Member states of NATO

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File:NATO members (blue).svg
NATO in 2025

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is an international military alliance consisting of 32 member states from Europe and North America. It was established at the signing of the North Atlantic Treaty on 4 April 1949. Of the 32 member countries, 30 are in Europe and two are in North America. Between 1994 and 1997, wider forums for regional cooperation between NATO and its neighbours were set up, including the Partnership for Peace, the Mediterranean Dialogue initiative, and the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council.

All members have militaries, except for Iceland, which does not have a typical army (but it does have a coast guard and a small unit of civilian specialists for NATO operations). Three of NATO's members are nuclear weapons states: France, the United Kingdom, and the United States. NATO has 12 original founding member states. Three more members joined between 1952 and 1955, and a fourth joined in 1982. Since the end of the Cold War, NATO has added 16 more members from 1999 to 2024.[1] Article 5 of the treaty states that if an armed attack occurs against one of the member states, it shall be considered an attack against all members, and other members shall assist the attacked member, with armed forces if necessary.[2] Article 6 of the treaty limits the scope of Article 5 to the islands north of the Tropic of Cancer, the North American and European mainlands, the entirety of Turkey, and French Algeria, the last of which has been moot since July 1962. Thus, an attack on Hawaii, Puerto Rico, French Guiana, the Falkland Islands, Ceuta or Melilla, among other places, would not trigger an Article 5 response.

NATO recognizes Bosnia and Herzegovina, Georgia, and Ukraine as aspiring members as part of their Open Doors enlargement policy.[3]

File:NATO 32 Members.png
Map of NATO in Europe:<templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />
  Current members
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  Membership Action Plan
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  Countries seeking membership
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  Countries where membership is not a goal
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  Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO)

Founding members and enlargement

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". NATO was established on 4 April 1949 via the signing of the North Atlantic Treaty (Washington Treaty). The 12 founding members of the Alliance were: Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, the United Kingdom, and the United States.[4]

The various allies all signed the Ottawa Agreement,[5] which is a 1951 document that acts to embody civilian oversight of the Alliance.[5][6]

Current membership consists of 32 countries. In addition to the 12 founding countries, four new members joined during the Cold War: Greece and Turkey (1952), West Germany (1955) and Spain (1982). Additionally, NATO experienced territorial expansion during this period without adding new member states when Zone A of the Free Territory of Trieste was annexed by Italy in 1954, and the territory of the former East Germany was added with the reunification of Germany in 1990. NATO further expanded after the Cold War, adding the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland (1999); Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia (2004); Albania and Croatia (2009); Montenegro (2017); North Macedonia (2020); Finland (2023); and Sweden (2024).[4] Of the territories and members added between 1990 and 2024, all except for Finland and Sweden were either formerly part of the Warsaw Pact (including the formerly Soviet Baltic states) or territories of the former Yugoslavia. No countries have left NATO since its founding, although France withdrew from NATO unified command between 1966 and 2009.

Currently, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization now covers a total area of Script error: No such module "convert"., since the accession of Sweden on 7 March 2024.

List of member states

The current members and their dates of admission are listed below.

Template:Sronly
Flag Map Name Capital Accession[7] Population Template:UN Population Area
[8] 		Military budget as %GDP 2024[9] GDP 2023 (million US$)[10] Languages
File:Flag of Albania.svg
 File:Albania on the globe (Europe centered).svg Albania Tirana Template:Dts 2,854,710 Script error: No such module "sort". 2.03 22,743 Albanian
File:Flag of Belgium (civil).svg
 File:Belgium on the globe (Europe centered).svg Belgium Brussels Template:DtsTemplate:Efn 11,611,419 Script error: No such module "sort". 1.30 630,110 Dutch
French
German
File:Flag of Bulgaria.svg File:Bulgaria on the globe (Europe centered).svg Bulgaria Sofia Template:Dts 6,885,868 Script error: No such module "sort". 2.18 101,611 Bulgarian
File:Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg
 File:Canada on the globe (North America centered).svg Canada Ottawa Template:DtsTemplate:Efn 38,155,012 Script error: No such module "sort". 1.37 2,140,086 English
French
File:Flag of Croatia.svg File:Croatia on the globe (Europe centered).svg Croatia Zagreb Template:Dts 4,060,135 Script error: No such module "sort". 1.81 82,044 Croatian
File:Flag of the Czech Republic.svg File:Czech Republic on the globe (Europe centered).svg Czech RepublicTemplate:Efn Prague Template:Dts 10,510,751 Script error: No such module "sort". 2.10 332,025 Czech
File:Flag of Denmark.svg File:Denmark including autonomous territories on the globe (Europe centered).svg DenmarkTemplate:Efn Copenhagen Template:DtsTemplate:Efn 5,854,240 Script error: No such module "sort".Template:Efn 2.37 405,199 Danish
File:Flag of Estonia.svg File:Estonia on the globe (Europe centered).svg Estonia Tallinn Template:Dts 1,328,701 Script error: No such module "sort". 3.43 40,757 Estonian
File:Flag of Finland.svg File:Finland on the globe (Europe centered).svg Finland Helsinki Template:Dts 5,619,399 Script error: No such module "sort". 2.41 300,499 Finnish
Swedish
File:Flag of France.svg File:France on the globe (Europe centered).svg FranceTemplate:Efn Paris Template:DtsTemplate:Efn 64,531,444 Script error: No such module "sort". 2.06 3,031,778 French
File:Flag of Germany.svg File:Germany on the globe (Europe centered).svg GermanyTemplate:Efn Berlin Template:Dts
(West Germany)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Template:Dts
(Germany)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		83,408,554 Script error: No such module "sort". 2.12 4,457,366 German
File:Flag of Greece.svg File:Greece on the globe (Europe centered).svg Greece Athens Template:Dts 10,445,365 Script error: No such module "sort". 3.08 238,275 Greek
File:Flag of Hungary.svg File:Hungary on the globe (Europe centered).svg Hungary Budapest Template:Dts 9,709,786 Script error: No such module "sort". 2.11 212,610 Hungarian
File:Flag of Iceland.svg File:Iceland on the globe (Europe centered).svg Iceland Reykjavík Template:DtsTemplate:Efn 370,335 Script error: No such module "sort". 0.0 31,020 Icelandic
File:Flag of Italy.svg File:Italy on the globe (Europe centered).svg Italy Rome 59,240,329 Script error: No such module "sort". 1.49 2,255,503 Italian
File:Flag of Latvia.svg File:Latvia on the globe (Europe centered).svg Latvia Riga Template:Dts 1,873,919 Script error: No such module "sort". 3.15 43,598 Latvian
File:Flag of Lithuania.svg File:Lithuania on the globe (Europe centered).svg Lithuania Vilnius 2,786,651 Script error: No such module "sort". 2.85 77,926 Lithuanian
File:Flag of Luxembourg.svg
File:Luxembourg on the globe (Europe centered).svg
 Luxembourg Luxembourg Template:DtsTemplate:Efn 639,321 Script error: No such module "sort". 1.29 85,780 Luxembourgish
French
German
File:Flag of Montenegro.svg File:Montenegro on the globe (Europe centered).svg Montenegro Podgorica Template:Dts 627,859 Script error: No such module "sort". 2.02 7,406 Montenegrin
File:Flag of the Netherlands.svg File:Netherlands on the globe (Europe centered).svg NetherlandsTemplate:Efn Amsterdam Template:DtsTemplate:Efn 17,501,696 Script error: No such module "sort".Template:Efn 2.05 1,117,101 Dutch
File:Flag of North Macedonia.svg File:North Macedonia on the globe (Europe centered).svg North Macedonia Skopje Template:Dts 2,103,330 Script error: No such module "sort". 2.22 14,769 Macedonian
File:Flag of Norway.svg File:Norway on the globe (Europe centered).svg NorwayTemplate:Efn Oslo Template:DtsTemplate:Efn 5,403,021 Script error: No such module "sort". 2.20 485,513 Norwegian
File:Flag of Poland.svg File:Poland on the globe (Europe centered).svg Poland Warsaw Template:Dts 38,307,726 Script error: No such module "sort". 4.12 808,435 Polish
File:Flag of Portugal.svg File:Portugal on the globe (Europe centered).svg Portugal Lisbon Template:DtsTemplate:Efn 10,290,103 Script error: No such module "sort". 1.55 287,421 Portuguese
File:Flag of Romania.svg File:Romania on the globe (Europe centered).svg Romania Bucharest Template:Dts 19,328,560 Script error: No such module "sort". 2.25 345,894 Romanian
File:Flag of Slovakia.svg File:Slovakia on the globe (Europe centered).svg Slovakia Bratislava 5,447,622 Script error: No such module "sort". 2.0 132,122 Slovak
File:Flag of Slovenia.svg File:Slovenia on the globe (Europe centered).svg Slovenia Ljubljana 2,119,410 Script error: No such module "sort". 1.29 68,236 Slovene
File:Flag of Spain.svg File:Spain on the globe (Europe centered).svg SpainTemplate:Efn Madrid Template:Dts 47,486,935 Script error: No such module "sort". 1.28 1,581,151 Spanish
File:Flag of Sweden.svg File:Sweden on the globe (Europe centered).svg Sweden Stockholm Template:Dts 10,467,097 Script error: No such module "sort". 2.14 593,268 Swedish
File:Flag of Turkey.svg File:Turkey on the globe (Europe centered).svg TurkeyTemplate:Efn Ankara Template:Dts 84,775,404 Script error: No such module "sort". 2.09 1,108,453 Turkish
File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg File:United Kingdom on the globe (Europe centered).svg United KingdomTemplate:Efn London Template:DtsTemplate:Efn 67,281,039 Script error: No such module "sort". 2.33 3,344,744 English
File:Flag of the United States (Pantone).svg File:United States on the globe (North America centered).svg United StatesTemplate:Efn Washington, D.C. 336,997,624 Script error: No such module "sort". 3.38 27,357,825

Special arrangements

The three Nordic countries which joined NATO as founding members, Denmark, Iceland and Norway, chose to limit their participation in three areas: there would be no permanent peacetime bases, no nuclear warheads and no Allied military activity (unless invited) permitted on their territory. However, Denmark allowed the US to maintain an existing base, Thule Air Base (now Pituffik Space Base), in Greenland.[11]

From the mid-1960s to the mid-1990s, France pursued a military strategy of independence from NATO under a policy dubbed "Gaullo-Mitterrandism".[12] Nicolas Sarkozy negotiated the return of France to the integrated military command and the Defence Planning Committee in 2009, the latter being disbanded the following year. France remains the only NATO member outside the Nuclear Planning Group and unlike the United States and the United Kingdom, will not commit its nuclear-armed submarines to the alliance.[13][14]

Membership aspirations

As of March 2024Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"., three additional states have formally informed NATO of their membership aspirations: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Georgia, and Ukraine.[3]

Withdrawal

No state has ever withdrawn from NATO, but some dependencies of member states have not requested membership after becoming independent:

Military personnel

The following list is constructed from The Military Balance, published annually by the International Institute for Strategic Studies.

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Numbers of military personnel
Country[16] Active Reserve Para­mili­tary Total Per 1,000 capita Template:Refh
total active
AlbaniaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Albania 5,350 2,100 2,150 9,600 3.1 1.7
BelgiumScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Belgium 23,500 5,900 0 29,400 2.5 2
BulgariaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Bulgaria 36,950 3,000 0 39,950 5.9 5.4
CanadaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Canada 62,300 29,100 5,800 97,200 2.5 1.6
CroatiaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Croatia 16,800 21,000 3,000 40,800 9.8 4
Czech RepublicScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Czech Republic 26,600 4,200 0 30,800 2.8 2.5 [17]
DenmarkScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Denmark 13,100 44,200 0 57,300 9.6 2.2
EstoniaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Estonia 7,100 20,000 21,200 48,300 40.5 5.9
FinlandScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Finland 23,850 233,000 2,900 259,750 46.2 4.2
FranceScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". France 202,200 38,500 95,100 335,800 4.9 3
GermanyScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Germany 179,850 34,100 0 213,950 2.5 2.1
GreeceScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Greece 132,000 289,000 7,400 428,400 41 12.6
HungaryScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Hungary 32,150 20,000 0 52,150 5.3 3.3
IcelandScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Iceland 0 0 250 250 0.7 0
ItalyScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Italy 161,850 14,500 178,600 354,950 5.8 2.7 Template:Efn
LatviaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Latvia 6,600 16,000 0 22,600 12.5 3.7
LithuaniaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Lithuania 16,100 12,950 18,400 47,450 18.1 6.1
LuxembourgScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Luxembourg 900 0 600 1,500 2.2 1.3
MontenegroScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Montenegro 2,710 2,800 4,100 9,610 16 4.5
NetherlandsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Netherlands 33,650 6,350 6,500 46,500 2.6 1.9
Template:Country data North MacedoniaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". North Macedonia 8,000 4,850 7,600 20,450 9.6 3.7
NorwayScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Norway 25,400 40,000 0 65,400 11.9 4.6
PolandScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Poland 164,100 37,500 14,300 215,900 5.6 4.2
PortugalScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Portugal 21,500 23,500 22,600 67,600 6.6 2.1
RomaniaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Romania 69,900 55,000 57,000 181,900 10 3.9
SlovakiaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Slovakia 12,800 0 0 12,800 2.3 2.3
SloveniaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Slovenia 6,200 950 0 7,150 3.4 3
SpainScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Spain 122,200 13,800 80,500 216,500 4.6 2.6
SwedenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Sweden 14,850 21,500 0 36,350 3.4 1.4
TurkeyScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Turkey 355,200 378,700 160,800 894,700 10.6 4.2
United KingdomScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". United Kingdom 141,100 70,450 0 211,550 3.1 2.1
United StatesScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". United States 1,315,600 797,200 0 2,112,800 6.2 3.8
Template:Country data NATOScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". NATO 3,240,410 2,233,850 688,800 6,163,060 6.3 3.3

Military expenditures

Template:Pie chart

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The defence spending of the United States is more than double the defence spending of all other NATO members combined. (Note that this is total U.S. defense spending, not spending specifically for NATO)[18] Criticism of the fact that many member states were not contributing their fair share in accordance with the international agreement by then US president Donald Trump caused various reactions from American and European political figures, ranging from ridicule to panic.[19][20][21] While NATO members have committed to spending at least 2% of their Gross Domestic Product (GDP) on defence, most of them did not meet that goal in 2023.[22]

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Template:Sticky header

Member state Popu­lationTemplate:Efn GDP
(nomi­nal)
($billions)Template:Efn 		Defence expenditure (US$)Template:Efn Person­nelTemplate:Efn
Total
($mil­lions)		 % real GDP Per capita
File:Flag of Albania.svg Albania 3,101,621 25.43 516 2.03 114 7,000
File:Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Belgium 11,913,633 655.74 8,519 1.30 585 21,300
File:Flag of Bulgaria.svg Bulgaria 6,827,736 106.72 2,325 2.18 218 26,900
File:Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg Canada 38,516,736 2,233.83 30,495 1.37 609 77,100
File:Flag of Croatia.svg Croatia 4,169,239 89.90 1,624 1.81 315 13,700
File:Flag of the Czech Republic.svg Czech Republic 10,706,242 326.13 6,834 2.10 426 29,500
File:Flag of Denmark.svg Denmark 6,057,361 418.58 9,940 2.37 1,479 17,300
File:Flag of Estonia.svg Estonia 1,202,762 41.89 1,437 3.43 690 7,500
File:Flag of Finland.svg Finland 5,614,571 302.72 7,308 2.41 1,103 30,800
File:Flag of France.svg France 62,819,428 3,120.35 64,271 2.06 801 204,700
File:Flag of Germany.svg Germany 84,220,184 4,610.04 97,686 2.12 911 185,600
File:Flag of Greece.svg Greece 10,497,595 249.81 7,684 3.08 648 110,800
File:Flag of Hungary.svg Hungary 9,670,009 231.61 4,889 2.11 349 20,900
File:Flag of Iceland.svg Iceland 360,872 32.89 — — — —
File:Flag of Italy.svg Italy 61,021,855 2,311.17 34,462 1.49 505 171,400
File:Flag of Latvia.svg Latvia 1,821,750 45.15 1,421 3.15 539 8,400
File:Flag of Lithuania.svg Lithuania 2,655,755 80.72 2,300 2.85 538 18,500
File:Flag of Luxembourg.svg Luxembourg 660,924 60.69 785 1.29 921 900
File:Flag of Montenegro.svg Montenegro 602,445 8.02 162 2.02 170 1,600
File:Flag of the Netherlands.svg Netherlands 17,463,930 1,162.88 21,640 1.85 1,030 41,900
Template:Country data North Macedonia 2,133,410 15.87 353 2.22 127 6,100
File:Flag of Norway.svg Norway 5,600,850 482.58 10,606 2.20 1,754 24,300
File:Flag of Poland.svg Poland 37,991,766 848.86 34,975 4.12 711 216,100
File:Flag of Portugal.svg Portugal 10,223,150 298.98 4,627 1.55 360 28,400
File:Flag of Romania.svg Romania 18,326,327 383.92 8,644 2.25 289 66,600
File:Flag of Slovakia.svg Slovakia 5,425,319 142.81 2,841 1.99 387 15,600
File:Flag of Slovenia.svg Slovenia 2,099,790 73.52 949 1.29 339 5,900
File:Flag of Spain.svg Spain 47,051,085 1,658.36 21,269 1.28 366 117,400
File:Flag of Sweden.svg Sweden 10,536,338 626.54 13,428 2.14 1,185 23,100
File:Flag of Turkey.svg Turkey 83,593,483 1,090.29 22,776 2.09 310 481,000
File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom 68,502,956 3,520.50 82,107 2.33 1,077 138,100
File:Flag of the United States.svg United States 338,229,980 28,719.94 967,707 3.37 2,239 1,300,200
Template:Country data NATO 969,619,192 53,976.44 1,474,399 2.73 1,210 3,418,600

Political and popular support

Template:Outdated section Pew Research Center's 2016 survey among its member states showed that while most countries viewed NATO positively, most NATO members preferred keeping their military spending the same. The response to whether their country should militarily aid another NATO country if it were to get into a serious military conflict with Russia was also mixed. Roughly half or fewer in six of the eight countries surveyed say their country should use military force if Russia attacks a neighboring country that is a NATO ally. And at least half in three of the eight NATO countries say that their government should not use military force in such circumstances. The strongest opposition to responding with armed force is in Germany (58%), followed by France (53%) and Italy (51%). More than half of Americans (56%) and Canadians (53%) are willing to respond to Russian military aggression against a fellow NATO country. A plurality of the British (49%) and Poles (48%) would also live up to their Article 5 commitment. The Spanish are divided on the issue: 48% support it, 47% oppose.[23][24]

YouGov, a market research company that is mainly active in the UK also hosts a regularly updated public opinion polling for NATO. As of 6th January 2025, 45% of UK citizens strongly support NATO, 31% Tend to support NATO, 18% Don't know, 3% Tend to oppose and 3% Strongly oppose. Older people (65+) Strongly support NATO at 59%, whilst in younger demographics (18-24), Tend to support ranks the highest at 34%, and Don't know is at 33%.[25]

Notes

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References

Citations

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  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  23. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  24. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  25. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

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Bibliography

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  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

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