NEC SX

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search

Template:Short description

File:NEC SX-5 supercomputer.jpg
An SX-5 on display at the Australian Technology Park

NEC SX describes a series of vector supercomputers designed, manufactured, and marketed by NEC. This computer series is notable for providing the first computer to exceed 1 gigaflop,[1][2] as well as the fastest supercomputer in the world between 1992–1993, and 2002–2004.[3] The current model, as of 2018, is the SX-Aurora TSUBASA.

History

The first models, the SX-1 and SX-2, were announced in April 1983, and released in 1985.[2][4][5][6] The SX-2 was the first computer to exceed 1 gigaflop.[1][2] The SX-1 and SX-1E were less powerful models offered by NEC.

The SX-3 was announced in 1989,[7][8] and shipped in 1990.[6] The SX-3 allows parallel computing using both SIMD and MIMD.[9] It also switched from the ACOS-4 based SX-OS, to the AT&T System V UNIX-based SUPER-UX operating system.[6] In 1992 an improved variant, the SX-3R, was announced.[6] A SX-3/44 variant was the fastest computer in the world between 1992-1993 on the TOP500 list. It had LSI integrated circuits with 20,000 gates per IC with a per-gate delay time of 70 picoseconds, could house 4 arithmetic processors with up to 4 sharing the same main memory, and up to several processors to achieve up to 22 GFLOPS of performance, with 1.37 GFLOPS of performance with a single processor. 100 LSI ICs were housed in a single multi chip module to achieve 2 million gates per module. The modules were watercooled.[10]

The SX-4 series was announced in 1994, and first shipped in 1995.[6] Since the SX-4, SX series supercomputers are constructed in a doubly parallel manner.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". A number of central processing units (CPUs) are arranged into a parallel vector processing node.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". These nodes are then installed in a regular SMP arrangement.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

The SX-5 was announced and shipped in 1998,[6] with the SX-6 following in 2001, and the SX-7 in 2002.[11] Starting in 2001, Cray marketed the SX-5 and SX-6 exclusively in the US, and non-exclusively elsewhere for a short time.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

The Earth Simulator, built from SX-6 nodes, was the fastest supercomputer from June 2002 to June 2004 on the LINPACK benchmark, achieving 35.86 TFLOPS.[3][12][13][14] The SX-9 was introduced in 2007 and discontinued in 2015. [15]

Tadashi Watanabe has been NEC's lead designer for the majority of SX supercomputer systems.[16] For this work he received the Eckert–Mauchly Award in 1998 and the Seymour Cray Computer Engineering Award in 2006.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Hardware

CPU Architecture

The NEC SX Vector Engine (VE) is a vector processor, and each VE core has a Scalar Processing Unit (SPU) with 64 scalar registers of 64 bits, and a Vector Processing Unit (VPU) with 64 vector registers (of up to 256 bits in the SX-Aurora TSUBASA). The SPU implements in hardware the IEEE 754's quadruple-precision floating-point format, and every instruction is 64-bit long.[17]

SX systems

Each system has multiple models, and the following table lists the most powerful variant of each system. Further certain systems have revisions, identified by a letter suffix.

Single node SX systems
System Introduction Max. CPUs Peak CPU double precision GFLOPS Peak system GFLOPS Max. main memory System memory B/W (GB/s) Memory B/W per CPU (GB/s)
SX-1E[5][6][11] 1983 1 0.325[18] 128 MB
SX-1[5][11] 1983[6][11] 1 0.570[6] / 0.650[18] 256 MB
SX-2[5][11] 1983[6][11] 1 1.3[6] 1.3[11] 256 MB[6] 11 11
SX-3[7][8] 1990[11] 4[7][6] 5.5[8][11] 22[7][11] 2 GB[7] 44 22
SX-3RScript error: No such module "Unsubst". 1992
SX-4[11] 1994[19][11] 32 2 64 16 GB 512 16
SX-5[11] 1998[11] 16 8[11] 128 128 GB 1024 64
SX-6[11] 2001[11] 8 8[11] 64 64 GB 256 32
SX-6iScript error: No such module "Unsubst". 2001[11] 1 8 GB
SX-7[11] 2002[11] 32 8.83 282 256 GB 1129 35.3
SX-8[16][11] 2004[16][11] 8 16[11] 128 128 GB 512 64
SX-8iScript error: No such module "Unsubst". 2005 32 GB
SX-8RScript error: No such module "Unsubst". 2006 8 35.2 281.6 256 GB 563.2 70.4
SX-9[11] 2007 16 102.4[11] 1638 1 TB 4096 256
SX-ACEScript error: No such module "Unsubst". 2013 1 256 256 1 TB 256 256
SX-Aurora TSUBASAScript error: No such module "Unsubst". 2017 8 2450 19600 8×48GB 8×1200 1200
SX-Aurora TSUBASA Type 20Script error: No such module "Unsubst". 2021 8 3070 24560 8×48GB 8×1530 1530
Multi-node SX systemsScript error: No such module "Unsubst".
SX-4 SX-4A SX-5 SX-6 SX-8 SX-8R SX-9 SX-ACE
Max. nodes 16 16 32 128 512 512 512 512
Max. CPUs 512 256 512 1,024 4,096 4,096 8,192 512
Peak TFLOPS 1 0.5 4 8 65 140.8 839 131
Max. main memory 256 GB 512 GB 4 TB 8 TB 64 TB 128 TB 512 TB 32 TB
Total memory B/W (TB/s) 8 4 32 32 131 281.6 2,048 131

Software environment

Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Operating system

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". The SX-1 and SX-2 ran the ACOS-4 based SX-OS. The SX-3 onwards run the SUPER-UX operating system (OS); the Earth Simulator runs a custom version of this OS.

Compilers

SUPER-UX comes with Fortran and C++ compilers. Cray has also developed an Ada compiler which is available as an option.

Software

Some vertical applications are available through NEC, but in general customers are expected to develop much of their own software. In addition to commercial applications, there is a wide body of free software for the UNIX environment which can be compiled and run on SUPER-UX, such as Emacs, and Vim. A port of GCC is also available for the platform.

SX-Aurora TSUBASA

The SX-Aurora TSUBASA PCIe card is running in a Linux machine, the Vector Host (VH), which provides operating system services to the Vector Engine (VE).[20] The VE operating system VEOS runs in user space on the VH. Applications compiled for the VE can use almost all Linux system calls, they are transparently forwarded and executed on the VH. The components of VEOS are licensed under the GNU General Public License.

References

<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

  1. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ a b c d e Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

External links

Records
Preceded byTemplate:S-bef/check World's most powerful supercomputer
(NEC SX-3/44)
1992 Template:S-ttl/check 		Template:S-aft/check Succeeded by

Template:NEC supercomputers

Retrieved from "http://debianws.lexgopc.com/wiki143/index.php?title=NEC_SX&oldid=1427611"