The Right Guide 98 — — 75 — 83 73 — 96 — — — — — —
99 الصَّبُورُ T(3507)** aṣ-Ṣabūr The Patient 99 — — 76 — 84 — — 97 — — — — — —

Hidden names

There is no universal agreement among Islamic exegesis scholars about the number of names of God, since it was only Ibn Hazm who argued a limitation of 99 names. Instead, Islamic scholars such as al-Khattabi, al-Qurtubi, Abi Bakr bin Thayyib, Ibn al-'Arabi (not Ibn Arabi),Template:Efn Abu Abdillah ar-Razi, Ibn Taymiyya, Al-Nawawi, Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani,[28] Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya[29] and Ibn Rajab,[30] have stated that Allah has an infinite number of names. While there are rulings that only a few names and their attributes are revealed and known in the Qur'an and Hadiths, the uncountably unrevealed names and their attributes are only known by Allah Himself.[31][32] The basis of these rulings was the Hadith, which contains a supplication as narrated in Hisn al-Muslim:

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Another Hadith contains a supplication, with multiple chains of transmitters:

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In the established Islamic creed about the unrevealed names of Allah, the majority of fatwas say it is obligatory for a Muslim to believe in the existence of the unrevealed names and their attributes, but it is forbidden for Muslims to try to search for them without literal evidences from the Qur'an and authentic Hadiths.[28][30][31][29] In the creed of Islamic eschatology, the hidden names are believed to be hidden from anyone but Allah, and will only be revealed personally to Muhammad during Judgement Day.[29]

In textual sources

According to Muslims, the names of God must be established by evidence and direct reference in the Qur'an and hadiths (the concept of tawqif). Thus, it is impermissible (haram) for Muslims to give Allah names except with what He has named Himself in the Qur'an or in authentic Hadiths.

The Quran

The Quran refers to God's Most Beautiful Names (al-ʾasmāʾ al-ḥusná) in several Surahs. Gerhard Böwering refers to Surah 17 (17:110) as the locus classicus to which explicit lists of 99 names used to be attached in tafsir.

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Another verse references the Most Beautiful Names:

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A cluster of more than a dozen Divine epithets which are included in such lists is found in Surah 59.

Template:Translated blockquote

Hadith

In a hadith narrated by Sahih al-Bukhari, it is mentioned that Allah has 99 names.<templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" />

Abu Hurairah reported that God has ninety-nine Names, i.e., one hundred minus one, and whoever believes in their meanings and acts accordingly, will enter Paradise; and God is witr (one) and loves 'the witr' (i.e., odd numbers).

— Template:Comma separated entries

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Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said, "God has ninety-nine Names, one-hundred less one; and he who memorized them all by heart will enter Paradise." To count something means to know it by heart.

— Template:Comma separated entries

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Attributes

Islamic tenets has detailed descriptions about to differentiate names with attributes (Template:Langx plural of sˤi.faːt), which has literal abilities of their owns. Examples of the attributes are the name of "ar-Rahman" contains the attributes "mercifulness in general",[3] or "fundamental mercy".[33] According to Sahih Bukhari and Muslim, God has 100 kinds of rahmah (grace/godsend), whereas only one of them already revealed to this world, while the other 99 still withheld for the afterlife. One of the rahmah which was sent to the world are sufficient to fulfil the needs of all creatures until the Judgement Day; including humans, Jinns, and even non-sentients such as animals, so the parents of animals would not trample their babies under their foots or wasting.[34] Another example is name of al-ʿAliyy contains several attributes, such as "heightness" and "above all".[3]

This ruling is because the naming of God are limited by the evidences from Qur'an and Hadith in Sunni Islam.[4] Thus, postulating the tenet in Islam's creed that essentially, the name-bearing of God are different from attributes of God.[5] Nevertheless, Salafi scholar al-Uthaymin stated the principal ruling of giving attributes to God is similar with the verdict about giving name to God; that is forbidden to gave attributes without evidence from Qur'an and Sunnah.[35] One of the disputed name of God among the Islamic academic is "al-Hannan",[4] Since it is considered as one of the attribute of "ar-Rahman" name in Maryam Template:Qref, not because al-Hannan is a name itself.[36]

Both Ibn Taymiyya in his work, The Treaty of Tadmur, and Ibn al-Qayyim have published their statements claiming to be refuting Jahmiyya,[4] and al-Juwayni respectively; as Jahmiyya scholars and al-Juwayni rejected the existence of the attributes of God and consider that the names of God are just semantics without any substances in them.[3] The statements of both Ibn Taymiyya and Ibn al-Qayyim became the ruling which was established by Saudi Council of Senior Scholars, as they stated that each of God's name contains multiple attributes.[3] Salafi scholars such as Ibn Baz did not consent to the interpretation of the attributes of God.[37] Moreover, Walid Muhammad Abdullah Muhammad al-'Ali, an exegesis professor of Islamic University of Madinah, has quoted Ibn al-Qayyim's concern regarding the importance of names and attributes of God as part of the Tawhid (oneness of God) which is the first article of The Six Articles of Faith.[38]

Sufi mysticism

There is a tradition in Sufism to the effect the 99 names of God point to a mystical "Most Supreme and Superior Name" (ismu l-ʾAʿẓam (Script error: No such module "Lang".).[39] This "Greatest Name of God" is said to be "the one which if He is called (prayed to) by it, He will answer."[40] More than 1000 names of God are listed in the Jawshan Kabir (Script error: No such module "Lang".—literally "the Great Cuirass") invocations.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Sufi mystic Ibn Arabi surmised that the 99 names are "outward signs of the universe's inner mysteries".[8]

Ibn Arabi (26 July 1165 – 16 November 1240) did not interpret the names of God as mere epithets, but as actual attributes paring the universe both in created and possible forms. By these names, the divine traits disclose for humans, whose divine potential is hidden, can learn to become a reflection of such names. However, such reflections are limited; the divine traits do not equal the divine essence of the names.[41] Influenced by the metaphysical teachings of Ibn Arabi, Haydar Amuli assigned angels to the different names of God. Accordingly, the good angels as a whole are a manifestation of God's Names of Beauty. Shaitan (shayatin) on the other hand are a manifestation of God's Names of majesty, such as "The Haughty".[42]

Theophoric given names

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File:Khalili Collection Hajj and Arts of Pilgrimage Talismanic shirt.jpg
Talismanic shirt inscribed with the 99 names of God as well as Quranic verses and prayers, Turkey, 18th century, Khalili Collection of Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage.

The Arabic names of God are used to form theophoric given names commonly used in Muslim cultures throughout the world, mostly in Arabic speaking societies.

Because the names of God themselves are reserved to God and their use as a person's given name is considered religiously inappropriate, theophoric names are formed by either prefixing the term ˁabd (عَبْدُ: "slave/servant of") to the name (in the case of masculine names) or by dropping the definite article al (ال).

This distinction is established out of respect for the sanctity of Divine names, which denote attributes (of love, kindness, mercy, compassion, justice, power, etc.) that are believed to be possessed in a full and absolute sense only by God, while human beings, being limited creatures, are viewed by Muslims as being endowed with the Divine attributes only in a limited and relative capacity. The prefixing of the definite article would indicate that the bearer possesses the corresponding attribute in an exclusive sense, a trait reserved to God.

File:Allah names 1.svg
Names of Allah in Arabic calligraphy.

Quranic verse 3:26 is cited as evidence against the validity of using Divine names for persons, with the example of Mālik ul-Mulk (مَـٰلِكُ ٱلْمُلْكُ: "Lord of Power" or "Owner of all Sovereignty"):

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Say: "O God! Lord of Power, You give power to whom You please, and You strip off power from whom You please. You endue with honour whom You please, and You bring low whom You please. In Your hand is all Good." Verily, over all things You have power.

— Template:Comma separated entries

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The two parts of the name starting with ˁabd may be written separately (as in the previous example) or combined as one in the transliterated form; in such a case, the vowel transcribed after ˁabdu is often written as u when the two words are transcribed as one: e.g., Abdur-Rahman, Abdul-Aziz, Abdul-Jabbar, or even Abdullah (عَبْدُ ٱللّٰه: "Servant of God"). (This has to do with Arabic case vowels, the final u vowel showing the normal "quote" nominative case form.)

Examples of Muslim theophoric names include:

  • Raḥmān, such as Abdul-Raḥman Al-Sudais (عَبْدُ ٱلْرَّحْمَان ٱلْسُّدَيْس): Imam of the Grand Mosque of Makkah, KSA
  • Salām, such as Salam Fayyaḍ (سَلَام فَيَّاض): Palestinian politician
  • Jabbār, such as Kareem Abdul-Jabbar (كَرِيم عَبْدُ ٱلْجَبَّار): American basketball player
  • Ḥakīm, such as Sherman "Abdul Ḥakim" Jackson (عَبْدُ ٱلْحَكِيم—ˁabdu ʼl-Ḥakiym): American Islamic Studies scholar
  • Ra'ūf, such as Ra'ouf Mus'ad (رَؤُوف مُسَعد): Egyptian-Sudanese novelist
  • Abdul Muqtedar as in Muḥammad Abdul Muqtedar Khan (مُحَمَّد عَبْدُ ٱلمُقْتَدِر خَان): Indian-American academic

Use in Baháʼí sources

Baháʼí sources state that the 100th name was revealed as "Baháʼ" (Template:Langx "glory, splendor"), which appears in the words Bahá'u'lláh and Baháʼí. They also believe that it is the greatest name of God.[43][44] The Báb wrote a noted pentagram-shaped tablet with 360 morphological derivation of the word "Baháʼ" used in it.[43]

According to Baháʼí scholar ‘Abdu’l-Hamíd Ishráq-Khávari, Bahāʾ al-dīn al-ʿĀmilī adopted the Persian poetic pen name "Bahāʾ" after being inspired by the words of the fifth Twelver Imam, Muhammad al-Baqir, and the sixth Imam, Ja'far al-Sadiq, who stated that the greatest name of God was included in either the Duʿāʾu l-Bahāʾ, a dawn prayer for Ramadan, or the ʾAʿmal ʿam Dawūd.[43] In the first verse of the duʿāʾu l-Bahāʾ, the name "Bahāʾ" appears four times.[45]

See also

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Appendix

Footnotes

Template:Notelist

References

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  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ a b c d e Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". References from:
  4. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ "Islam and Christianity", Encyclopedia of Christianity (2001): Arabic-speaking Christians and Jews also refer to God as Allāh.
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Andreas Görke and Johanna Pink Tafsir and Islamic Intellectual History Exploring the Boundaries of a Genre Oxford University Press in association with The Institute of Ismaili Studies London Template:ISBN p. 478
  16. ↑ It is generally accepted that the word is not derived from any root and does not carry a dictionary meaning and constitutes the proper name of the real god, or even if it has a dictionary meaning, it loses this meaning when it becomes the name of the real god./Kelimenin herhangi bir kökten türemiş olmayıp sözlük mânası taşımadığı ve gerçek mâbudun özel adını teşkil ettiği, yahut sözlükte bir anlamı olsa bile gerçek mâbuda ad olunca bu anlamı kaybettiği genellikle benimsenmektedir. https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/allah
  17. ↑ Template:Cite quran, Template:Cite quran, Template:Cite quran, Template:Cite quran
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Böwering, Gerhard "God and God Attributes". Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān.
  20. ↑ Template:Cite EB1911
  21. ↑ Ayman Shihadeh: Sufism and Theology. Hrsg.: Edinburgh University Press. 21. November 2007, ISBN 978-0-7486-3134-6, pp. 54–56.
  22. ↑ In the scriptures of the Abrahamic religions, God is described as being a personal creator, speaking in the first person and showing emotion such as anger and pride, and sometimes appearing in anthropomorphic shape. Williams, W. Wesley, "A study of anthropomorphic theophany and Visio Dei in the Hebrew Bible, the Quran and early Sunni Islam", University of Michigan, March 2009
  23. ↑ https://quranx.com/Dictionaries/%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%85
  24. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  25. ↑ Please note the written Arabic spelling of the names written in Arabic in the table are in the vowelled Classical/Quranic form (proper = in the Quran and Ahādith) with the square bracketed "[.]" variant of the written Arabic forms given in common or modern texts—usually in media, some long vowels and punctuations are omitted for the easier typing and reading.
  26. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  27. ↑ Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
  28. ↑ a b Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".
  29. ↑ a b c Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".
  30. ↑ a b Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".
  31. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  32. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  33. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  34. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". excerpt from Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". Reference Hadiths:
  35. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". References from:
    • Al-Minhaj Syarh Sahih Muslim. First printing, 1433 H. Yahya bin Syarf An-Nawawi. Publisher Dar Ibn Hazm.
    • Syarh Asma' Allah Al-Husna fi Dhaui Al-Kitab wa As-Sunnah. 12th printing, 1431 H. Syaikh Sa'id bin Wahf Al-Qahthani.
    • Syarh As-Sunnah. Second printing, 1432 H. Imam Al-Muzani. Ta'liq: Dr. Jamal 'Azzun. Maktabah Dar Al-Minhaj Publishers.
    • Syarh Al-Qawa'id Al-Mutsla. Syaikh Muhammad bin Shalih Al-'Utsaimin. Ta'liq: Abu Ya'qub Nasy-at bin Kamal Al-Mashri. Maktabah Al-Muslim Publishers.
  36. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  37. ↑ Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
  38. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  39. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  40. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". The endnote states: "Ibn Májah, Sunan, 34. (Kitáb ad-Du'á), ch. 9, no. 3856, vol. 2, p. 1267. See also: Ad-Dárimí, Sunan, 23 (Fada'il al-Qur'án), ch. 15, no. 3296, vol. 2, pp. 324–325. Similar statements in Shi'i tradition include: Majlisí, Bihar al-Anwar, vol. 26. p. 7.
  41. ↑ Bruce Lawrence The Qur'an: A Biography Atlantic Books Ltd, 2 October 2014 Template:ISBN chapter 8
  42. ↑ Ayman Shihadeh Sufism and Theology Edinburgh University Press, 21 November 2007 Template:ISBN pp. 54–56
  43. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  44. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  45. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

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Bibliography

External links

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  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

Template:Characters and names in the Quran Template:Names of God Template:Theology Template:Authority control

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